考研英语真题80-99年.pdf

1980年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of Prepositions在所给的介词中选择一个适当的填入空白：(本大题共5 分，每题£ 分) ( 注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分)to, at, instead of, from, of, with, on, among, between, because of, about, for into, with regardto, over1. The findings are far satisfactory.2. We shall divide the work us research workers.3. The rainy season in that country varies 3-4 months.4. They have never heard such an invention.5. We must pay attention the latest development of the situation.6. The newly-installed control computer will soon be put use.7. The news which I am going to tell you is rather serious.8. The engineer seemed to know what the sign st ood.9. The machine tool went out of control mishandling.10. Don't be satisfied what you have achieved.Section II Verb Tenses用所给动词的适当时态语态填入空白： (本大题共10分，第 7 题 2 分， 其余各题均1分)渔意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分)11. Those who'd like to visit the e x h i b i t i o n ( s i g n ) your names here.12. A great number of small power s t a t i o n s ( s e t up) in their county since liberation.13. He asked me whether my b r o t h e r ( f l y ) to Beijing.14. He fell asleep immediately last night; he mu s t ( b e ) very tired.15. “Have you moved into the new flat?”“Not yet. The r o o m s ( p a i n t ) . ”16. The director recommended that she(study) more English before going abroad.17. The teacher told them since l i g h t ( t r a v e l ) faster than sound, lightning(appear) to go before thunder.18. How long t h e y ( d i g ) the ditch?19. He refused to tell us whether h e ( u n d e r t a k e ) the job.Section III Verb Forms用所给动词的适当形式(不定式、分词、动名词)填入空白：(本大题共15分，每题4 分)(注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分)20. Matter is the n a me ( g i v e ) to everything which has weight and occupies space.21. I shall never f o r g e t ( me e t ) the late Premier Zhou during his inspection of ourfactory.22. I wonder if he could get i t ( do) before tomorrow.23. N i g h t ( f a l l ) , we hurried home.24. A beam of light will not bend round corners u n l e s s ( m a k e ) to do so with the helpof a reflecting device.25. We were b u s y ( g e t ) things ready for the trial production when he phoned us.26. Some molecules are large e n o u g h ( s e e ) under the electronic microscope.27. The floor does not look so bad w h e n ( s w e e p ) clean.28. (fail) several times, they need some encouragement.29. (catch) in the rain, he was wet to the skin.Section IV Structure and Vocabulary选择填空：(本大题共15分, 每 题 1分)在每题下面的[A], [B], [C], [D]四个答案中, 将你认为最合适的答案画个“ O ”。

注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分)EXAMPLE:He me that he decided to leave on Monday.[A] spokefB] said[C] talked[D] toldANSWER: [D]30. This test a number of multiple choice questions.[A] composes of[B| composes in|C] consists of [D] consists in31. She writes as as her sister.[A] clear|B] more clear[C] clearly [D| most clearly32. I prefer this diagram that one.[A] than[B] more thanfC] rather than [D] to33. I have been studying here for four years, by next summer I.[A] shall graduate!B| shall be graduated|C] shall be graduating |D] shall have graduated34. Hardly had he finished his speech the audience started cheering.[A] and[B] when[C] than [D] as35. I wish you like that.[A] don't talk[B] won't talk[C] wouldn't talk [D] not to talk36. Only when you have obtained sufficient data come to a sound conclusion.[A] can you|B] would you[C] you will [D] you can37. I found to answer all the questions within the time given.[A] no possibility[B] there was impossibility[C] impossible [D] it impossible38. You go now. It's getting late.[A] had rather [Bl would rather[C] had better [D] would better39. Hot metal as it grows cooler.[A] contracts[B] reduces|C] condenses |D] compresses40. Wood does not conduct e l e c t r i c i t y ; .[AJ so doesn't rubber[B] also doesn't rubber[C] nor does rubber [D] nor rubber does41. Comrade Li be in Beijing because I saw him in town only a few minutes ago.[A] mustn't[B] canHtC] may not [D] isn't able to42. I know it isn't important but I can't help about it.[A] but to think[B] thinking[C] think [D] to think43. The more we looked at the p i c t u r e , .|A] the less we liked it|B] we like it less[C] better we liked it |D| it looked better44. To succeed in a scientific research pr oj e c t .[A] one needs to be persistent[B] persistence is needed[C] one needs be a persistent person[D] persistence is what one needsSection V Error-detection认辩错误：（ 本大题共5 分，每 题 1分）下 面 句 子 中 有 四 处 划 线 部 分 ，在你认 为 是 错 误 的 一 处 画 上 （ 注意：各题只能填写一个答案，多填答案不得分）EXAMPLE:It is very kind of you to supply me with so many informations.A B C DANSWER: [D]45. Never before has so many people in our country been interested in athletic sports.AB C D46. Those of us who work in that chemical plant should have their lungs X-rayed.A B C D47. After the traffic accident he laid in bed for two weeks, waiting for his wound to heal.A B C D48. We advice him to give up smoking and do a lot of exercises.A B C D49. The principal reason for the great number of smoke is that there are too many factoriesA B C Din the city.Section VI Chinese-English Translation将下列句子译成英语：（ 本大题共20分，第 1题 2 分，其余各题均3 分）5 0 .水一煮沸请立即把开关关掉。

51 .在八十年代，中国人民将以更大的步伐向前迈进52 .我们都同意李同志已作出的决定53 .这个结果比我们预期的要好得多54 .在过去的三年中，在恢复我国国民经济方面做了大量的工作55 .我们把英语作为学习西方先进科学技术的一种工具56 .没有党的领导，我国的社会主义现代化是不可能实现的Section VII English-Chinese Translation将下列短文译成汉语：（ 本大题30分）（ 文科各类专业译第1段，理、工、医、农、体各类专业译第2 段）（ 1）The life of Albert Einstein is a model in many ways for both natural and political scientists.First of all, he always employed the scientific method of seeking truth from facts. He firmlybelieved as he put it, that “there is nothing incomprehensible about the universe," and throughpainstaking work, explained many of the phenomena thought to be “incomprehensible“ in his day.Einstein was also never afraid to admit mistakes when facts proved his theories wrong.Second, Einstein's contributions showed the great importance of theoretical work to scientificeffort. Although he himself rarely worked in laboratories, the concepts he developed led to manyof the scientific advances which have shaped modern technology.Third, Einstein believed very deeply that scientists must have a moral and socialconsciousness. In this way, he provided inspiration for a whole generation of scientists whobecame active in the Communist movement.Einstein is often portrayed in bourgeois writings as a “genius“ whose theories are socomplicated that no one but a few best scientists can understand them. But he himself rejected theefforts to put him in a position far above other people. He was well known for his humble mannerand often stressed to interviewers that his accomplishments would certainly have been achievedby others had he never lived.Actually, Einstein's theory of relativity and his other scientific works are not that hard tounderstand with a little study. But beyond learning Einstein's theories, his overall attitude towardsscience as a tool to liberate humanity is something from which everyone can and should learn.（ 2）Between now and the end of the century, there will be many exciting developments and alsomany difficult problems to deal with. Perhaps the most urgent problem is to provide enough food.The world's population is expected to reach 7,000 million by the year 2000, but already scientistshave produced new and better varieties of wheat and rice and animal. They have also beenexperimenting with techniques of cultivating plants by using mixtures of chemical compounds andwater only, and then there will be no need for ordinary soil. Another problem which the world willface is to get rid of refuse （ 废料） . One solution is to bum refuse at very high temperatures inincinerators （ 焚化炉） . A development of this, which may prove very useful in the future, is to usethese incinerators to generate steam power. In fact, any new source of energy will be verywelcome, as there is already a shortage of petroleum. To solve the energy problem, scientists willprobably also try to make more use of solar energy.The possible effects of some scientific fields, such as lasers and cryogenics （ 低温学）, aredifficult to imagine and both already have a number of uses. The supercooling effects of thecryogenics which convert liquid helium （ 液态氮） and other gases into “superfluids“ and metalsinto “superconductors"， making them non-resistant to electricity, could change the world in anumber of ways. The laser, with its beam of strong light, can drill a hole in a diamond, and yet canbe so well controlled that it can be used in delicate eye operations. The question is whether it willbe most used for peaceful purposes or as a deadly weapon.But perhaps the most remarkable developments will occur in space flight. One of thedifficulties in the past has been the high cost, but now the space shuttle is being developed, andcan be used a large number of times instead of only once. Already man has been to the moon.Perhaps by the end of the century he will have had a close-up view of Venus （ 金星） or Mars （ 火星） .1980年考研英语真题答案Section I: Use of Prepositions （ 5 points）fromamongbetweenoftoto, intoaboutforbecause ofwithSection II: Verb Tenses （ 10 points）signhave been set uphad flownhave beenare being paintedstudytravels, appearshave ... been diggingwould undertakeSection III: Verb Forms （ 15 points）givenmeeting50. Please turn off the switch (switch off) as soon as the water boils.51. The Chinese people will fbrge ahead (march on, march onward, march forward) with greaterstrides in 1980,s.52. We all agree to the decision comrade Li has made (made).53. The result is much (far) better than we expected.54. During the past three years a lot (of work) has been done in the recovery (restoration) of ournational economy (in recovering our national economy; in restoring our national economy).55. We use English as a tool in learning Western advanced science and technology.56. It is impossible to accomplish (carry out, fulfill, materialize) the socialist modernization ofour country (our socialist modernization) without the leadership of the Party.Section VII: English-Chinese Translation (30 points)(1)阿伯特•爱因斯坦的一生在许多方面，无论是对自然科学家，还是政治科学家，都是一个范例。

首先，他总是运用从事实中寻求真理的地正如他所说的，他坚信“ 关于宇宙没有东西是不可知的， ”并经过艰苦的劳动，了许多在他那个时代被认为是“ 不可知”的种种现象而且，当事实证明他的理论是错误的时候，爱因斯坦也从不害怕承认错误其次， 爱因斯坦的贡献说明理论工作对科学成就的巨大的重要性 虽然他自己很少在实验室工作，他所发展的各种概念使科学取得了许多进展，从而形成了现代技术第三，爱因斯坦深信科学家必须具有道德和社会意识这样，他鼓舞了整个一代的科学家，使他们积极参加共产主义运动爱因斯坦在资产阶级的笔下被描绘为一个“ 天才” ，他的理论是如此地难于理解，以致只有少数最杰出的科学家才能懂得 但是， 他本人不同意别人把他高置于他人之上的那些做法他的谦逊态度是众所周知的，他常常对来访者强调说，如果没有他的话，别人也肯定能够取得他那样的成就事实上， 爱因斯坦的相对论以及他的其他科学论著稍加研究是不难懂得的 但是除了学习爱因斯坦的理论外， 他对于利用科学作为一种工具来解放人类的总的态度是每个人能够学习的，而且也是应该学习的2)从现在到本世纪末，将有许多令人兴奋的发展，同样也有许多困难的问题，需要加以处理也许最为迫切的问题是提供足够的粮食。

到 2000年世界人口预期将达到70亿，但是科学家们已经培育出各种小麦、 稻谷和牲畜的优良品种 他们还在实验只用化合物和水的混合剂来培植作物的技术， 到那里就可不需一般的土壤了 世界将面对着的另一问题是处理废物有一个解决办法就是在焚化炉中用高温的废物烧掉 这种方法的一个新发展， 可能在将来证明极为有用，即是以这些焚火炉来产生蒸汽动力 事实是，任何新的能源都将是非常受欢迎的，因为石油已感不足要解决能源问题，科学家们也许会高潮更多地利用太阳能诸如激光学和低温学， 某些科学领域的可能作用是难以想象的， 它们两者已经有若干用途低温学的过冷作用将液态氮及某些气体变成“ 超流体” ，将某些金属变成“ 超导体” ，使它们没有电阻，从而可以在好些方面改变世界面貌激光，以它强烈的光束，可在金刚石上钻孔, 也可以很好地加以控制来进行难做的眼科手术 问题是它将被大量用于和平的目的呢，还是用途致使的武器但最惊人的发展也许将出现在宇宙飞行方面 过去的困难之一在于代价太高 但现在航天飞机正在发展，这种航天飞机可以使用多次而不是仅仅一次而已人类已经到过月球也许到本世纪末人类对金星或火星等将有一个精细的观察.1981年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the five choices given would most suitably complete thesentence. Circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to be circled (14 points)EXAMPLE:The guests said that they wouldn't mi nd.[A] to have a little light music[B] having a little light music[C] have a little light music[D] if theyhave a little light music[E] that they have a little light musicANSWER: |B|1. She has been working in this f a c t or y.[A] after 1968[B]in 1968[C] since 1968[D] for 1968[E] until 19682. We can't understand why he avoided to us.[A] to speak[B] speech[C] having spoken[D] speaking[E] to have spoken3. I am interested in you have told me.[A] which|B| all that|C| all what|D| that|E] everything of which4. It is because she is too inexperienced she does not know how to deal with thesituation.[A] so[B] that[C] so that[D] therefore[E] that is why5. He was afraid he would have to her invitation to the party.[A] refute[B] refuse[C] return[D] ignore[E] decline6. She wants to know whether the measures have been a gr e e d.[AJ to|B| with[C] about[D] upon[E] over7. Since she is angry, we.[A] had better leaving her al one [B] should leave her alone [C] might as well leave her al one [D]had rather leave her alone[E] must leave her alone8. I wish I to the movies with you last night.[A] went[B] did go[C] could go[D] have gone[E] could have gone9. Scarcely had they settled themselves in their seats in the theatre the curtain wentup.[A] than[B] when[C] before[D] as soon as[E] as10. Write clearly your teacher can understand you correctly.[AJ since[B] for[C] because[D] so that[E] then11. If the doctor had been available, the chi l d.[A] would not die[B] would not have died[C] could not die[D] could not have died[E] should nothave died12. Fd just as soon rudely to her.[A] that you won't speak[B] your not speaking[C] you not speak[D] you hadn't spoken[E] youdidn't speak13. Ten years had elapsed. I found she had.[A] a little white hair[B] some white hair[C] much white hair[DJ a few white hair[E] a few whitehairs14. The electric shaver before it can be used.[A] needs repairing[B] requires to be repaired[C] should be in repair[D] has to be repairable[E]must repairSection II Error-detectionEach question consists of a sentence with five underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], [B], [C], [D] and [E]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and circle theletter of your choice. Only one choice is to be marked. (8 points)EXAMPLE:We djd the research as good as we could: howerver, it did not turn out to beA B CD Esatisfactory.ANSWER: [B]15. The president of the college, together with the deans, are planning a conference for theA B C Dpurpose of laying down certain regulations.E16. In order to convince the director to agree with their plan, they brought forth a number ofA B Creports which supported their argument.D E17. His method of doing research work is hardly appreciated; he feels inferior than others.A B C D E18. A series of debates between the lecturers were scheduled for the next weekend.A B C D E19. The automobile industry is manufacturing a new type of a motor that will consume lessA B C Dgasoline and cause much less pollution.E20. When his plane arrives on the airport in Shanghai, I shall already have lefl for Beijing.A B C D E21. The industrial trend is in the direction of more machines and 2ss people.A B C D E22. The workers were already to work long before he arrived.A B C D ESection III Sentence MakingCombine the given words and phrases into sentences. (4 points)EXAMPLE:His sons /he / their grandmother / to see / just before his last birthday /takeANSWER:Just before his last birthday he took his sons to see their grandmother.23. last month / in Europe / travel / she / since24. the decision / as final / frankly / should / not consider25. to the stranger / talk / there / stand / a while ago / he26. this kind of / can / get used to /1 / never / food / eatSection IV Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verb given in parentheses. (14 points)EXAMPLE:叮hose,“ he s a i d , ( p o i n t ) to the b o o k s ( p i l e ) on the desk, "(need) over there now.”ANSWER: pointing: piled; are neededThousands of y e a r s ( p a s s ) since then; but people s t i l l ( l i k e )(tell) the story of Leonidas and the brave three hundred w h o ( d e d i c a t e ) their lives totheir country.ANSWER: have passed: like: to tell; dedicated27. The public demanded that the p r i c e s ( r e d u c e ) .28. With the g u i d e ( l e a d ) the way, we set off on foot into the dark night.29. I need that book badly. If you go to the bookshop this afternoon, please remember(buy) a copy for me.30. (arrive) home at daybreak, he felt dead tired. He ( wo r k ) all night.31. (exhaust) by his work, he lay down on the bed to take a rest.32. We'H have to take a roundabout course, for the r o a d ( r e p a i r ) .33. No d e c i s i o n ( m a k e ) about that matter yet. We ( s t i l l consider) it.34. (meet) Tom earlier today, I don't need to see him again.35. If y o u ( g o ) on at the present rate, y o u ( u s e ) up all the petroleum by theend of the month.36. The building is s a i d ( d e s t r o y ) in a fire two years ago.37. The c a r ( go) at the present speed until it reaches the foot of the mountain at aboutten o'clock tonight.Section V Cloze TestFill in the blanks with proper words (10 points)In recent years television has become the most popular form of entertainment. It does notlook as if it will be 38 popular in the world of the future. In fact it looks as if televisionwill become more popular than ever. New systems of television have been made possible39 the discovery of the laser. A laser is a beam of light that has many strange qualities. Byusing a laser, it is possible to throw every large and very clear television pictures on 40 ascreen. These pictures may be as large as three meters 41 Many people could watch thiskind of television together.Laser beams have also made very thin television sets 42 These sets can be hung onthe wall of a room like a large picture. Another development in the future will be threedimensional television; the picture will look more 'real' 43 it will have depth as well asheight and length.In the near future you will be able to buy your favourite television programmes already44 on tapes. They will be like the tapes 45 are used in small cassette tape recorderstoday. You will also be able to record television programmes and play them 46 later. Thelaser beam will make 47 possible.Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following into English. (10 points)48 .这门课我们越学越喜欢。

