初中语法综述部分.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,初中语法,综述部分,上篇,:,词法,1.,名词,(,分类、数、格,),2.,代词,(,难点,:,不定代词,),3.,冠词,3.1,不定冠词,3.2,定冠词,3.3,零冠词,4.,数词,5.1,动词的分类,(,根据其在句中作用和特征分四大类,),5.1,动词的时态,一、一般现在时,:,经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的,某种状况二、一般过去时,:,过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态,;,过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为三、现在进行时,:,表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为四、过去进行时,:,表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生,或进行的行为或动作五、现在完成时,:,过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成,的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作,或状态5.,动词,六、过去完成时,:,以过去某个时间为标准,在此以前发生,的动作或行为,或在过去某动作之前完成的行为,即,“过去的过去”七、一般将来时,:,表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、,计划或准备做某事八、现在完成进行时,:,表示动作从过去开始,一直持续到现在,还有持续到将来的可能。

九、过去将来时,:,立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中5.3,动词的语态,5.4,非谓语动词,5.4.1,不定式,5.4.2,动名词,5.4.3,分词,6.,形容词、副词,6.1,形容词、副词的功能与用法,6.2,形容词、副词的比较级,7.,介词,8.,连词、感叹词,下篇,:,句法,1.,陈述句,2.,疑问句,2.1,一般疑问句,2.2,特殊疑问句,2.3,选择疑问句,2.4,反意疑问句,3.,祈使句,4.,感叹句,4.,简单句,5.,并列句,6.,复合句,6.1,名词性从句,:,主语从句,宾语从句,表语从句，,同位语从句,6.2,形容词性从句,:,定语从句,6.3,副词性从句,:,状语从句,7.,直接引语和间接引语,两个知识点：,1.,九种句子成分,主语,(subject):,是句子所要说明的人或事物,是句子的主体谓语,(predicate):,说明主语所发出的动作或,状态表语,(predicative),放在连系动词之后,表示,主语的身分、状态或特征宾语,(object):,在及物动词或介词之后定语,(attribute):,限定或修饰名词或代词状语,(,adverbial):,修饰动词、形容词、副词,或整个句子。

宾语补足语,(object,complement):,说明宾语,的性质、状态、特征或宾语发出的动作e.g.New China made everyone happy.,同位语,:,补充说明前面的某个名词或代词e.g.My father,a doctor,is very kind.,主语补足语,:,是对一句话的主语进行补充说明e.g.He died young.,2.,英语中的六种基本句型,基本句型一,:,主系表,基本句型二,:,主谓,基本句型三,:,主谓宾,基本句型四,:,主谓间宾直宾,基本句型五,:,主,+,谓,+,宾,+,宾补,基本句型六,:There,be+,主语,+,状语,英语基本句型,-1,主系表句型,此句型的句子有一个共同的特点,:,句子谓语动词都,不能表达一个完整的意思,必须加上一个表明主语,身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语,才能表达完整的,意思这类动词叫做,连系动词1.You are right.,2,.He looks happy.,3.The playground is now in front of the school.,4.It was 7:15 on the morning of February 8,2000.,5.60%of the students are against the idea of,entrance,fees.,1.,表示特征和存在状态的,be,seem,feel,appear,look,smell,taste,sound;,2.,表示状态延续的,remain,stay,keep,continue,stand;,3.,表示状态变化的,become,get,turn,go,run,fall,come,grow;,请看下面的例子：,主系表结构,:,本结构是由主语,+,系动词,+,表语组成,主要用以说明主语的特征,类属,状态,身份等。

系动词有,:,Our English teacher is thirty years old.,The potatoes went bad in the fields.,Their boss seems satisfied with the work.,The cake tastes delicious.,英语基本句型,-2,主谓结构,特点,:,句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思这类动词叫做不及物动词,后面可以跟副词、,介词短语、状语从句等1.He fell with a cry.,2.Quite a few changes have taken place.,3.We arrived at 8:00am yesterday.,4.My little brother cant swim,either.,英语基本句型,-3,主谓宾结构,特点,:,谓语动词都具有实义,都是主语发出的,动作,但不能表达完整的意思,必须跟一个宾语,即动作的承受者,才能使意思完整这类动词,叫做及物动词1.Now I have more free time.,2.In the evenings I can watch news on TV,or,reading newspapers.,3.We have also planted a lot of trees in and,around,the school.,本结构是由主语,+,及物的谓语动词,+,宾语构成。

