诗歌 tone.pptx

Tone , in literature, may be defined as the writer's or speaker's attitude toward the subject, the audience, or toward herself/himself. Tone is an abstraction we make from almost all the elements of a poem: ideas, diction, syntax, imagery, figures of speech, the use of meter and rhyme, readers, etc.,Text A Tone,1,Though a technical term, it is discussed usually in ordinary vocabulary. The tone can be described as “cold”, “eager”, “uncertainty” and so on. The ranges of the tone is various and complex: formal or intimate, solemn or playful, mocking or friendly, serious or critical, calm or exciting, ironic or humorous, arrogant or prayerful. The recognition of the tone of poem is important in understanding the poem ultimately.,Voice and Tone,When we read a poem, we hear a speaker’s voice, and it is through this voice, we perceive the tone of the poem. A poem is written by an author, but spoken by an invented speaker, who is designed to satisfy the generic requirements and artistic aims of a particular literary work. There are mainly two kinds of speakers: those who are absolutely fictional characters, totally different from their authors or those who play a certain role in works, but are presented much closer to the authors.,,The voice of a literary work refers to the voice readers are aware of, beyond the dramatic voices of fictitious characters in the work, or beneath the personal voices of the author. The distinctions between various kinds of voice tend to be distinctions between kinds of narrator in terms of how they address the reader, rather than in terms of how they perceive events, as in the distinct concept of point of view.,1,Tone, which can be important in analyzing a short story, is crucial to the interpretation of poetry. Persona is closely related to tone. In order to identify persona and determine tone, you to ask yourself questions about the poem.Read the following poem, pay attention to the character and try to identify the tone of this speaker’s voice. Is the speaker angry, frightened, astonished, admiring? Or perhaps sincere, humorous, or deceptive?,My Papa’s Waltz Theodore Roethke (1908-1963)The whiskey on your breath Could make a small boy dizzy; But I hung on like death: Such waltzing was not easy.We romped until the pans Slid from the kitchen shelf; My mother's countenance Could not unfrown itself. The hand that held my wrist Was battered on one knuckle; At every step you missed My right ear scraped a buckle.You beat time on my head With a palm caked hard by dirt, Then waltzed me off to bed Still clinging to your shirt.,Identifying the tone lead us to conclude that this waltzing was not fun for the boy, then we could describe the tone as ironic (because of the discrepancy between the pleasant idea of the waltz and the boy’s unpleasant experience). We could, possibly describe the tone as detached, because the boy-speaker gives no clear indication of his feelings.We all bring our own experience to bear in interpreting a poem. What you should be careful about is allowing your personal experience to carry too much weight in your response. If, for instance, you had an abusive father, you might so strongly identify with the boy’s discomfort that you would call the tone resentful. On the other hand, if you enjoyed a loving relationship with your father, you might well find, as does an American reader, “the speaker’s attitude toward his father warmly affectionate,” and take this recollection of childhood to be a happy one.,The attitude of the boy toward his father in Roethke’s “My Papa’s Waltz” reinforces the poet’s loving, nostalgic tone. If you wrote on the first thesis, you would focus on the conflicting evidence suggesting that the boy is delighted by his father’s attention but frightened by the coercion of the dance. If you wrote on the second thesis, you would cite evidence of the boy’s discomfort and argue that the “waltzing” in the title and the rollicking meter are thus clearly ironic. If you wrote on the last thesis, you would emphasize the sprightly meter and playful rhymes which present the dance as a frisky romp and show that the boy is having a splendid time.,,Walt Whitman (1819-1892),He is one of the most-recognized figures in American literary history: poet, patriot and faithful advocate of democracy（民主制度）.,Works,Leaves of Grass 《草叶集》 1855 Song of Myself 《自我之歌》 Song of the Broad-Axe 《阔斧之歌》 1856 I Hear America Singing 《我听见美洲在歌唱》 1860 When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom`d《小院丁香花开时》 1865-1866,《林肯总统纪念组诗》 1861 （其中《当紫丁香最近在庭园里开放的时候》和《啊，船长，我的船长！》最出色。

《一路摆过布鲁克林 渡口》 Prose works Democratic vistas 《民主的前景》1871 The tramp and strike question《流浪汉和罢工问题》 1879,Leaves of Grass, 1856,,32 poems, including “Crossing Brooklyn Ferry” 《一路摆过布鲁克林渡口》 “Song of the Broad-Axe” 阔斧之歌Whitman has Emerson’s praise printed on the spine书籍 in gold letters: “I greet you at the beginning of a great career.”,Leaves of Grass, 1860,146 new poems added to the 32 poems of the second edition, including “I hear America singing”, “Out of the Cradle, Endlessly Rocking” 《从永不休止地摆动着的摇篮里》,。