49 .这家工厂只能供应我们所需要的百分之三十50 .他们一直谈到入睡51 .许多人以为电是燃料，但事实上并非如此52 .我国的社会主义现代化是一项我们必须努力完成的任务Section VII English-Chinese TranslationChoose one of the following three passages and translate it into Chinese. (40 points)(1)The United Kingdom is a monarchical ( 君主政体的) State. It is one of the independentmembers of the Commonwealth (the Queen is recognized as head of the Commonwealth), and amember of the European Community.The origins and traditions of the United Kingdom are to be found in each of the four partsthat make up the country: England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. England was united as akingdom a thousand years ago, and Wales became part of the kingdom during the middle ages.The thrones ( 王位) of England and Scotland were united in 1603, and in 1707 legislation passedin the two countries provided for the establishment of a single Parliament of Great Britain withsupreme authority both in England and Wales and in Scotland. Ireland had had links with thekingdom of England since the thirteenth century, and in 1800 the creation of the United Kingdomwas completed by a union joining the Irish Parliament to that of Great Britain. In 1922 SouthernIreland (now the Irish Republic) became a self-governing country. The six counties of NorthernIreland had in 1920 been given their own subordinate Parliament, and voted to remain within theUnited Kingdom.The United Kingdom Parliament at Westminster in London —— with an elected chambercomprising members from English, Scottish, Welsh and Northern Ireland constituencies ( 选举区)—— therefore represents people sharing very varied backgrounds and traditions. It has ultimateauthority for government and law-making, but administrative arrangements have developed insuch a way as to take account of the particular needs of different areas.England and Wales on the one hand and Scotland on the other have different systems of law,different court systems, different education systems, different systems of local government and,for most domestic matters, different government departments.(2)As more people live closer together, and as they use machines to produce leisure, they findthat their leisure, and even their working hours, become spoilt by a by-product of their machines一 namely, noise. Noise is nowadays in the news; it has acquired political status, and publicopinion is demanding, more and more insistently, that something must be done about it.To control noise is to demand much self-discipline (annoyance arises often from lack ofcommon courtesy), a sense of proportion (there is usually a conflict of interest if a noise is to bestopped), the expenditure of money (and it is far more economical to do this early rather that late),and finally, technical knowledge.Technical difficulties often arise from the subjective-objective nature of the problem. You candefine the excessive speed of a motor-car in terms of a pointer reading on a speedometer. But canyou define excessive noise in the same way? You find that with any existing simple “noise-meter”,vehicles which are judged to be equally noisy may show considerable difference on the meter.Though the ideal cure for noise is to stop it at its source, this may in many cases beimpossible. The next remedy is to absorb it on its way to the ear.Domestic noises may perhaps be controlled by forethought and courtesy, and industrialnoises by good planning and technical improvement. But if we are going to allow fastmotor-cycles and heavy diesel lorries to pass continuously trough residential and business districts,the community must decide on the control it needs to exercise, fbr in the long run it has got to payfor it. And if a nation is to take part in modern air transport, it must enter into internationalagreements on the noise control measures it will impose at its airports — and here the cost of anyreal control is to be measured in millions of dollars.(3)About 350 years ago Galileo made a telescope and looked through it at the sun. What he sawboth surprised and frightened him, for he saw dark spots on the sun which at once suggested tohim that God had not made the world quite as perfect as he had previously believed. He hesitatedto make his discovery known. Meanwhile other scientists noticed the same lack of solar perfectionand proclaimed ( 宣布) the fact.But Galileo continued his observations and was soon rewarded with another discovery.Fixing his attention on a single sunspot ( 太阳黑子) group, he noticed that in a few days it hadmoved in position, just as if the sun itself were turning. Afterwards he found a sunspot groupwhich lived long enough to disappear from view on the western limb ( 边缘) of the sun, tore-appear on its eastern limb, and finally to regain its old position. This led him to conclude thatthe sun itself was rotating and that the time it took to make one complete turn was abouttwenty-five to twenty-seven days. Actually we know from the drawings which Galileo made ofsunspots that there must have been quite a lot of them at the time of his observations in the years1611 and 1612. If he had gone on making his drawings in the years that immediately followed, weknow that he would almost certainly have noticed that sunspots were becoming fewer and smaller.But he became interested in other things and so he failed to recognize that there is a kind oflong-term cycle in sunspot activity, the sunspots increasing and decreasing as the years go on.Later this discovery of the sunspot activity was made by one of the most patient observers in thehistory of science, a German chemist, Charles Schwabe.1981年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (14 points)[C][D][B]|B||E|[D][C][E][B][D]IBJIE]|E|[A|Section II: Error-detection (8 points)[C][B][E][C][C][B][E][B]Section III: Sentence Making (4 points)She has been travelling in Europe since last month.Frankly, the decision should not be considered as final.He stood there talking to the stranger a while ago. / Standing there, he talked to the stranger awhile ago.I can never get used to eating this kind of foodSection IV: Verb Forms (14points)be reducedleadingto buyArriving, had been workingExhaustedis being repairedhas been made, are still consideringHaving metgo, will have usedto have been destroyedwill be goingSection V: Cloze Test (10 points)lessbytobypossiblebecauserecordedthat / whichbackthisSection VI: Chinese-English Translation (10 points)48. The more I study the subject, the more 1 like it.49. The factory can only supply thirty percent of what we need.50. They did not stop talking until they fell asleep.51. Many people think that electricity is a fuel; but, as a matter of fact, it is not.52. The socialist modernization of our country is an important task that we must strive to fulfill.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (40 points)(1)联合王国是一个君主政体的国家。

它是英联邦内独立的国家之一( 女王被承认是英联邦的首脑) ，也是欧洲共同体的成员国联合王国的起源和传统可从组成它的四个部分——英格兰、 威尔士、 苏格兰和北爱尔兰一的各个部分找到 英格兰在一千年前统一为一个王国， 威尔士则于中世纪时成为这王国的一个组成部分 一六O三年， 英格兰与苏格兰的王位合而为一； 一七O七年两国通过立法,规定设立一个单一的、 在英格兰和威尔士以及在苏格兰均享有最高权力的大不列颠国会 爱尔兰与英格兰王国自十三世纪起已有联系；一八O O 年由于爱尔兰国会并入大不列颠国会，联合王国的创建便告完成一九二二年，南爱尔兰（ 现在的爱尔兰共和国）成为一个自主的国家北爱尔兰的六个郡已于一九二年被授权成立自己的、在联合王国国会之下的议会，并投票表决留在联合王国内在伦敦威斯敏斯特的联合王国国会——它有一个选举出来的、由英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士和北爱尔兰各地选区所产生的议员组成的议院——因此代表具有十分不同的背景和传统的人民 它具有最高的政府权力和立法权， 但在行政管理方面已作出了安排以照顾不同地区的特殊需要英格兰和威尔士以及苏格兰两者各有不同的法律制度， 不同的法院系统， 不同的教育制度，不同的地方政府制度，并且设有不同的政府部门来处理大部分的内部事务。

2）随着更多的人住得更近，随着他们使用各种机器而获得闲暇， 他们发现他们的空暇，甚至他们的工作时间都受到他们机器的一个副产品——即噪音一一的严重影响 现在新闻报导中经常谈论噪音； 它已取得了政治地位， 公众舆论也越来越坚持要求采取一定措施来对付噪音要控制噪音就得要求很大程度的自我约束（ 使人烦恼的事常常是由于缺乏普通的礼貌引起的） ，一种均衡感（ 如果要制止噪音，通常会引起利害冲突） ，化 钱 （ 早化钱比晚化钱经济得多） ，最后还有技术知识技术往往是由于问题的主客观性质引起的 你可以根据速度计上指针所指的读数来确定一辆汽车的超速可是，你能用同样的方法来确定超量的噪音吗？你会发现，被认为噪音相同的车辆，在任何现有的简单“ 噪音计”上显示的读数可能大不相同虽然消除噪音的最理想方法是产生的根源处消灭它，但在很多情况下，这也许是不可能的其次的补救办法是将混音在它到达耳朵的过程中吸收掉家里的噪音或许可能通过事先的考虑与谦让加以控制，工业噪音则可能通过良好的规划与技术的改进加以控制 但是， 如果我们允许高速摩托车与重型内燃机卡车经常不断地通过住宅区与商业区， 那么这些地区的全体居民就必须决定他们需要实行的控制措施，因为从长远的观点来看，他们必须为些付出代价。

如果一个国家要有现代化的空中运输， 它必须参加国际噪音控制措施协定， 这些措施它必须责成它的机场予以执行——而在这个问题上，任何真正控制措施的费用要以百万美元来计算 3）大约在三百五十年前，伽利略制造了台望远镜，并用它来观察太阳他所看到的景象使他感到既吃惊又害怕， 因为他看到太阳上有一些黑点， 这使他立刻联想到上帝创造的世界并不象他以前所相信的那么完美他犹豫不决，不敢把他的发现公布于世与此同时，其他的科学家也注意到太阳的这个缺陷，并宣布了这个事实但是，伽利略继续进行观测，不久，他的努力获得了另一发现他把注意力集中在一群太阳黑子上，他发现，在几天内，这群黑子的位置起了变化，宛如太阳本身在转动后来， 他发现有一群黑子在太阳西部的边缘上停留了一段时间才消失, 然后在太阳的东部边缘上最后回复原位 此种现象导致他得出这样的结论:太阳本身在旋转，旋转一周约需二十五到二十七天直，我们从伽利略所画的太阳黑子图中知道，在一六一一和一六・ 二年他观察太阳期间，一定曾出现过大量的太阳黑子如果在随后的几年中，他继续把这些太阳黑子描画下来，我们相信，他大概一定会发现太阳黑子正在变得愈来愈少和愈来愈小可是，那时候，他却对其他事物发生的兴趣，因此，他看不到在太阳黑子的活动中存在着一种长期的周期，随着岁月的消逝，太阳黑子会时多时少。