宾语成分的多样化使得这一结构异常复杂如：,1.Tom made a hole in the wall.,2.I dont know if he can come tomorrow.,3.They havent decided where to go next.,4.She stopped teaching English two years ago.,5.It took them ten years to build the dam.,7.Mother promises to give me a present.,英语基本句型,4,双宾语结构,特点,:,谓语动词必须跟有两个宾语才能,表达完整的意思这两个宾语一个是动作,的直接承受者,物,另一个是动作的,间接承受者,人通常间接宾语用一个,介词来连接,当间接宾语在直接宾语之,前时,这一介词往往被省略有两种结构,此结构由“主语,+,及物谓语动词,+,间接宾语,(,人,)+,直接宾语,(,事物,)”,组成如：,He,brings me cookies every day.,但若要先说出直接宾语,(,事物,),后说间接,宾语,(,人,),则要借助于介词,to,或,for,。

如：,He,brings cookies to me every day.,She,made a beautiful dress for me.,注意,用,to,侧重指动作的方向,表示朝着,向着,对着某人用,for,侧重指动作的受益者,表示为了某人,替某人常跟双宾语的动词有,:(,需借助,to,的,)bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等；,(,需借助,for,的,)buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等请看下面的例子,1.Mr.Johnson taught us German last year.,2.Grandma told me an interesting story,last,night.,3.Would you please pass me the dictionary?,4.He showed the ticket to the conductor.,5.The new machine will save you a lot of,labor,.,6.He bought a new coat for his mother with,his,first months salary.,英语基本句型,5,复合宾语结构,特点,:,动词虽然是及物动词,但是只跟一个,宾语还不能表达完整的意思,必须加上一个,补充成分来补足宾语,才能使意思完整。

说明,:,此结构由“主语,+,及物的谓语动词,+,宾语,+,宾语补足语”构成宾语与宾语补足语,之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系,若无,宾语补足语,则句意不够完整可以用做宾补,的有,:,名词,形容词,副词,介词短语,动词,不定式,分词等如：,1.The sun keeps us warm.,2.I heard him singing.,3.You must get your hair cut.,4.They made Tom monitor.,5.He used to do his homework,with,his radio on.,用,it,做形式宾语,而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面,以使句子结构平衡,是英语常用的句型结构方式即,:,主语,+,谓语,+it+,宾补,+,真正宾语如：,1.,I found it very pleasant to be,with,your family.,2.,I think it no good going there now.,3.The headmaster has made it clear that,the,school meeting will not be put off.,英语基本句型,6 There be,句型,理解,:,该句型表示在某处有某人或物,某个,时间有某种活动。

重点表示“存在”,表示存在,的连系动词可用于此句型中说明,:,此句型是由“,there+be+,主语,+,状语”,构成,用以表达存在关系可以称“,有,”,它其实是倒装的一种情况,主语位于谓语动词,be,之后,there,仅为引导词,并无实际语意注意,:,此句型有时不用,be,动词,而用,live,stand,come,go,lie,remain,exist,arrive,等如：,1.There stands a hill in the middle,of,the park.,2.Once upon a time there lived an,old,king in the,town.,Be,与其后的主语在人称和数量上一致，有时态和情态变化如：,现在有,there is/are,过去有,there was/were,将来有,there will be,；,there is/are going to be.,现在已经有,there has/have been,可能有,there might be.,肯定有,there must be/there must have been.,过去曾经有,there used to be,似乎有,there seems/seem/seemed to be,碰巧有,there happen/happens/happened to be,但常用的英语句子并不都象基本句型这样简短,这些句子除了基本句型的 成分不变外,通常是在这些成分的前面或后面增加一些修饰语而加以大。

这些修饰语可以是单词,(,主要是形容词、副词和数词,),也可以是各种。