后来，发现太阳黑子活动周期的是人是科学史上最有耐心的观察者之- - - - - 德国化学家查尔斯. 徐伟勃1982年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will complete the sentence if inserted atthe place marked. Circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to be circled (12 points)EXAMPLE:(1) The matter you were arguing about last night has been settled.[A] what[B] as[C] whomfDl thatANSWER: [D](2) We must not rule the possibility of miscalculation.[A] away[B] off[C] out[D] upANSWER: [C]1. You never told us why you were late for the last me e t i n g , ?[A] weren't you[B] didn't you[C] had you[D] did you2. 1 have to get about the subject before I write the paper.[A] a few more informations|B| a little more information[C| a few more information!D| a littlemore informations3. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar write correctly.[A] you will[BJ you can[C] can you[DJ can't you4. it is you've found, you must give it back to the person it belongs to.[A] That[B| Because[C] Whatever[D] However5. Although happened in that developed country sounds like science fiction, it couldoccur elsewhere in the world.[A] which[B] what[C] how[D] it6. He studied hard at school when he was young contributes to his success in laterlife.[A] , which|B] thereforefC] which[D] so that7. He felt it rather difficult to take a stand the opinion of the majority.[A] against[B] by[C] to[D] in8. I need a book dealing anti-pollution problems.[A] about[B] on[C] with[D] to9. He has been asked to account his absence.[A] of[B] on[C| about[D| for10. Science has brought many changes in our lives.[A] out[B] into[C] about[D] forward11. How did it come that you made a lot of mistakes in your homework?[A] about[B] after[C] with[D] to12. Science has brought many changes in our lives.[A] for[B] to[C] in[D] withSection II Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (12 points)EXAMPLE:(1) Will you call them up and tell them well start as soon as the rain(stop)?ANSWER: stops(2)(See) from the moon, our Earth looks like a big bright disk.ANSWER: Seen13. The author gave a detailed d e s c r i p ti o n ( b a s e ) on his personal observation of nature.14. The way he talks is simply intolerable I object t o ( t r e a t ) like a child.15. These students are quick at learning. We'll have t h e m( t r a i n ) in new methods.16. Had she been given some information, s h e ( c a n answer) the questions.17. Helen borrowed my dictionary the other d a y ( s a y ) that s h e ( r e t u r n ) itsoon.18. Mary always has a lot of letters to write. S h e ( wr i t e ) letters all afternoon and shes t i l l ( n o t finish).19. We promised them to be there by 5 o'clock. Now it's 4:50 already, and the rain(pour) down like this. T h e y ( mu s t wait) for us impatiently.20. Mr. Green ran all the way up to the station o n l y ( f i n d ) that the train(leave) fifteen minutes before.Section III Error-detectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], |B|, [C], and |D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect, and circle the letterof your choice. If you find no mistakes in a sentence, circle the letter E for "No Error'1. Only onechoice is to be circled. (10 points)EXAMPLE:1) The plant manager, like many workers, were very experienced in safety precautions.A B CDNo ErrorEANSWER: [B]2) To comprehend well, a student must read frequently. No ErrorA B C D EANSWER: [E]21. If the policeman would have arrived earlier, he would have seen the accident. No ErrorA B C D E22. The tasks of the director are greater than his assistant. No ErrorA B C D E23. Neither the teacher nor the students were introduced to their dean. No ErrorABC D E24. The visibility became so bad that I could not hardly see the man who was walkingA B Cone foot in front of me. No ErrorD E25. She hung up all the clothes that has been laying around the room. No ErrorA B C D E26. The amount of hours we spent on the work was rather small. No ErrorA B CD E27. The lecturer is a person with great promise and who should be encouraged. No ErrorA BCD E28. My name is William, and most of my friends call me Bill for short. No ErrorA B C D E29. We strongly suggest that Smith is told about his physical condition as soon as possible.A BCDNo ErrorE30. The group js waiting for their plane to Beijing. No ErrorAB C D ESection IV Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D.Choose the correct one and circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to be circled.(11 points)EXAMPLE:] the final scene I noticed him 2 his eyes..1. [A] During[B| While[C] As soon as[D| No sooner than2. [A] to wipe[B| wiping[C] to be wiped[D| having wipedANSWER: 1. [A] 2. [B]31 before man learned how to build houses, he 32 natural shelters, as theanimals did. He found that he could 33 himself by climbing up into trees or by crouching34 the overhanging edges of cliffs, or by crawling into 35 The first shelters orhomes actually built by man were very simple. For his building 36 he used what he couldfind easily 37 him: rocks, tree branches, dried grasses, animal skins. It was 38 ,however, before man began to build 39 shelters because 40 man learned to farm,he lived by 4131. [A] Epoch[B] Long[C] Time [D] Age32. [Al looked after[B] looked about[Cl looked for [D] looked into33. [ A] protectl B | confine|C] bury [D] cover34. [A] to[B] above[C] into [D] under35. [A] cracks[BJ pits[C] caves [D] cavities36. [A] rocks[B] substance[C] materials [D] groundwork37. [A] around[B] above[C] under [D] over38. [A] in time[Bl many a time[C] behind the time [D] a long time39. [A] permanent[B] unchangeable[C] changeable [D| perpetual40. [A] if|B] in case[C] until [D] after41. [A] fishing[B] garning[C] hunting [D] shootingSection V Reading ComprehensionEach sentence or paragraph below is followed by four statements. One of the statements is asuggestion which can be drawn from the information given in the original sentence or paragraph.Read the sentences and paragraph carefully and circle your choice. Only one choice is to becircled. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Whether the study of the lunar rocks will answer the long debated question of the origin ofthe moon remains to be seen.[A] The speaker wants to remain behind to see whether the study will throw light on thequestion.[B] The speaker feels that the study will probably answer the question.[C] The speaker is sure that the study will produce an answer to the question.[DJ The speaker is not sure whether the study will answer the question or not.ANSWER: [D]42. If this book begins with a familiar them - the Indian experience of the last 120 years -the author brings to it great power and deep understanding.[A] This means that the book was written 120 years ago.[B] This means that the Indian experience of the last 120 years is a familiar experience, andnothing new can be written about it.[C] This means that the book lacks understanding of the Indian experience.[D] This means that the writer of this sentence likes the book.43. I disagreed then as now with many of John Smith's judgments, but always respected him, andthis book is a welcome reminder of his big, honest, friendly, stubborn personality.[A] The writer of this sentence dislikes John Smith, but agrees with his ideas.[B] The writer of this sentence considers John Smith to be a disagreeable person.[C] The writer of this sentence disagrees with John Smith but respects him.[D] The writer of this sentence disagreed with him then but agrees with him now.44. Just before his tenth birthday John received a horse from his father; this was the first of aseries of expensive gifts intended to create the impression of a loving parent.[A] John received the horse because he was ten.[B] John received the horse because his father loved him.[C] John received the horse because his father wanted to seem loving.fD] John received the horse because his father wouldn't be able to give him expensive gifts in thefuture.45. It cannot be doubted that without intelligence and diligence on the part of the studentsthemselves, as indeed without the leadership and the coaching of the teachers, a goodexamination result will not come.[A] This sentence means that for a good result of an examination both the intelligence anddiligence of the students and the guidance of the teachers must be stressed.[B] This sentence means that a good result of examination will come without either the students *effort or that of the teachers.[C] This sentence means that a good examination result depends chiefly on the correct guidance ofthe teachers.[D] This sentence means that a good examination result depends on either the students or theteachers.46. Industry and commerce are the largest users of electrical energy. Using less electricity wouldmean a reduced industrial capacity and fewer jobs in the affected industries. Therefore anunfavorable change in our economic structure might result.[A] This means that decreasing the use of electricity must begin immediately.[BJ This means that decreasing the use of electricity will cause difficulties.[C] This means that decreasing the use of electricity isn't important.[DJ This means that decreasing the use of electricity won't affect industry.Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)47 .随着时间的过去，他将会懂得我所讲的话。

48 .听说那个地区的工厂比1970年增加了两倍49 .在这个季节保持蔬菜新鲜可不容易50 .只要我们继续努力工作，我们就能提前完成任务51 .尽管我们的政治和经济制度存在着巨大差异，我们两国在许多方面有着共同的利益Section VII English-Chinese TranslationChoose either of the following two passages and translate it into Chinese. (30 points)(1)In country after country, talk of non-smokers, right is in the air. While a majority of countrieshave taken little or no action yet, some 30 nations have introduced legislative steps to controlsmoking. Many laws have been introduced in other countries to help clear the air for nonsmokers,or to cut cigarette consumption.In some developed countries the consumption of cigarettes has become more or lessstabilized. However, in many developing nations, cigarette smoking is seen as a sign of economicprogress — and is even encouraged. As more tobacco companies go international, new marketsare sought to gain new smokers in those countries. For example, great efforts are made by theAmerican tobacco industry to sell cigarettes in the Middle East and North Africa - where U.S.tobacco exports increased by more than 27 percent in 1974.Smoking is harmful to the health of people. World governments should conduct seriouscampaigns against it. Restrictions on cigarette advertisements, plus health warnings on packagesand bans on public smoking in certain places such as theatres, cinemas and restaurants, are themost popular tools used by nations in support of nonsmokers or in curbing smoking. But worldattention also is focusing on another step which will make the smoker increasingly self-consciousand uncomfortable about his habit. Great efforts should be made to inform young peopleespecially of the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit. And cigarette price should beboosted.In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better-off if smoking werebanned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.(2)Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word:radiation.Nuclear radiation has a certain mystery about it, partly because it cannot be detected byhuman senses. It can't be seen or heaid, or touched or tasted, even though it may be all around us.There are other things like that. For example, radio waves are all around us but we can't detectthem, sense them, without a radio receiver. Similarly, we can't sense radioactivity without aradiation detector. But unlike common radio waves, nuclear radiation is not harmless to humanbeings and other living things.At very high levels, radiation can kill an animal or human being outright by killing masses ofcells in vital organs. But even the lowest levels can do serious damage. There is no level ofradiation that is completely safe. If the radiation does not hit anything important, the damagemany not be significant. This is the case when only a few cells are hit, and if they are killedoutright. Your body will replace the dead cells with healthy ones. But if the few cells are onlydamaged, and if they reproduce themselves, you may be in a deformed way. They can grow intocancer. Sometimes this does not show up for many years.This is another reason for some of the mystery about nuclear radiation. Serious damage canbe done without the victim being aware at the time that damage has occurred. A person can beirradiated and feel fine, then die of cancer five, ten, or twenty years later as a result. Or a child canbe bom weak or liable to serious illness as a result of radiation absorbed by its grandparents.Radiation can hurt us. We must know the truth. 1982 年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (12 points)[D][B][C][C][B][A][A]|C|[D][C][A][C]Section II: Verb Forms (12 points)basedbeing treatedtrainedcould have answeredsaying; would returnhas been writing; has not finishedis pouring; must be waitingto find; had leftSection III: Error-detection (10 points)[A]|D|[E][C][D][A][C][A][C][C]Section IV: Cloze Test (11 points)[B][C][A][D][C][C][A][D][A|[C][C]Section V: Reading Comprehension (10 points)ID][C][C][A][B]Section VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)56. As time goes on, he will understand what I said.57. We have been told that there are now three times as many factories in that district as in 1970.58. It is hard work, keeping vegetables fresh in this season.59. So long as we continue to work hard, we can finish the task ahead of schedule.60. Despite the great differences between our political and economic systems, our two countriesshare a wide range of common interest.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (30 points)(1)不吸烟者的权利问题， 正在一个又一个国家里开始议论。

至今多数国家很少或还没有采取措施， 有三十个左右的国家已经采取法律程序控制吸烟 另一些国家则已制订旨在为不吸烟者净化空气或消减纸烟消费量的多种法律在某些发达国家中纸烟的消费量已渐趋稳定然而在许多发展中国家里，吸烟却被视为经济发展的一种标志——甚至受到鼓励 随着更多的烟草公司走上国际化的道路， 它们在这些国家中寻找新的市场， 争取更多的吸烟者 例如美国烟草工业就力图在中东和北非推销香烟——在这些地区，美国烟草出口量在1974年增加了百分之二十七以上吸烟时人民健康有害世界各国政府应该开展认真的反对吸烟运动限制香烟广告，每包香烟上加印有害健康的警告，以及禁止在诸如影剧院和餐馆等某些公共场所吸烟， 这些都是许多国家用以支持不吸烟者和控制吸烟最常用的办法 同时， 人们也正把注意力集中在另一项措施上 这项措施将使吸烟者越来越意识到自己的不良习惯并为此感到不安 应该作出巨大努力告诉青年人抽烟的危害性， 特别是养成抽烟习惯的可怕后果 而且香烟价格应予提高从长远观点看， 毫无疑问， 如果能完全禁止吸烟， 那么每个人的境况将得到很大的改善但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备2)核能对健康、安全甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词来概括：辐射。

核辐射这种现象多少有点神秘， 其部分原因是人类的官能无法觉察到它的存在 尽管我们周围可能都是辐射线，可是我们看不风它，听不到它， 摸不着它，也辨别不出它的味道还有一些和它相类似的东西 例如， 我们四周到处都是无线电波， 但如果没有无线电接收器,我们就不能探测到或感觉到它的存在同样，如果不用辐射探测器，我们也不能感觉到放射现象但核辐射不同于普通的无线电波，它对人类以及其他生物不是无害的能级非常高的辐射线能摧毁重要器官里的大量细胞从而把动物或人立即杀死 即使是最低能级的辐射线也能造成严重的损害 不存在任何绝对安全的辐射能级 如果辐射线没有击中任何重要的东西， 造成的损害可能不太大 当辐射线只击中少数细胞并且立即摧毁它们的时候， 情况就是这样你的身体能以健康的细胞代替死亡的细胞但如果这些少数的细胞只受到损坏，而这些细胞又自行繁殖，那你就会遇到麻烦它们进行畸形繁殖它们有可能演变成癌，这种情况有时在许多年之后才能显示出来这是核辐射现象带有某些神秘色彩的另一个原因 它可能在损害已经发生而受害者意识不到的情况下造成严重损害一个人在受到照射时可能感觉良好，结果在五年、十年或二十年后死于癌症 或者小孩一生下来就体弱或易于感染严重的疾病， 原因是他的祖父母曾吸收过辐射线。

辐射线能伤害我们我们应该知道真相1983年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to becircled (10 points)EXAMPLE:Tom has been unemployed he lost his job three weeks ago.[A] after|B| since[C] before[D| whileANSWER: |B|1. bom in Chicago, the author is most famous fbr his stories about New York City.[A] Although[B] Since[C] As[D] When2. Allen and I are in the same history class, but his assignment is different mine.[AJ with[B] from[C] against[DJ to3. They have all got up, and.[A] Jack has too[B] so has Jack[C] Jack hasn*t[D] also has Jack4. I am sure that you said is wrong.[A] which[B] all[C] this[D] what5. four years since John left school.[A] They have been[B] It is[C] It was[D] Those are6. I have been to the doctor's about my headache. He says there is.[A] something serious[B] anything serious[C] not serious[D] nothing serious7. This bicycle is his, not.[A] their[B] hers [Cl her[D] your8. A good writer is who can express the commonplace in an uncommon way.[A] that[B] he[C] one[DJ this9. Those are very pleasant rooms. How much do you them?[A] want[B] demand[C] ask for[D] ask10. His honesty is: nobody can doubt it.[A] in question[B] out of the question[C] beside the question[D] without questionSection II Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Will you call them up and tell them we'll start as soon as the r a i n ( s t o p ) ?ANSWER: stops11. He tried to a v o i d ( a n s w e r ) my questions.12. (complete) one task, we started on another one.13. I wish y o u ( n o t hurt) Jim so much. He is still very depressed.14. In recent years a number of communications s a t e l l i t e s ( p u t ) into orbit about theearth.15. She sat at the w i n d o w ( r e a d ) a novel.16. If you had spoken clearly, y o u ( u n d e r s ta n d ) .17. We think this house is w o r t h ( r e n o v a t e ) .18. Don*t get your s c h e d u le ( c h a n g e ) ; stay with us in this class.19. Fve got a loaf of bread; now I'm looking for a k n i f e ( c u t ) it with.20. There's no u s e ( c r y ) over spilt milk.Section III Error-detectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], [Bl, [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect, and circle the letterof your choice. If you find no mistakes in a sentence, circle the letter E for "No Error”. Only onechoice is to be circled. (10 points)EXAMPLE:1) The plant manager, like many workers, were very experienced in safety precautions.A B CDNo ErrorEANSWER: [B]2) To comprehend well, a student must read frequently. No ErrorA B C D EANSWER: [E]21. Because of an election was in progress, voters from all walks of life were heatedly.A B C DNo ErrorE22. I move that he is to be discharged for his serious mistake. No ErrorAB C D E23. Some adult novels have been adopted for young readers. No ErrorA B CD E24. A number of errors made by him was suprising. No ErrorA B C D E25. This article deals with the natural phenomenon which are most interesting to everyone.A B CDNo ErrorE26. Often djd we ask her not to be late for school. No ErrorA B C D E27. The sun warms the earth, this makes it possible for plants to grow. No ErrorA BCD E28. Of the best of my knowledge, he did very well in his previous job. No ErrorABC D E29. While walking along the street early in the morning, he heard someone crying. No ErrorA B C DE30. When you make a decision, you must take everything in account. No ErrorA B C D ESection IV Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D.Choose the correct one and circle the letter before your choice. Only one choice is to be circled.(10 points)EXAMPLE:Bill came to work at the University thirty years today.[A] since[B] before[C] from[D] agoANSWER: [D]In the 20,h century chemists have learned to make 31 of new compounds that neverexisted 32 Many of them are useful to industry. Industry also found new uses 33old, well-known 34 such as mercury, arsenic, and lead. We have learned to use radioactivesubstances in manufacturing electrical power, and some materials used in medicine. Many of thesesubstances are poisonous to people. Accidentally or 35 purpose, many of them aredischarged into streams and lakes. Birds and fish are killed by them. In some 36 peoplehave been killed or 37 by them. In some countries, many people were killed by eating fishthat had lived in water contaminated with mercury; 38 others were crippled 39life. There is no solution at present 40 the problem of water pollution by many differentkinds of industrial wastes. Ideally, all the wastes should be collected and used again.31. [A] the thousand[B] thousands[C] a thousand [D] one thousand32. [A] earlier[B] early[C] ago [D] before33. [A] for[B] to[C] of [D] with34. [A] things[B] matters[C] substances |D] materials35. [A] in[B] with[C] on |D| for36. [A] cases[B] conditions[C] situations [D] environments37. [A] got sick[B] fell sick[C] became sick [D] made sick38. [A] more[B] still [Cl the [D] most39. [A] in[B] of[C] for [D] by40. [A] of[B]in[C|about|D]toSection V Reading ComprehensionEach sentence below is followed by four statements. One of the statements is a suggestion whichcan be made from the information given in the original sentence. Read the sentences carefully andcircle your choice. Only one choice is to be circled. (10 points)EXAMPLE:What is most obvious in this book are all those details of daily living which make Mrs.Richards anything but common.[A] Mrs. Richards is very obvious.[B] Mrs. Richards is an unusual person[C] Mrs. Richardsis anything she wants to be.[D] Mrs. Richards is quite ordinary.ANSWER: [B]41. Dr. Smith made a long speech in which he implied that he was a friend of the Dean's.[A] Dr. Smith was not a friend of the Dean's.[B ] Dr. Smith gave a talk in which he said he was a friend of the Dean's.[C] Dr. Smith suggested in his speech that he was a friend of the Dean's.[DJ Dr. Smith made a moving speech in which he said that he was a friend of the Dean's.42. Reading between the lines, I should say the scientists are disappointed at the outcome of theresearch project, though they will not openly admit it.[A] The scientists admit that their research project is a failure.[B| The scientists are not satisfied with the outcome of the research project.[C] The scientists deny that the outcome of the research project is a failure.[D] The outcome of the research project is not a failure.43. John and I did not see each other very often, but whenever I was in trouble he always came tome and offered his help.[A] I was often in trouble.[B] John was a true friend of mine.[C] John came to see me only when Iwas in trouble.|D| Time and again John came to my help.44. When he entered the room, we all stopped talking and glanced at each other uneasily.[AJ We were all afraid of him.[B] We all respected him.[C] He was a friend of ours.[D] He was anopponent to all of us.45. It is a tale which holds children from play, and old men from the chimney corner.[A] The children are player.[B] The story is fascinating.[C] The old men are sitting near thechimney corner.[D] The tale is about children and old men.Section VI Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the meaning of the sentences. (10 points)EXAMPLE:If the teams were not so evenly matched, it would be easier to the outcome.[A] precede[B] expect[C] foretell[D] countANSWER: [Cl46. The twins are so much that it is difficult to tell one from the other.[A] similarfB] equal[C]like [D] alike47. The photo happy memories of my early childhood.[A] refreshed|B| brings to mind[C] stimulates |D| reminds myself48. This album is as it was the only one ever signed by the President.[A] unusual[B] unique[C] rare [D] singular49. The firemen managed to the fire in time.[A] extinguish[B| prevent|C] stop [D] suppress50. I believe reserves of coal here are to last for fifty years.[A] sufficient[B] efficient[C] persistent [DJ rich51. This room is partly with a few old armchairs.[A] provided [B] decorated [Cl beautified [D] furnished52. Henry's news report covering the conference was so that nothing had beenomitted.[A] clearfB] integrated|C] comprehensive [D] understandable53. These plastic flowers look so that many people think they are real.[A] beautiful[B] natural[C] comparable [D] similar54. We are now a new English-Chinese dictionary.[A] composing[B] writing[C] compiling [D] creating55. The students their thanks to Professor Davis by presenting him with a parting gift.[A] revealed[B] expressed[C] showed [DJ saidSection VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)56 .我们不同意他刚才说的话。

57 .在老师再解释一遍后，同学们才听懂这句子的意思58 .我们很高兴他如期完成任务59 .我们对他解决问题的方法很感兴趣60 .我们虽然引进新技术和设备，但是我们将主要依靠自己来实现四个现代化Section VIII English-Chinese TranslationChoose either of the following two passages and translate it into Chinese. (25 points)(1)Let us suppose that you are in the position of a parent. Would you allow your children to readany book they wanted to without first checking its contents? Would you take your children to seeany film without first finding out whether it is suitable for them? If your answer to these questionsis 'yes', then you are just plain irresponsible. If your answer is 'no', then you are exercising yourright as a parent to protect your children from what you consider to be undesirable influences. Inother words, by acting as an examiner yourself, you are admitting that there is a strong case forcensorship.Now, of course, you will say that it is one thing to exercise censorship where children areconcerned and quite another to do the same for adults. Children need protection and it is theparents5 responsibility to provide it. But what about adults? Aren't they old enough to decide whatis good for them? The answer is that many adults are, but don't make the mistake of thinking thatall adults are like yourself. Censorship is for the good of society as a whole. Like the law, itcontributes to the common good.Some people think that it is a shame that a censor should interfere with works of art. But wemust bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which come before thecensor are very far from being 'works of art'.When censorship laws are relaxed, dishonest people are given a chance to produce virtuallyanything in the name of 'art'. One of the great things that censorship does is to prevent certainpeople from making fat profits by corrupting the minds of others. To argue in favour of absolutefreedom is to argue in favour of anarchy. Society would really be the better if it were protected bycorrect censorship.(2)If the sun has enough power to warm and light the whole earth, it must have enough power todo other things, too. Can we use the sun's abundant energy to supply electricity, or at least toperform the functions which electricity or other types of power usually perform? The answer isyes.For example, people have for many years been using the reflected heat of the sun to cook by.Solar cookers have been built with several curved mirrors reflecting the sun and focusing its heaton the cooking element. This apparatus can be used just like a gas or electric stove; it is moreexpensive to make but it does not need any fuel, and so costs nothing to use. Another possibility ofusing solar energy is in house-heating.The form of energy we use most is electricity, and every day more is needed. But electricityhas to be made, too, and to make it huge quantities of fuel are required — oil, coal, gas andnowadays even uranium.The question which worries everyone today is: how long will these fuels last? Nobody knowsfor sure, but most experts think it will soon be difficult to obtain sufficient electricity from thesesources. It is possible that the sun can make a contribution here, too.Solar power has already been used to produce terrific hat. In Southern France a solar furnacehas been built, where temperatures reach more than 3000° Centigrade. This furnace is only usedfor experiments at present, but could be used to produce steam for a power station.So it is possible that one day in the near future we will depend on solar furnaces and powerstations to provide our electrical needs. Or perhaps each home will have a solar generator toprovide power for lighting and heating.1983年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)[A][B][B][D][B][D][B][C][C][D]Section II: Verb Forms (10 points)answeringHaving completedhad not hurthave been putreadingwould have been understoodrenovatingchangedto cutcryingSection III: Error-detection (10 points)[A][C][C][A][B][E][B][A][E][D]Section IV: Cloze Test (10 points)IBJ[D]|A][C|[C|[A]ID]IB][C][D]Section V: Reading Comprehension (10 points)[C][B][B][A][B]Section VI: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)ID]IB]IB][AJ[A][D]|C|IB][C]|B|Section VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)56. We do not agree with what he has just said.57. The students did not understand the meaning of the sentence until the teacher had explained ita second time.58. We are very glad that he has fulfilled the task in time.59. We are interested in the way he solved the problems.60. Although we import some new techniques and equipment, we will rely mainly on ourselvesto realize the four modernizations.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (25 points)(1)让我们假设你处在家长的地位。

你会允许你的孩子们随便读他们想读的书而不首先查一下内容吗？你会随便带你的孩子去看电影而不首先搞清楚这部片子对他们是否合适吗？假如你对这些问题的回答是“ 是”的话，那你简直就是不负责任如果你回答“ 否" ，那你就是在运用你家长的权利来保护你的孩子，使他们免受你认为不良的影响换句话话，你在作为检查者时已经认定实行审查很有必要当然，你会说审查对儿童而言是一回事，但对成人却是另一回事儿童需要保护，提供这种保护是父母的责任 但是成年人又如何呢？难道他们还不够成熟以判断哪些东西对他们有益吗？回答是许多成年人是能做到的不过千万别误认为所有的成年人都象你自己一样审查是为了整个社会的利益它象法律一样维护公众利益有些人认为审查员干涉文艺作品是不光彩的事 可是我们要牢记送到审查员面前的大量书刊、戏剧和电影远非“ 杰作当审查法放宽时，招摇撞骗之徒就会有机可乘在“ 艺术”的幌子下什么样的东西都会炮制出来 审查工作的大事之一就是防止某些人靠腐蚀别人的思想以谋取厚利 主张绝对自由就是主张无政府状态如果社会得到正确审查制度的保护一定会变得更好2)太阳既然有足够的能量使整个地球变得温暖和明亮, 它必定也有足够的能量做出其他的事。

我们是否能利用太阳丰富的能源来发电， 或至少是用它来做电力或别种动力通常要做的事？回答是肯定的例如， 多年来人们一直在利用反射太阳光的热量来烧煮食物 太阳炉是用几面曲面镜反射阳光并将其热量聚焦于炊具上制成的 这种装置可以象煤气炉或电炉一样使用； 制造成本虽然较高，但它不需用燃料，因而使用就不必花钱太阳能的另一个可能性是取暖我们用得最多的能的形式是电而且用量与日俱增但是电也需要生产，要生产电就需要大量燃料，如石油、煤、可燃气，现在甚至用铀作燃料今天人人都担心的问题是： 这些燃料能维持多久？谁也无法确知， 但是大多数专家认为不需太久就难以靠这些来源提供充足的电力了太阳倒有可能在这方面作出一定的贡献太阳能已被用来提供极高的温度 在法国南部已经建造了一座太阳炉， 供热可高达摄氏3000度以上这座太阳炉目前只用于实验工作，但是有可能给发电站提供蒸汽所以在不久的将来， 我们有可能依靠太阳炉和太阳能发电站来提供我们对电力的需要 或许家家户户都将用太阳能来提供照明和加热用的电力1984年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choice, in the brackets on the left. (15 points)EXAMPLE:To test his theory, the scientist set an experiment.[A] up[B] out[C] upon[D] forthANSWER: [A]1. I was caught the rain yesterday.| A]in[B]by[C] with[D] at2. I promise to look the matter as soon as I get back to the head office.I A] into[B] for[C] in[D] after3. They left prior our arrival.[A] at[B] to[C] by[D] of4. The teacher has repeatedly reminded him it.[A] of[B] for[C] with[D] to5. He is indifferent hardships and dangers.|A] of[B] at[C] in|D|to6. During that hard winter, the workers in Detroit went strike.[A] into[B] in[C] on[D] to7. John did it his will.[A] at[B] in[C] to [D] against8. Come and see me wh e n e v e r .| A] you are convenient|B| you will be convenient[C] it is convenient to you[D] it will be convenient to you9. This girl is Mary's cousin.|A| pretty little Swedish|B] Swedish little prettyfC] Swedish pretty little[D] little pretty Swedish10. It isn't quite that he will be present at the meeting.[A] surelB] right[C] certain[DJ exact11. Why is there traffic on the streets in February than in May?[A] less[B] fewer[C] few[D] little12. I should like to rent a house, modern, comfortable and in a quiet environment.[A] before all[BJ first of all [CJ after all [DJ above all13. His few personal belongings make it possible for him to move from place to pl ace.[A] in ease[B] at ease[C] with ease[D] with easiness14. Let us try to use our intellect to.[A] the fullest benefit[B] the best use[C] the highest profit[Dl the greatest advantage15. They did not find to prepare for the worst conditions they might meet.[A] worth their while[BJ it worthwhile[C] it worth[DJ it worthy16. You will soon this climate and then the changes in temperature will not affect you.[A] get used to[B] get to[C] get over[D] get on with17. Water, when boiled, always stream.[A] gives in[B] gives out[C] gives off[D] gives away18. Their plans for a big par t y.[A] fell out[B] fell away[C] fell off[D] fell through19. Badly beaten, the intruders in disorder.[A] fell of[B] fell out[C] fell back[D] fell away20. The picnic at last after being twice postponed.[A] came off[B] came up[C] put on[D] went on21. Very few experts with completely new answers to the world's economic problems.|A] come to|B| come round[C] come up[D] come on22. His face gave him when he told a lie.[A] off[B] away[C] up[DJ out23. Someone must have left the tap on, t he water was running over and flooding thebathroom.|A] therefore[B ] for[C ] nevertheless[D | moreover24. If that idea was wrong, the project is bound to f a i l , g o o d all the other ideas mightbe.[A] whatever[B] though[C] whatsoever[D] however25. Take an umbrella with you in case of.[A] it rains[B] the rain[C] rain[D] raining26. The man over there is our principal.[A] no other but[B] no other than[C] no one than[D] none other than27. The football match was televised from the Workers* Stadium.[A] alive[B] life[C] live[D] lively28. The size of the a u d i e n c e , w e had expected, was well over one thousand.[A] whom[B] \vho[C] as[D] that29. The Chinese Red Cross a generous sum to the relief of the physically disabled.[A] assigned[BJ contributed[C] furnished[D] administered30. my car is being made ready for a long journey.[A] In the moment[B] At the moment[C] For the moment[D] By the momentSection II Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the wholepassage before making your choices. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Hot metal as it grows cooler.[A] condenses[B] reduces[C] decreases[D] contractsANSWER: [DJVentilation, as we know, is a system or means of providing fresh air. It plays a very importantpart in the field of engineering. For instance, the automobile tunnel might 31 hugeventilation problems. Even in the days of smoky, coal-burning 32 , trains made their ownventilation by pushing and pulling air 33 the tunnels. Cars don't move their own spentgases in the same way; it collects in tunnels. Clifford M. Holland sol ved the problem 34 agiant fan-driven system for the Hudson River tunnel.Holland's system received a severe 35 when a truck 36 with chemicalsubstances caught fire in the tunnel and exploded. The blast destroyed many automobiles; sixtypersons were 37 by the strong smelling smoke. All sixty, however, remained 38after the explosion. 39 the ruin of 500 feet of the tunnel roof, traffic 40 after onlyfifty-six hours.31. [A] make[BJ bring[C] raise [DJ create32. [A] stoves[B] bumers[C] boilers [D] engines33. [A] around[B] through[C] in [D] within34. [A] by[B] with[C] for [D] of35. [A] trial[B] pressure[C] examination |D] test36. [A] loaded[B] carried[C] crowded [D] transported37. [A] swept[B] overcome[C] hit [D] hurt38. [A] alive[B] living[C] live [D] lived39. [A] With[B] After[C] Because of [D] Despite40. [A] resumed[B] stoppedfC] moved [D] startedSection III Reading ComprehensionEach sentence or passage below is followed by four statements. One of the statements is asuggestion which can be made from the information given in the original sentence or passage.Read them carefully and make your choice. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Dr. Smith made a long speech in which he implied that he was a friend of the Dean's.[AJ Dr. Smith was not a friend of the Dean's.|B] Dr. Smith gave a talk in which he said he was a friend of the Dean's.[C] Dr. Smith suggested in his speech that he was a friend of the Dean's.[D] Dr. Smith made a moving speech in which he said he was a friend of the Dean's.ANSWER: [C]41. I find it difficult to drive home my point to the students.[A] I find it difficult to make my point fully understood by my students.[B| I find it difficult to drive my students home.[C] I want to point out that it is difficult to give my students lessons on driving.[DJ My point is driving is especially difficult for my students.42. You ought to stand up for him.[A] You should get up when he comes in.[Bl You should support him.[C] You shouldn't be afraid to argue with him.[DJ You must be of the same height as he is.43. She took great pains to keep the rooms tidy.[A] She was in great pain when she tried to keep the rooms tidy.[B] She found it difficult to keep the rooms tidy.[Cl She made great efforts to keep the rooms neat and clean.|D | She was unwilling to keep the rooms tidy.44. At first everything went well with the project but recently problems kept cropping up.[A] At first the quality of the project was satisfactory but recently its quality kept declining.[B] The project proceeded smoothly at first but lately unexpected problems continually madetheir appearance.[Cl At first the operation of the project went on smoothly, but lately something went wrongwith its operation.|D| At first the project was thought to be satisfactory, but recently people found that therewere actually lots of problems with the project.45. The search for ways of preserving foods is not new. Primitive man learned that he couldmake foods last by drying them. The greatest single advance began in 1800 when aFrenchman, Nicolas Appert, discovered that he could preserve certain foods by sealing themin jars and keeping the air from them. The process was the start of the vast canning industrywhich brings us many foods in all seasons.[A] Nicolas Appert's most important contribution to canning industry is his discovery that aircauses food to spoil.[B] Nicolas Appert was the first person to preserve foods in jars.[C] Nicolas Appert learned from the primitive men the method of preserving food.[D] To preserve foods Nicolas Appert put them into sealed jars to let them dry up.Section IV Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences. Put your choices in thebrackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:The photo happy memories of my early childhood.[A] refreshes[B] brings to mind[C] stimulates[D] reminds myselfANSWER: [B]46. It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it six hours.[A] ended[B] finished[C] was [D] lasted47. The gloves were really too small, and it was only by them that I managed to getthem on.[A] spreading[B] squeezing[C] extending [D] stretching48. Although the false banknotes fooled many people, they did not close examination.[A] put up[B] keep up[C] stand up to [D] look up to49. Today, housework has been made much easier by e l e c t r i c a l .[AJ facilities[B] appliances[C] instruments [D] equipment50. Charles has not the least of giving up his research.[A] intention[B] idea[C] play [D] desire51. That shop doesn't have brown sugar in at the moment, but they expect to havesome tomorrow.[A] storage|B| stock[C] sale [D] demand52. The country has a system of, most of which date back to the nineteenth century.[ A] watercourses|B| rivers[C] canals |D] channels53. The farmers had to wear heavy boots in the winter because the fields were so wet and[A] dusty[B] earthy[C] soiled [D] muddy54. My brother likes eating very much but he isn't very about the food he eats.[A] special [B] peculiar[C] particular [D] unusual55. This is the piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.[A] actual[B] genuine[C] real [D] originalSection V Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled |A], |B|, [C], and [DJ. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choicein the brackets on the left. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down thecorrect word or phrase on the line following the brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Good manners should be observed whether one eats in a restaurant or jn home.A B C DANSWER: [D] at56. One should not talk about unpleasant subjects for a social gathering. Also, we should avoidA Bany subject that might hurt the feelings of the people you are with.C D57. When we sit at the table, we must wait for everyone before start eating. Sometimes youA B Chave to wait until the head of the family begins eating.D58. Bob has sat at the table for a couple of hours and drank considerably more wine than isA B C Dgood for his health.59. If you had gone there to see the match, I'm sure you would have enjoyed to see theABCChinese Football Team win.D60. The flour, eggs and milk should be well mixed as it is poured into the baking pan.A B C D61. The names Jimmy, Billy and Bobby end in 'y* are used especially for children, but theyA Boften continue into adult life.C D62. This book costs me five yuan. 空 you have been a good friend to me, you may borrow myA Bbook as far as you keep it clean.CD63. Of all the works of art shown in this exhibition hall the thing I like more is theA Bneedln-work produced by the workers of Shanghai.C D64. Because some of the representatives still not there, the conference is put off until furtherA B C Dnotice.65. You've to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DSection VI Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:Now our daughter is sitting next to Doris. At this time tomorrow s he ( s i t ) next toBetty.ANSWER: wiH be sitting66. A: Is your new bus going O.K.?B: Oh yes. Couldn't be better. It's the first minibus we ( h a v e ) and we're all quitesatisfied with it.67. You haven't learnt the word-order in spoken questions yet but I'm sure y o u ( l e a r n )it before the end of this week.68. Our guest no s o o n e r ( t a k e ) off his raincoat than it began to rain again.69. It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.70. (meet) with an accident, the newspaper correspondent was not able to send a cable.71. That bad egg wore dark glasses to a v o id ( r e c o g n iz e ) .72. Rather t h a n ( l e a v e ) everything to the last minute, he always prefers to start early.73. Don*t come today, I would rather y o u ( c o me ) tomorrow.74. Sammy looks as though he n e v e r ( g e t ) a square meal, but in fact his parents feedhim very well.75. If I had a bike, I ( l e nd) it to you yesterday.Section VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)7 6 . 充分利用自然资源来为人类造福的愿望总有一天会实现。

77 .据我所知，到目前为止，这是他们所能想到的最好方案78 .随着科学与技术的普及，电子计算机已越来越广泛地在各个领域中得到应用79 .通过深入的调查研究，他们终于取得了大量的第一手资料80 .在我们的工作中失败是常事，但我们绝不能因此而灰心丧气Section VIII English-Chinese TranslationChoose either of the following two passages. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)(1)(81) Electricity is such a part of our everyday lives and so much taken for granted nowadaysthat we rarely think twice when we switch on the light or turn on the radio. At night, roads arebrightly lit, enabling people and traffic to move freely. Neon lighting used in advertising hasbecome part of the character of every modern city. In the home, many labour-saving devices arepowered by electricity. (82) Even when we turn off the bedside lamp and are fat asleep、 electricityis working for us, driving our refrigerators, heating our water、or keeping our roomsair-conditioned. Every day, trains, trolley-buses, and trams take us to and from work. (83) Werarely bother to consider why or how they run until something goes wrong.One summer something did go wrong with the power plant that provides New York withelectricity. For a great many hours, life came almost to a standstill. Trains refused to move and thepeople in them sat in the dark, powerless to do anything; (84) lifts stopped working， so that even ifyou were lucky enough not to be trapped between two floors, you had the unpleasant task offinding your way down hundreds of flights of stairs. Famous streets like Broadway and FifthAvenue in an instant became as gloomy and uninviting as the most remote back streets. (85)People were afraid to leave their houses, for although the police had been ordered lo stand by incase of emergency, they were iust as confused and helpless as anybody else.Meanwhile, similar disorder prevailed in the home. New York can be stifling in the summerand this year was no exception. Cool, air-conditioned apartments became furnaces. Food went badin refrigerators. Cakes and joints of meat remained uncooked in cooling ovens. (86) People satimpatient and frightened in the dark as if an unseen enemy had landed from Mars. (87) One of thestrange things that occurred during (he power-cul was that some fifty blind people lead manysighted workers home. (88) When Ihe lighls came on again, hardly a person in Che city can haveturned on a switch without reflecting how great a servant he had at his fingertips.(2)A mineral is a material that is mined, not grown. (89) In other words mineral substanceswhich are found on the earth must be extracted by digging, boring holes, artificial explosions, orsimilar operations which make them available to us. Some minerals, for example coal and oil,were originally living substances; others, like iron, never had life. (90) Coal and oil are \heremains of plants and animals. Crude mineral ores and crude oil must be purified before they canbe used.(91) A stage in human civilization is often called by the name of the substance mainly used atthat stage: the Stone Age, the Iron Age, and so on. The level of civilization reached by a societydepends on the materials it can use, not only on those which are available. (92) The capacity to usea raw material depends on various factors, such as means of access, methods of extraction, andtechniques of processing. In order to be purified, or combined into alloys, metals must be melted.For this purpose they must be placed in containers which can be heated to enormous temperatures.These containers or enclosed spaces are called furnaces. (93) Plants which refine crude ores areoften located in countries other than those in which the crude ores are mined.Although much was known previously about the chemical properties of aluminum and theirapplication to practical uses, (94) it was not until sixty years ago that a method of extractingaluminum ore was found which could lead to a cheap large-scale process.(95) In the past few decades men behaved as if their supplies of minerals were inexhaustible.(96) But now it is realized that supplies of some of them are limited, and it is even possible to givea reasonable estimate of their "expectation of life." the time it will take to exhaust all knownsources and reserves of these materials.But in the case of minerals it is especially difficult to give a reliable estimate of reservesbecause surveys have not been completed and it is not certain that all sources are known. Uraniumprovides a good example of this fact.1984年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)[A][A]IB][A|[D][C][D][C][A][C][A][D][C][D]|B|[A]|C|IDJ[C]|A][D][B][B][D][C][D][C]IC][B]|B|Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)[D][D]fB][B][D][A]LB][A][D][A]Section III: Reading Comprehension (10 points)[A]IB]IC][B|[A]Section IV: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)[D][D][C][B][A][B][C][D][C][A]Section V: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[A] at[B] we start[B] drunk[C] seeing[C] before[A] ending[C] as long as[B] most[A] with[C] anythingSection VI: Verb Forms (10 points)have hadwill have learnedhad ... taken(should) be appointedHaving metbeing recognizedleavecamegotwould have lentSection VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)76. The wish of fully utilizing the natural resources for the benefit of mankind will eventuallycome true.77. To my knowledge, this is the best program they can conceive of so far.78. With the popularization of science and technology, computer has found an increasingly wideapplication in all fields.79. Through and intensive investigation they have finally obtained abundant first-handinformation80. In our work it's nothing unusual to be confronted with failures but we should in no way bediscouraged on that account.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)(1)81 .电在我们的日常生活中所占的地位是这样的重要， 而且现在人们还认为有电是完全理所当然的事，所以我们在开电灯或开收音机时就很少会再去想一想电是怎么来的。

82 .即使在我们关掉了床头灯深深地进入睡乡时，电也在为我们工作，它帮我们开动冰箱，帮我们烧水或使我们房间里的空调机保持运转83 .在车辆出毛病之前，我们就不会去费脑筋想一下它们为什么会开动或怎样开动84 .电梯停了， 因此即使你幸而没有被困在两个楼层的中间， 你也得去完成一项不愉快的任务：即摸黑往下走几百级楼梯85 .尽管警察都已接到命令，要作好准备以应付紧急情况， 但人们还是不敢出门，因为警察也同其它任何人一样感到不知所措和无能为力86 .人们焦急不安、 惊惶失措地坐在黑暗中， 好象有一名来自火星的看不见的敌人已登上了地球87 . 停电期间所发生的事件中有过这样一件怪事： 大约有五十名盲人给许多有视力的职工带路，把他们送回家88 .当电灯再亮时，城里的人在揪电灯开关之前，几乎没有一个人不仔细想一想，他随时都能有一个多么能干的个人来为他服务啊2)89 .换言之，矿物就是存在于地球上的而且必须经过挖掘、钻孔、人工爆炸或类似作业才能获得的物质90 .煤和油是植物和动物的残体原矿石和原油必须加以精炼才能使用91 .人类文明的各个时期通常是根据从们在各个时期所主要使用的物质名称而命名的， 例如石器时代、铁器时代，等等。

92 . 使用原料的能力大小取决于各种因素，例如，获取原料的手段、开采方法和加工技术93 .提炼原矿石的厂房设备通常不是设在开采原矿石的国家而是设在其他国家94 .直到六十年前人们才发现一种开采铝矿石的方法，从而有可能从中得出一种成本低廉、大规模提炼的炼铝法95 .在过去的几十年间，人们对待矿物的态度是：仿佛他们可以永远不断地得到矿物供应96 .可是现在他们认识到， 其中有些矿物的蕴藏是很有限的， 他们甚至还是可较合理地估计出这些矿石“ 可望存在多少年” ，也就是说，经过多少时间之后，这些矿物的全部书籍矿源和蕴藏量将被耗尽1985年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section 1 Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choice, in the brackets on the left. (15 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] at ANSWER: [A]1. The travellers sought shelter the rain and happened to find a roadside inn.[A] from[B] by[C] for[D] with2. To our delight, she quickly adapted herself the situation.[A] with[B] to[C] of[D] into3. The key success is hard work and persistence.[A] on[B] for[C] to[D] of4. "Do you regret paying A five hundred dollars for the painting?1'"No, I would, gladly have paid for it."[A] twice so much|B] twice as much[C] as much twice[D] so much twice5. This pair of shoes isn't good, but that pair is better.[A] rather[B] less[C] ever[D] hardly6. do we go for picnics.[A] Certainly[B] Sometimes[C] Seldom[D] Once7. Kunming is usually cool in the summer, but S h a n g h a i .[A] is rarely[B| scarcely is[C] hardly is[D] rarely is8. A university is an educational institution which awards degrees and research.[A] carries out[BJ carries through[C] carries off[D] carries about9. On entering another country, a tourist will have to the Customs.[A] pass throughfB] pass by[C] pass overfD] pass for10. The old lady can't hope to her cold in a few days.| A] get away|B] get off[C] get out|D| get over11. Will you my article to find out whether I've made any mistakes?[A] look after[B] look through[C] look up[D] look into12. "Where should I send my application?""The Personnel Office is the place[A] to send it[B] sent it to[C] to send it to[D] for sending it13. David, something important has happened. I wish to.[A] talk it over with you[B] talk over it[C] talk over[D] talk you over it14. I was advised for reservations.[A] to either telephone or to write the hotel[B] either to telephone or to write the hotel[C] that Ishould telephone or either write the hotel [D] I ought either to telephone or write the hotel15. we have finished the course, we shall start doing more revision work.[A] For now[B] Since that[C] Now that[D] By nowSection II Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled A, B, C, and D.Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the wholepassage before making your choices. (10 points)EXAMPLE:For instance, the automobile tunnel might huge ventilation problems.[A] make [B J bring[C] raise[D] create ANSWER: [D]When I was about twelve, I suddenly developed a great passion 16 writing poetry. Igave up all my other hobbies, such as 17 stamps, and spent all my 18 time readingpoetry and writing it. This habit of writing poetry on every possible 19 soon got me intotrouble at school. If a lesson did not interest me, I would take out my notebook and start writingpoems in class. Of course I did this very 20 but it was not long before I got caught. Oneday while I was busy writing a poem during a geography lesson, I looked up to find the teacherstanding over me, fuming with anger because I was not 21 attention. He tore the poem up,with a 22 not to waste time in his lesson. All the same I was convinced that I had written agood poem, so that evening I wrote it out again from memory. Not long after, I read about a poetrycontest and I decided to send in my poem. Weeks later, long after I had given up hope, I got aletter informing me I had won first 23 Everyone at school was very impressed 一 exceptthe geography teacher, who 24 me more carefully than ever. He was quite 25 thatI was not going to write poetry in his lesson!16. [A] for[B] in[C] on [D] at17. [A] arranging[B] collecting[C] gathering [D] keeping18. [A] additional [B] extra[C] other [D] spare19. [A] chance[B] moment[C] occasion [D] time20. [A] anxiously[BJ attentively[CJ cautiously [D] silently21. [A] calling|B| devoting[C] attracting |D| paying22. [A] warning[B] notice[C] word [D] look23. [A] position[B] prize[C] reward [D] victory24. [A] guardedfB] inspected[C] observed [D] watched25. [A] determined[B] annoyed[C] fixed [D] assuredSection HI Reading ComprehensionEach sentence or passage below is followed by four statements. One of the statements is asuggestion which can be made from the information given in the original sentence or passage.Read them carefully and make your choice. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:[A] You should get up when he comes in.[B] You should support him.[C] You shouldn't beafraid to argue with him.|D| You must be of the same height as he is. ANSWER: |B|26. Watch your step when your turn comes to have an interview with the general manager.[A] When you are asked to see the general manager, be sure not to step into his office without hispermission.[B] Watch the steps when you go upstairs to see the general manager at his office.[C] Be sure to be careful when it is your turn to go to the general manager's office for an interviewwith him.[D] Watch out and don*t step into the general manager's office until it is your turn to have aninterview with him.27. Since no additional fund is available, the extension of the building is out of the question.[A] The extension of the building is impossible because we are unable to get extra fund fbr thepurpose.[B] There is some problem about the extension of the building owing to lack of fund.[C] Since no additional fund is available, we have to solve the problem regarding the extension ofthe building with our own resources.[D] We can undertake the extension of the building even without additional fund. It is no problemat all.28. All along he has been striving not to fall short of his parents* expectations.[A] He has been trying hard all the time to live up to what his parents expect of him.|B J His parents have been expecting him to work hard.[C] All the time he has been trying hard to balance himself so as not to fall down as his parentsthought he would.[D] All the time, as his parents expect him to do, he has been trying hard to save and not to beshort of money.29. The various canals which drain away the excessive water have turned this piece of land into ahighly productive agricultural area.[A] The canals have been used to water the land.[B] The canals have been used to raise agiicultural production.[C] Excessive water has been helpful to agricultural production.[D] The production has been mainly agricultural.30. The replacement of man by machines has not led to unemployment. On the contrary, the totalnumbers engaged in the textile industry have continued to rise. The fact should not beignored by those who maintain that unemployment and machinery are inseparablecompanions.[A] The belief that the use of machinery causes unemployment is unfounded.[B] The use of machinery results in a rise in production.[C] Many people lose their jobs when machines are introduced.[D| Contrary to general belief, machinery and unemployment are inseparable companions.Section IV Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences. Put your choices in thebrackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it six houses.[A] ended[B] finished[C] was[D] lastedANSWER: [D]31. He thought the painting was of l i t t l e, so he let me have it for only ten pounds.[A] cost[B] value[CJ price [D] expenses32. Tennis is a invented by an Englishman one hundred years ago.[A] game[B] play[C] contest [D] match33. It was with great delight that I read in your February the letter to the Editor writtenby Prof. Johnson.[A] issue[B] printing[C] magazine [D] copy34. The current political of our country is favourable fbr foreign investments.[AJ climatelB] weather[C] temperature [D] state35. Smith drove all the to Los Angeles and was just in time for the 23rd Olympiad.[A] way[B] road[C] journey [D] trip36. It's a very popular play, and it would be wise to seats well in advance.[A] book[B] buy[C] provide [D] take37. The children will not be allowed to come with us if they don't themselves.[A] guide[B] behave[C] act [D] direct38. The Customs officer didn't bother to our luggage.[A] control [B] check[C] ask [D] glance39. After a long walk on a hot day, one often feel s.[A] exhaustive[B] exhausting[C] exhaust [D] exhausted40. What I am telling you is s t r i c t l y. Don't let anyone know of it.[A] secretive[B] special[C] individual[D] confidentialSection V Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choicein the brackets on the left. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down thecorrect word or phrase on the line following the brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You^e to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything41. I'm sure Betsy is the very girl whom you will be glad to get acquainted to.ABC D42. Neither his training nor his experience as a railway engineer qualify him for his job.A B C D43. Under no circumstances we should do anything that will benefit ourselves but harm theA B Cinterests of the state.D44. The dentist said that jf my tooth went worse I should have to have it pull out.A B C D45. sitting up late last night, Tom not only read the assignment but also many poems byA B Cone of his favourite poets.D46. How I wish John knew how to apply grammatical rules properly and recognize the factA B Cthat he is nearly always in the wrong.D47. The population of many metropolitan cities has more than doubled it in the past decade.ABCD48. Despite the temporary difficulties, the manager prefers increasing the output to decreaseA B CDit.49. Astronauts can be affected by loneliness. They may have to sit in the spacecraft for weeksA Bwith very little to do and no one to talk.C D50. One of the articles is interesting, informative, and it is easy to read.A B C DSection VI Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed51. I found that my cheating in yesterday's English t e s t ( r e p o r t ) to my parents that veryevening.52. While J a n e ( c a r r y ) a pail of milk from the barn to the kitchen, she spilled some ofit on her skirt.53. If it wasn't an accident, he( do) it on purpose.54. You're going to England next year. You should now p r a c t i c e ( s p e a k ) English asmuch as possible.55. Wh e n ( s e e ) through a telescope, the sun appears darker near the edge.56. While he was in the army, he learned English, w h i c h ( h e l p ) him a lot in his workthere.57. They were envious of George because of h i s ( ma k e ) captain of the team.58. Many of the world's great novels are r e p o r t e d ( m a k e ) into films last year.59. When the bell sounded, the boys rushed out of the classroom, each (carry) anumber of new books under his arm.60. The s t u d e n t s ( d o ) all the exercises, the teacher went on to explain the text.Section VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)6 1 . 这项计划和原来的计划比起来，要完整得多。

6 2 . 只有这样我们才能赶上世界的先进科学技术水平6 3 . 你对下一步该做些什么，清楚了吗？6 4 . 在旧中国，几乎没有什么机器制造工业，更不用说电子工业了65. 他在这次旅行中的所见所闻给他留下了深刻的印象Section VIII English-Chinese TranslationChoose either of the following two passages. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)(1)Television is now playing a very important part in our life. But television, like other things,has both advantages and disadvantages. Do the former outweigh the latter?In the first place, television is not only a convenient source of entertainment, but also acomparatively cheap one. (66) For a family of four, for example, it is more convenient as well ascheaper to sit comfortably at home, with almost unlimited entertainment available, than to go outin search of amusement elsewhere. (67) They do not have to pay for expensive seats at the theatre、the cinema, or the opera, only to discover, perhaps, that the show is disappointing. (68) All theyhave to do is press a button, and they can see plays, films, operas, and shows of every kind, nol tomention political discussions and the latest exciting football match. (69) Some people, however,maintain that this is precisely where the danger lies. The television viewer takes no initiative. Hemakes no choice and exercises no judgment. (70) He is completely passive and has everythingpresented lo him without any effort on his part.(71) Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events、allows one tofollow ihe latest developments in science and politics、and offers and endless series of programswhich are both instructive and entertaining. The most distant countries and the strangest customare brought right into one's sitting-room. (72) It could be argued that the radio performs thisservice just as well： but on television everything is much more living, much more real. Yet hereagain there a danger. We get so used to looking at it, so dependent on its flickering pictures, that itbegins to dominate our lives.There are many other arguments for and against television. The poor quality of its programsis often criticized. But it is undoubtedly a great comfort to many lonely elderly people. And does itcorrupt or instruct our children? I think we must realize that television in itself is neither good norbad. (73) It is the uses to which it is put that determine its value to society.(2)An office is the “Brain" of a business. (74) In an office, figures, lists and information arecompiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops orfactories. These figures guide the managers by telling them what has happened and what ishappening.Information comes into an office in all sorts of ways but the main items of information comein regularly. (75) h is part of the job of the clerks to collect and classify that information and to putit into such a form that it is easily interpreted and understood. Offices collect information thenthey classify it.This work of collection is common in an office from the sorting of mail every morning to theaccountant's work in finding out the final figure for the year's profit. (76) Classification alwaysrequires the arrangement of the same kind of information、often into lists or columns. (77) For thiswork, correctness, accuracy and speed、as in all office work, are essential.There is no value, however, in collecting figures which mean nothing. Figures are guideswhich should help we make decisions. (78) The interpretation of information and of tables shouldtell us where success or failure lies, where profit can be had and where losses occur. (79) On thiskind of information and from the known figures, a choice is made and a series of such choicesmay make a policy.A firm which has three factories may find, for instance, from its figures, that one factory islosing money and a choice may lie between either a change of manager, a cut in production, anincrease in production or closure of the factory. Whichever one of these decisions is takenbecomes the policy. (80) It is clear that a decision leading to a policy can only be as good as \hcinformation on which il is based.Consequently there is a constant search for more and more exact information. (81) Managerswill want to have all the necessary facts before they can make the best decision and it is normalfor them to seek for more and more information.1985年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)[A][B][C][B][D][C]|D|[A]|A][D][B][C]fA][B][C]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)[A][B][D][C][C]ID][A][B][D][A]Section III: Reading Comprehension (10 points)|C||A|IA][B|[A]Section IV: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)[B][A][A][A][A][A][B][B][D][D]Section V: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[D] with[C| qualifies[B] should we[D] pulled[B] read not only[C] recognized[C] doubled[D] decreasing[D] to talk to/with[C] easySection VI: Verb Forms (10 points)was reported / had been reportedwas carryingmust have downspeakingseenhelpedhaving been made / being madeto have been madecarryinghaving doneSection VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)61. Compared with the original one, this plan is far more complete.62. Only in this way can we catch up with the world's advanced levels in science and technology.63. Are you clear about what you should do next?64. In old China, there was hardly any machine-building industry, to say nothing of an electronicindustry.65. What he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)(1)66 .譬如，对于一个四口之家，舒舒服服地坐在家里收看电视，就能看到几乎是数不清的娱乐节目，这比到外面别的地方去消遣便宜得多，方便的多。

67 . 他们不必花钱去戏院、电影院，或歌剧院买价钱很高的戏票，结果他们也许还会发现所演出的节目很令人失望68 . 他们所要做的只是按一下电钮，就能看到各种戏剧、电影、歌剧和各式各样的演出，更不用说各种政治辩论和最近举行的激动人心的足球赛69 . 可 是 ，有些人则坚持认为这恰恰是危险的所在70 .看电视的人是完全被动的，他可以毫不费力就能看到所播放的每一个节目71 .人们常说，电视能使一个人对时事了如指掌，随时了解科学和政治方面的最新发展同时还能源源不断地为观众提供各种既有教育意义又带有娱乐性的节目7 2 , 可能会有人提出无线电广播也同样能做到这一点； 但在电视屏幕上， 每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实73 .电视对社会的价值取决于我们怎样去利用它 2）74 .在办公室里，人们将各种数据、表格和资料（ 信息）加以汇编以便让经理们或企业的主管人员了解他们的商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况75 .职员们的一部分任务就是这种资料（ 信息） 将它分类并制成这样一份表格，这份表格要能是这种资料（ 信息）易于解释，易于理解76 .分类工作始终需要将同样的资料加以整理，往往是将它们列成表格或专栏77 .对于这种工作来说，像所有的办公室工作•样，正确性、准确性和速度是必不可少的。

78 .对资料（ 信息） 和报表所做的解释，应能给我们显示出成败之所在哪里可以有盈利以及咖里出现了亏损79 .根据这种资料（ 信息）和那些已知的数据，就能作出一种选择，而一系列这样的选择就能形成一项决策80 .很显然，形成决策的那个决定的好坏，只能取决于它所依据的资料（ 信息）的好坏81 .经理们必定需要在掌握一切必要的情况之后才能作出最佳的决定 对他们来说， 要求得到越来越多的资料（ 信息）是很正常的1986年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (15 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. No doctors could cure the patient his strange disease.| A] with[B] of[C] from [D| off2. He was his wits' end what to do.[A] in[B] on[C] at [D] of3. Prior his departure, he addressed a letter to his daughter.[A] to[B] of[C] in [D] from4. The driving instructor told me to pull at the post office.|A] up|B| back[C] round |D] along5. When there's a doubt, the chairman\ decision is.[A] right[B] definite[C] fixed [D] final6. We can rely on William to carry out this mission, fbr his judgment is a l wa ys .[A] unquestionable[B] sound|C] subtle [D| healthy7. The noise of the plane died in the distance.[A] away[B] out[C] down [D] off8. Hospital doctors don't go out very often as their work all their time.[A] takes away [B] takes in[C] takes over [D] takes up9. Attendances at football matches have since the coming of television.[A] dropped in[B] dropped down[C] dropped off [D] dropped out10. After the death of their parents, the sisters got well and never quarreled.[A] away[B] in[CJ along [D] out11. They always give the vacant seats to comes first.[A] who[B] whom[C] whoever [D] whomever12. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication the advertiserpays for the message to be delivered.[A] in that[B] in which[C] in order that [D] in the way13. He is of an actor.[Al anybodyfB] anyone[C] somebody [D] something14. The captain apologized to tell us more about the accident.| A] for to be unable[B] that he was unable[C | to be unable [D] for being unable15. is no reason for discharging her.|A| Because she was a few minutes late[B] Owing to a few minutes being late|C] The fact thatshe was a few minutes late [D] Being a few minutes lateSection II Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the brackets below the passage. Read the wholepassage before making your choices. (10 points)On Wednesday afternoons Annie took the bus into town to shop in the market. For an hour or16 she would walk up and down between the stalls looking at everything, buying here andthere, and 17 a sharp lookout for the bargains that were sometimes to be had. And then,with all the things she needed 18 she would leave the market for the streets of the town tospend another hour 19 she liked best: looking in furniture shop windows.One Wednesday she found a new shop full of the most delightful things, with a noticeinviting anyone to walk in and look 20 without feeling they had to buy something. Anniehesitated for a moment before stepping through the doorway where, almost at once, she stopped21 before a green armchair. There was a card on the chair which said: 'This fine chair isyours 22 less than a pound a week,“ and very small at the bottom, 4tCash price eighty-ninepounds fifty." A pound a week... 23 , she could almost pay that out of her housekeepingmoney and never miss it! A voice at her shoulder made her 24 "Can I help you, Madam?”She looked round at the assistant who had come softly to her 25“Oh, well, no," she said. "I was just looking.^^ “We've chairs of all kinds in the showroom. Ifyou'll just come up, you will find something to suit you.”Annie, worried at the thought of being persuaded to buy something she didn't need, left theshop hurriedly.16. [A] so[B] more[CJ else [D] another17. [A] taking[B] making[C] fixing [D] keeping18. [A] buy[B] bought[C] buying [D] to have bought19. [A] in a way[B] by the way[C] in the way |D| on the way20. [A] behind[B] round[C] back [D] on21. [A] doubted[B] wonderedlC] puzzled [DJ delighted22. [A] at[B] for[C] with [D] in23. [A] Why[Bl When[C] How [D] What24. [A] jump[B] leap[C] laugh [D] wonder25. [A] place|B | back[C] side |D| frontSection III Reading ComprehensionEach of the two passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are fouranswers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)Text 1There are a great many careers in which the increasing emphasis is on specialization. Youfind these careers in engineering, in production, in statistical work, and in teaching. But there is anincreasing demand for people who are able to take in great area at a glance, people who perhapsdo not know too much about any one field. There is, in other words, a demand for people who arecapable of seeing the forest rather than the trees, of making general judgments. We can call thesepeople “generalists." And these “generalists“ are particularly needed for positions inadministration, where it is their job to see that other people do the work, where they have to planfor other people, to organize other people's work, to begin it and judge it.The specialist understands one field; his concern is with technique and tools. He is a“trained" man; and his educational background is properly technical or professional. Thegeneralist - and especially the administrator - deals with people; his concern is with leadership,with planning, and with direction giving. He is an “educated” man; and the humanities are hisstrongest foundation. Very rarely is a specialist capable of being an administrator. And very rarelyis a good generalist also a good specialist in particular field. Any organization needs both kinds ofpeople, though different organizations need them in different proportions. It is your task to findout, during your training period, into which of the two kinds of jobs you fit, and to plan yourcareer accordingly.Your first job may turn out to be the right job for you - but this is pure accident. Certainlyyou should not change jobs constantly or people will become suspicious of your ability to holdany job. At the same time you must not look upon the first job as the final job; it is primarily atraining job, an opportunity to understand yourself and your fitness for being an employee.26. There is an increasing demand for.[A] all round people in their own fields[B] people whose job is to organize other people's work[C] generalists whose educational background is either technical or professional[D] specialists whose chief concern is to provide administrative guidance to others27. The specialist is.[AJ a man whose job is to train other people[B] a man who has been trained in more than one fields[C] a man who can see the forest rather than the trees[D] a man whose concern is mainly with technical or professional matters28. The administrator is.[A] a "trained“ man who is more a specialist than a generalist[B] a man who sees the trees as well as the forest[C] a man who is very strong in the humanities[D] a man who is an “educaled” specialist29. During your training period, it is i mp o r t a n t .[A] to try to be a generalist|B J to choose a profitable job[C] to find an organization which fits you[D| to decide whether you are fit to be a specialist or a generalist30. A man's first job.[A] is never the right job for him[B] should not be regarded as his final job[C] should not be changed or people will become suspicious of his ability to hold any job[D] is primarily an opportunity to fit himself for his final jobText 2At the bottom of the world lies a mighty continent still wrapped in the Ice Age and, untilrecent times, unknown to man. It is a great land mass with mountain ranges whose extent andelevation are still uncertain. Much of the continent is a complete blank on our maps. Man hasexplored, on foot, less than one per cent of its area. Antarctica differs fundamentally from theArctic regions. The Arctic is an ocean, covered with drifting packed ice and hemmed in by theland masses of Europe, Asia, and North America. The Antarctic is a continent almost as large asEurope and Australia combined, centered roughly on the South Pole and surrounded by the mostunobstructed water areas of the world - the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Oceans.The continental ice sheet is more than two miles high in its centre, thus, the air over theAntarctic is far more refrigerated than it is over the Arctic regions. This cold air current from theland is so forceful that it makes the nearby seas the stormiest in the world and renders unlivablethose regions whose counterparts at the opposite end of the globe are inhabited. Thus, more than amillion persons live within 2,000 miles of the North Pole in an area that includes most of Alaska,Siberia, and Scandinavia - a region rich in forest and mining industries. Apart from a handful ofweather stations, within the same distance of the South Pole there is not a single tree, industry, orsettlement.31. The best title for this selection would be.[A] Iceland!B| Land of Opportunity|C] The Unknown Continent [D] Utopia at Last32. At the time this article was written, our knowledge of Antarctica was.[A] very limited[B] vast[C] fairly rich [D] nonexistent33. Antarctica is bordered by the.[A] Pacific Ocean[B] Indian Ocean[C] Atlantic Ocean [D] All three34. The Antarctic is made uninhabitable primarily by.[AJ cold air[B] calm seas|C] ice |D| lack of knowledge about the continent35. According to this ar t i cl e.[A] 2,000 people live on the Antarctic Continent[B] a million people live within 2,000 miles of the South Pole[C] weather conditions within a 2,000 mile radius of the South Pole make settlements impractical[D] only a handful of natives inhabit AntarcticaSection IV Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentences. Put your choices in thebrackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had; it six houses.[A] ended[B] finishedfC] was [D] lastedANSWER: [D]36. Music often us of events in the past.[A] remembers[BJ memorizes[C] reminds [D] reflects37. If I take this medicine twice a day it should my cold.[A] heat[B] cure[C] treat [D] recover38. I could just see a car in the distance, but I couldn't what colour it was.[A] make out [Bl look to[C] look out [D] take in39. I could tell he was surprised from the on his face.[A] appearance[B] shock[C] look [DJ sight40. The toy boat turned over and sank to the of the pool.[A] base[B] depth[C] ground [D] bottom41. Mary never tells anyone what she does for a.[A] job[B] work[C] profession [D] living42. That boy is such a good violinist he will probably make quite a for himself.[A] star[B] credit[C] name |D| character43. Old photographs give one a brief of the past.[A] glance[BJ glimpse[C] sight [D] look44. The novelist is a highly person.[A] imaginable[B] imaginative[C] imaginary [D] imagined45. Although the pay is not good, people usually find social work in other ways.[A] payable[B] respectful[C] grateful [D] rewardingSection V Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choicein the brackets on the left. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down thecorrect word or phrase on the line following the brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You,ve to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything46. The professor told the economics student that he didn't approve in his taking the advancedA B Ccourse before he made a passing mark in Economics 1.D47. Although a great number of houses in that area are still in need of repair there have beenA B Cimprovement in the facilities.D48. Mr. Gilmore is one of those men who appears to be friendly however, it is very hardA Bto deal with him.C D49. To understand the situation completely requires more thought than has given thus far.A B C D50. A great many educators firmly believe that English is one of the poorest taught subjects inA B Chigh schools today.D51. Of all his outdoor activities. Paul likes fishing besl of all but he doesn't enjoy cleaningA B Cfishing rods afterwards.D52. I should not have recognized the man even you had told me his name.A B C D53. In an hour's time I had done the work with my satisfaction; I got my hat jn hall andABCslipped out unnoticed.D54. The new hotel has erected a beautiful building with recreation areas and conferenceA Bfacilities on the top floor in which the finest view of the city can be obtained.C D55. While jn Europe, the tourists enjoyed to their heart's content the weather, the food andA B Cgoing to the theatre.DSection VI Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of verbs given in brackets. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed56. The enemy retreated to the woods after t h e y ( d e f e a t ) .57. I ( s p e a k ) to him for some time before I realized who he was.58. One should never lose one's heart w h e n ( c o n f r o n t ) with temporary difficulties.59. The house suddenly collapsed while i t ( pul l ) down.60. On ( g i v e ) an assignment to make a business tour abroad, he gladly accepted it.61. (Get) everything ready, they got down to map out a plan for the construction of anew express way.62. After Peter grew a beard, even his close f r i e n d s ( n o t recognize) him at first sight.63. D a r k n e s s ( s e t ) in, the young people lingered on merrymaking.64. The students were t o ( a s s e m b l e ) at the auditorium before 1:30 p.m., but the lecturewas canceled at the last minute.65. Emphasis is laid on the necessity that all the objectives to be a t t a i n e d ( t a k e ) intoaccount before starting a new project.Section VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)66 .去年的好收成是由于农场管理的改进和有利的气体条件。

67 .他在科研上取得的成就要比预期的大68 . 我们现在必须做的是把情况作一番仔细的调查69 .很难说哪个方案更为切实可行70 .昨晚如果他来了，问题也许已得到解决Section VIII English-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clearidea of what they are going to do afterwards. (71) If one snsiders the enormous variety of coursesoffered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to hisinterests and abilities. (72) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life,to enlarge his ideas and to leam to think for himself, he will undoubledly benefit. (73) Schoolsoften have too restricting an atmosphere, with its time tables and disciplines, to allow him muchtime for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (74) Most students would, I believe,profit by a year of such exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all rounders”with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want totake their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say, “I should like to have beenan archaeologist. If I hadn't taken a degree in Modem Languages, I shouldn't have ended up as aninterpreter, but it's too late now. I couldn't go back and begin all over again.”(75) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one'stime at university. (76) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning.(77) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his Shree or four yearsbecoming a specialist、 emerging with a first-class Honour Degree and very little knowledge ofwhat (he resl of ihe world is all about. (78) Il therefore becomes more and more important that, ifstudenls are not to waste their opportunities, (here will have lo be much more detailed informationabout courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on theone hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the otherhand, an ever increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or nodemand in the working world.1986年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)[B][C]|A][A][D]IB][A][D][C][C]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)[C][A][D][D][C]Section III: Reading Comprehension (10 points)[A]ID]IB][C][B]ID]IB]|A][A|[C|Section IV: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)[B][D][C][D][B][C][A][D][A][C]Section V: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[C][B][A][C][D][D][C][B][B][DISection VI: Verb Forms (10 points)[C] approve of[C] has been[A] appear[C] has been given[C] most poorly[B] (the) best, (the) most[C] even if, even thoughIB] to[C] where, from which, on which|D| the theatreSection VII: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)were defieated/had been defeatedhad been speakingconfrontedwas being pulledbeing givenHaving gotcould/did not recognize, were not able torecognizesettinghave assembled/assemble(should) be taken66. The good crop last year was due to the improvement of farm management and favorableweather condition.67. The success he has achieved in scientific research is greater than expected.68. What we must do now is to make a careful investigation of the situation.69. It's hard to say which plan is more practicable.70. If he had come yesterday evening, the question might have been solved.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)71 .如果想一想那些为学生设置的门类繁多的课程，我们就不难发现，对一个学生来说，要选一门符合他的兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。

72 .如果一个学生进大学是为了想获得一个对生活前景更广泛的认识, 为了扩大思想境界和学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有好处的73 .学校由于受课程表和纪律的约束， 气氛往往令人感到过于拘束， 使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的事情有独立的见解74 .我认为大多数学生，尤其是那些没有偏重某一门课程的“ 全面发展的学生” ，经过一年左右的时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益75 .当然，关于一个人如何最充分地利用上大学的时间，还有另外一个方面76 .某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况77 . 他一毕业马上就被一所他自己选中的大学所接受，再花三、四年时间，以优异的成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切却几乎一无所知78 .因此， 如果要学生好好利用他们上大学的机会， 就应该为他们提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点这个问题显得越来越重要了1987年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section 1 Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the brackets on the left. (10 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. The skyscraper stands out the blue sky.[A] in[B] against[C] under [D] beneath2. They have always been on good with their next-door neighbors.[A] friendship[B] relations[C] connection [D] terms3. Hello! Is that 21035? Please put me to the manager.[A] across[B] up[C] through [D] over4. Why do you look so? You never smile or look cheerful.[AJ miserable[BJ unfortunate[C] sorry [D] rude5. Eggs, though nourishing, have of fat content.[A] large number[B] a large number[C] the high amount [D] a high amount6. Jim always his classmates in a debate.[A] backs out[B] backs away[C] backs up [D] backs down7. Most of the people who two world wars are strongly against arms race.[A] have lived out[B] have lived through[C] have lived on [D] have lived off8. There are many inconveniences that have to be when you are camping.[A] put up[B] put up with|C] put off [D| put away9. Is it true that those old houses are being pulled down new office blocks?[A] to accommodate[BJ to provide for[C] to increase [D] to make room for10. Being in no great hur r y, .[A] we went the long route with scenery[B] the long, scenic route was our preference[C] we tookthe long scenic route [D] our preference was taking the long, scenic routeSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of three passages below is followed by five questions. For each question there are fouranswers, read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)Text 1For centuries men dreamed of achieving vertical flight. In 400 A.D. Chinese children playedwith a fan-like toy that spun upwards and fell back to earth as rotation ceased. Leonardo da Vinciconceive the first mechanical apparatus, called a “Helix,“ which could carry man straight up, butwas only a design and was never tested.The ancient-dream was finally realized in 1940 when a Russian engineer piloted a strangelooking craft of steel tubing with a rotating fan on top. It rose awkwardly and vertically into the airfrom a standing start, hovered a few feet above the ground, went sideways and backwards, andthen settled back to earth. The vehicle was called a helicopter.Imaginations were fired. Men dreamed of going to work in their own personal helicopters.People anticipate that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today. Such fantastic expectations were not fulfilled.The helicopter has now become an extremely useful machine. It excels in military missions,carrying troops, guns and strategic instruments where other aircraft cannot go. Corporations usethem as airborne offices, many metropolitan areas use them in police work, construction andlogging companies employ them in various advantageous ways, engineers use them for siteselection and surveying, and oil companies use them as the best way to make offshore and remotework stations accessible to crews and supplies. Any urgent mission to a hard-to-get-to place is alikely task for a helicopter. Among their other multitude of used: deliver people across town, fly toand from airports, assist in rescue work, and aid in the search for missing or wanted persons.11. People expect that.[A] the airliners of today would eventually be replaced by helicopters[B] helicopters would someday be able to transport large number of people from place to place asairliners are now doing[C] the imaginations fired by the Russian engineer's invention would become a reality in thefuture[DJ their fantastic expectations about helicopters could be fulfilled by airliners of today12. Helicopters work with the aid of.[A] a combination of rotating devices in front and on top[B] a rotating device topside[C] one rotating fan in the center of the aircraft and others at each end|D] a rotating fan underneath for lifting13. What is said about the development of the helicopter?[A] Helicopters have only been worked on by man since 1940.[B] Chinese children were the first to achieve flight in helicopters.[C] Helicopters were considered more dangerous than the early airplanes.[D] Some people thought they would become widely used by average individuals.14. How has the use of helicopters developed?[A] They have been widely used for various purposes.[BJ They are taking the place of high-flying jets.[C] They are used for rescue work.[D] They are now used exclusively for commercial projects.15. Under what conditions are helicopters found to be absolutely essential?[A] For overseas passenger transportation.[B] For extremely high altitude flights.[C] For high-speed transportation.[D] For urgent mission to places inaccessible to other kinds of craft.Text 2In ancient Greece athletic festivals were very important and had strong religious associations.The Olympian athletic festival held every four years in honor of Zeus, king of the Olympian Gods,eventually lost its local character, became first a national event and then, after the rules againstforeign competitors had been abolished, international. No one knows exactly how far back theOlympic Games go, but some official records date from 776 B.C. The games took place in Auguston the plain by Mount Olympus. Many thousands of spectators gathered from all parts of Greece,but no married woman was admitted even as a spectator. Slaves, women and dishonored personswere not allowed to compete. The exact sequence of events uncertain, but events included boy'sgymnastics, boxing, wrestling, horse racing and field events, though there were fewer sportsinvolved than in the modern Olympic Games.On the last day of the Games, all the winners were honored by having a ring of holy oliveleaves placed on their heads. So great was the honor that the winner of the foot race gave his nameto the year of his victory. Although Olympic winners received no prize money, they were, in fact,richly rewarded by their state authorities. How their results compared with modern standards, weunfortunately have no means of telling.After an uninterrupted history of almost 1,200 years, the Games were suspended by theRomans in 394 A.D. They continued for such a long time because people believed in thephilosophy behind the Olympics: the idea that a healthy body produced a healthy mind, and thatthe spirit of competition in sports and games was preferable to the competition that caused wars. Itwas over 1,500 years before another such international athletic gathering took place in Athens in1896.Nowadays, the Games are held in different countries in turn. The host country provides vastfacilities, including a stadium, swimming pools and living accommodation, but competingcourtiers pay their own athletes * expenses.The Olympics start with the arrival in the stadium of a torch, lighted on Mount Olympus bythe sun's rays. It is carried by a succession of runners to the stadium. The torch symbolized thecontinuation of the ancient Greek athletic ideals, and it bums throughout the Games until theclosing ceremony. The well-known Olympic flag, however, is a modern conception: the fiveinterlocking rings symbolize the uniting of all five continents participating in the Games.16. In ancient Greece, the Olympic Ga me s .[A] were merely national athletic festivals[B] were in the nature of a national event with a strong religious colour[C] had rules which put foreign participants in a disadvantageous position[D] were primarily national events with few foreign participants17. In the early days of ancient Olympic Ga me s .[AJ only male Greek athletes were allowed to participate in the games[B] all Greeks, irrespective of sex, religion or social status, were allowed to take part[C] all Greeks, with the exception of women, were allowed to compete in Games[D] all male Greeks were qualified to compete in the Games18. The order of athletic events at the ancient Ol y mp i c s .[A] has not definitely been established|B| varied according to the number of foreign competitors[C] was decided by Zeus, in whose honor the Games were held[D] was considered unimportant19. Modem athletes, results cannot be compared with those of ancient runners because[A] the Greeks had no means of recording the results|B] they are much better[C] details such as the time were not recorded in the past[D] they are much worse20. Nowadays, the athletes5 expenses are paid for.[A] out of the prize money of the winners[B] out of the funds raised by the competing nations[C] by the athletes themselves[D] by contributionsText 3In science the meaning of the word “explain“ suffers with civilization's every step in searchof reality. Science cannot really explain electricity, magnetism, and gravitation; their effects can bemeasured and predicted, but of their nature no more is known to the modern scientist than toThales who first looked into the nature of the electrification of amber, a hard yellowish-browngum. Most contemporary physicists reject the notion that man can ever discover what thesemysterious forces “really" are. "Electricity,v Bertrand Russell says, “is not a thing, like St. Paul'sCathedral; it is a way in which things behave. When we have told how things behave when theyare electrified, and under what circumstances they are electrified, we have told all there is to teH.”Until recently scientists would have disapproved of such an idea. Aristotle, for example, whosenatural science dominated Western thought fbr two thousand years, believed that man could arriveat an understanding of reality by reasoning from self-evident principles. He felt, for example, thatit is a self-evident principle that everything in the universe has its proper place, hence one candeduce that objects fall to the ground because that's where they belong, and smoke goes upbecause that's where it belongs. The goal of Aristotelian science was to explain why things happen.Modem science was bom when Galileo began trying to explain how things happen and thusoriginated the method of controlled experiment which now forms the basis of scientificinvestigation.21. The aim of controlled scientific experiments is.[A] to explain why things happen[B] to explain how things happen[C] to describe self-evident principles[D] to support Aristotelian science22. What principles most influenced scientific thought for two thousand years?[AJ the speculations of Thales[B] the forces of electricity, magnetism, and gravity[C] Aristotle's natural science[D] Galileo's discoveries23. Bertrand Russell's notion about electricity is.[A] disapproved of by most modern scientists|B ] in agreement with Aristotle's theory of self-evident principles[C] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward "how” things happen[D] in agreement with scientific investigation directed toward “why” things happen24. The passage says that until recently scientists disagreed with the i dea.[A] that there are mysterious forces in the universe[B] that man cannot discover what forces “really" are[C] that there are self-evident principles[DJ that we can discover why things behave as they do25. Modem science came into bei ng.[A] when the method of controlled experiment was first introduced[B] when Galileo succeeded in explaining how things happen[C] when Aristotelian scientist tried to explain why things happen[D] when scientists were able to acquire an understanding of reality of reasoningSection III Structure and VocabularyFill in the blanks with the words which best complete the sentence. Put your choices in theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It was the largest experiment we have ever had, it six hours.[A] ended|B] finished[C] was|D] lastedANSWER: [D]26. As scheduled, the communications satellite went into round the earth.[A] circle|B| orbit[C] path |D| course27. When I saw Jane, I stopped and smiled, but she me and walked on.[A] refused[B] ignored[C] denied [D] missed28. It was a good game, and at the end the was Argentina 3, West Germany 2.[A] mark[B] account[C] record [D] score29. George took of the fine weather to do a day's work in his garden.[A] chance[B] interest[C] advantage [D] charge30. Is there anyone who the plans put forward by the committee?[A] differs[Bl opposes[Cl disagrees [D] refuses31. All too it was time to go back to school after the summer vacation.[A] often[B| quick|C| fast |D| soon32. In an accident when two cars run into each other, t hey.[A] hitlB] knock[C] strike [D] collide33. The noise was caused by a boy a cat through the garden.[A] catching[B] fighting[C] following [D] chasing34. He drove fast and arrived an hour of schedule.[A] in advance|B| ahead[C| abreast |D] in front35. This ticket you to a free meal in our new restaurant.[AJ gives[B] entitles[C] grants [D] creditsSection IV Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C] and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passagebefore making your choice. (10 points)EXAMPLE:For instance, the automobile tunnel might huge ventilation problems.[A] make[B] bring[C] raise[D] create ANSWER: [D]Cheques have 36 replaced money as a means of exchange for they are widelyaccepted everywhere. Though this is very convenient for both buyer and seller, it should not beforgotten that cheques are not real money: they are quite valueless in themselves. A shop-keeperalways runs a certain 37 when he accepts a cheques and he is quite 38 his rights ifon occasion, he refuses to do so.People do not always know this and are shocked if their good faith is called 39 Anold and very wealthy friend of mine told me he had an extremely unpleasant experience. He wentto a famous jewelry shop which keeps a large 40 of precious stones and asked to be shownsome pearl necklaces. After examining several trays, he decided to buy a particularly fine string ofpearls and asked if he could pay by Cheques. The assistant said that this was quite 41 butthe moment my friend signed his name, he was invited into the manager's office.The manager was very polite, but he explained that someone with exactly the same name hadpresented them with a worthless Cheque not long ago. My friend got very angry when he heardthis and said he would buy a necklace somewhere else. When he got up to go, the manager toldhim that the police would arrive at any moment and he had better stay 42 the wanted toget into serious trouble. 43 , the police arrived soon afterwards. They apologized to myfriend for the 44 , but explained that a person who had used the same name as his wasresponsible for a number of recent robberies. Then the police asked my friend to copy out a notewhich had been used by the thief in a number of shops. The note 45 : "I have a gun in mypocket. Ask no questions and give me all the money in the safe.M Fortunately, my friend'shandwriting was quite unlike the thief's. He was not only allowed to go without further delay, butto take the string of pearls with him.36. [A] exactly[B] really[C] largely [D] thoroughly37. [A] danger[B] chance[C] risk [D] opportunity38. [A] within[B] beyond[C] without [D] out of39. [Al in difficulty[B] in doubtfC] in earnest fD] in question40. [A] amount|B| stockfC] number [D] store41. [A] in order|B] in need|C] in use [D] in common42. [A] whether[BJ if[CJ otherwise [D] unless43. [A] Really[B] Sure enough[C] Certainly [D] However44. [A] treatment[B] manner[C] inconvenience [D] behaviour45. [A] read[B] told[C] wrote [D] informedSection V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. Put your answer inthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. With all factors (consider) we think this program may excel all the others inachieving the goal.47. They had been working round the clock for a couple of d a y s ( h o p e ) to get thedesign out before their competitors did.48. There's a general understanding among the members of the Board of Directors that chiefa t t e n t i o n ( g i v e ) to the undertaking that is expected to bring in highest profit.49. If we don't start out now, we must r i s k ( mi s s ) the train.50. This t e s t ( i n t e n d ) to reinforce what you have learnt in the past few weeks.51. The members of the delegation were g l a d ( s t a y ) longer than originally planned.52. With full knowledge of his past experience, we knew all along that h e ( s u c c e e d ) .53. (Know not) what appropriate measures to be taken to cope with the situation, hewrote to his lawyer for advice.54. It's no g o o d ( w r i t e ) to him, he never answers letters. The only thing to do is to goand see him.55. (Come) what may, we're not going to make any concessions to his unreasonabledemands.Section VI Error-detection and CorrectionEach question consists of a sentence with four underlined parts (words or phrases). These parts arelabeled [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Choose the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choicein the ANSWER SHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down thecorrect word or phrase on the line in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You^e to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything56. In his response to the advertisement, Ed. replied that he was looking for a full-timeA Bposition not a part-time one.C D57. No one who has seen him work in the laboratory can deny that William has greatA B Ccapabilities of research.D58. Neither of the alternatives that had been outlined at the last meeting were acceptable toA B C Dthe executive committee.59. Airline companies today require that all luggage's be inspected before passengers areA B Cadmitted into the waiting rooms.D60. Although Alice has been to the mountains many times before, she still loves visiting it.A B CD61. An important function of the World Health Organization is to improve the healthy andA Bliving conditions for the sick and the poor of world.C D62 . The element carbon is widely 61md in nature in many forms including both diamondsA B Cas well as coal.D63 . While still a young boy Bizet knew to play the piano well and as he grew older, he wroteA B Coperas, the most famous of which is Carmen.D64 . Despite the fact that the South Pole is as snow-covernd and stormy・ weathered as the NorthA B CPole, it is colder than the North Pole.D65 . Climate conditions vary widely from place to place and from season to season, but a certainA Border and pattern can be identifiable.C DSection VII Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English (15 points)66 .所有那些努力工作的人都应得到鼓励。

67 .我们恳切希望你早日给我们一个答复68 .即使你说服不了他，也不要灰心丧气69 .这件事至今还没有得出正确的结论70 .你讲英语时，发音要准，否则人家就听不懂你的意思Section VIII English-Chinese lYanslationTranslate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)Have there always been cities? (71) Life without large urban areas may seem imxmceivableto us, but actually cities are relatively recent development. Groups with primitive economics stillmanage without them. The trend, however, is for such groups to disappear, while cities areincreasingly becoming the dominant mode of man's social existence. (72) Historically, city lifehas always been among the elements which form a civilization. Any high degree of humanendeavor and achievement has been closely linked to life in an urban environment. (73) It isvirtually impossible to imagine Ihal universities, hospitals, large businesses or even science andtechnology could have come into being without cities to support them. To most people, cities havetraditionally been the areas where there was a concentration of culture as well as of opportunity.(74) In recent years, however, people have begun to become aware that cities are also areas wherethere is a concentration of problems. What has happened to the modem American city? Actually,the problem is not such a new one. Long before this century started, there had begun a trendtoward the concentration of the poor of the American society into the cities. Each great wave ofimmigration from abroad and from the rural areas made the problem worse. During this century,there has also been the development of large suburban areas surrounding the cities, for the richprefer to live in these areas. Within the cities, sections may be sharply divided into high and lowrent districts, the “right side of town“ and the slums.Of course, everyone wants to do something about this unhappy situation. But there is noagreement as to goals. Neither is there any systematic approach or integrated program. Opinionsare as diverse as the people who give them. (75) Bui one basic difference of opinion concerns thequestion of whether or not the city as such is to be preserved. Perhaps transportation and themeans of communication have really made it possible for there to be an end to the big cities. Ofcourse, there is the problem of persuading people to move out of them of their own free will. (76)And there is also the objection that the city has always been the core from which culturaladvancement has radiated. Is this, however, still the case today in the presence of easytransportation and communication? Does culture arise as a result of people living togethercommunally, or is it too the result of decisions made at the level of government and thecommunications industry?It is probably true to say that most people prefer to preserve the cities. Some think that thecities could be cleaned up or totally rebuilt. This is easy to say; it would not be so easy to do. (77)To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.Living conditions could not help but improve, at least for a while. But would the problems returnafter the rebuilding was completed?Nevertheless, with the majority of the people living in urban areas, the problem of the citiesmust be solved. (78) From agreement on this general goal, wn have, unfortunately, in the pastproceeded to disagreement on specific goals, and from there to total inaction. At the basis of muchof this inaction is an old-fashioned concept - the idea human conditions will naturally tend toregulate themselves fbr the general goal.1987年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)[B][D][C][A]ID][C][B][B][D][C]Section II: Reading Comprehension (15 points)[B][B][D][A][D][B][A][A][Cl[B][B][C][C][B][A]Section III: Structure and Vocabulary (10 points)IB][B][D][C][B]ID]|D||D|[B||B|Section IV: Cloze Test (10 points)[C][C][A][D][B][A][D][B][C][A]Section V: Verb Forms (10 points)consideredhoping(should) be givenmissingis intendedto have stayedwould succeedNot knowingwritingcomeSection VI: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[D] a part-time|D] for[C] was[B]luggage[D] visiting them[B] health[D] and[BJ how to play[D] it is colder|D] identifiedSection VII: Chinese-English Translation （ 15 points）66. All those who work hard should be encouraged.67. We sincerely hope that you give us an early reply.68. Don't feel discouraged even if you should fail in persuading him.69. So far no correct conclusion has been drawn on the matter.70. When you speak English, your pronunciation should be correct. Otherwise you can't makeyourself understood.Section VIII: English-Chinese Translation （ 20 points）71 .对我们来说， 生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可想象的， 但实际上城市还是比较按期才发展起来的。

2 分）72 .从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分 2 分）73 .如果没有城市的支持，简直难以想象会有大学，医院，大企业，甚至连科学技术也不会有 3 分）74 .可是，近儿年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方 2 分）75 . 但 是 ，一个最主要的分歧意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去 3 分）76 .同时也有人反对说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的 3 分）77 .诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会 2 分）78 .遗憾的是，过去我们在总目标方面意见是一致的，但涉及到各个具体目标时，意见就不一致，因而也就根本没有什么行动 3 分）1988年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with[D] atANSWER: [A]1. 1 didn't buy the apples; she gave them to me nothing.[A] with[B] as[C] for [D] by2. It's my power to make final decision on the matter.[A] off[B] outside[C] above [D] beyond3. I should say Henry is not much a writer as a reporter.[A] that[B] so(Cl this [D] as4. 1 won't pay 20 for the coat; it's not wor t h.[AJ all that much[B] that much all[C] that all much |D] much all that5. He didn't go into detail on the subject; he s poke.[A] in common[B] in general[C] in particular [D] in short6. It's true that the old road is less direct and a bit longer. We won't take the new one, ,because we don't feel as safe on it.[AJ somehow[B] though[CJ therefore |DJ otherwise7. When you are about through the st ory, try to make a guess how the plot willdevelop.[A] half[B] midway[C] halfway [D] one-half8. Though already a teenager, Peter still finds it hard to his favorite toys.[A] part off|B| part with[C] part away |D| part from9. Strenuous efforts have been made to government expenses to a desirable level.[A] cut down[B] cut short[C] cut out [D] cut off10. When at a party, be sure not to from the person who tries to engage you inconversation.[A] turn down[B] turn away[C] turn off [D] turn back11. The survival of some wild animals is not very high as they are ruthlessly huntedfor their skins.[A] rate|B| degree[C] ratio |D] scale12. He was admittance to the theatre for not being properly dressed.[A] deniedfB] rejected[C] repelled [D] deprived13. When I ask you a question, I expect a answer*.[A] punctual|B| fast[C] rapid |D] prompt14. If a man is legally separated from his wife, is he still fbr her debts?[A] answerable[B] chargeable[C] recoverable [D] payable15. At the meeting, Roland argued in favor of the proposal.[A] severelyfB] heavilyfC] forcefully [D] warmlySection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the three passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers. Read the passages carefully and chose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Text 1It doesn't come as a surprise to you to realize that it makes no difference what you read orstudy if you can't remember it. You just waste your valuable time. Maybe you have alreadydiscovered some clever ways to keep yourself from forgetting.One dependable aid that does help you remember what you study is to have a specificpurpose or reason for reading. You remember better what you read when you know why you'rereading.Why does a clerk in a store go away and leave you when your reply to her offer to help is,< 4No, thank you. Fm just looking"？ Both you and she know that if you aren't sure what you want,you are not likely to find it. But suppose you say instead, “Yes, thank you. I want a pair of sunglasses." She says, “Right this way, please." And you and she are off — both eager to look forexactly what you want.It's quite the same with your studying. If you chose a book at random, 'Just looking” fornothing in particular, you are likely to get just that - nothing. But if you do know what you want,and if you have the right book, you are almost sure to get it. Your reasons will vary; they willinclude reading or studying “to find out more about"， “to understand the reasons fbr”, “to find outhow”. A good student has a clear purpose or reason fbr what he is doing.This is the way it works. Before you start to study, you say to yourself something like this, “1want to know why Stephen Vincent Benet happened to write about America. I'm reading thisarticle to find out." Or, 'Tm going to skim this story to see what life was like in medievalEngland.,, Because you know why you are reading or studying, you relate the information to yourpurpose and remember it better.Reading is not one single activity. At least two important processes go on at the same time.As you read, you take in ideas rapidly and accurately. But at the same time you express your ownideas to yourself as you react to what you read. You have a kind of mental conversation with theauthor. If you expressed your ideas orally, they might sound like this: "Yes, I agree. That's myopinion too." or “Ummmm, I thought that record was broken much earlier. I'd better check thosedates," or “But there are some other facts to be considered You don't just sit there taking in ideas- you do something else, and that something else is very important.This additional process of thinking about what you read includes evaluating it, relating it towhat you already know, and using it for your own purposes. In other words, a good reader is acritical reader. One part of critical reading, as you have discovered, is distinguishing between factsand opinions. Facts can be checked by evidence. Opinions are one's own personal reactions.Another part of critical reading is judging sources. Still another part is drawing accurateinferences.16. If you cannot remember what you read or s t udy, .[A] it is no surprise[B] it means you have not really learned anything[C] it means you have not chosen the right book[D] you realize it is of no importance17. Before you start reading, it is i mp o r t a n t .[A] to make sure why you are reading[B ] to relate the information to your purpose[C] to remember what you read[D] to choose an interesting book18. Reading activity i n v o l v e s .[A] only two simultaneous processes[B] primarily learning about ideas and evaluating them critically[C] merely distinguishing between facts and opinions[DJ mainly drawing accurate inferences19. A good reader is one who.[A] relates what he reads to his own knowledge about the subject matter[B] does lots of thinking in his reading[C] takes a critical attitude in his reading[D] is able to check the facts presented against what he has already knownText 2If you live in a large city, you are quite familiar with some of the problems of noise, butbecause of some of its harmful effects, you may not be aware of the extent of its influence onhuman behavior. Although everyone more or less knows what noise is, i.e., it is sounds that onewould rather not hear, it is perhaps best to define it more precisely for scientific purposes. Onesuch definition is that noise is sounds that are unrelated to the task at hand. Thus stimuli that atone time might be considered relevant will at another time be considered noise, depending onwhat one is doing at the moment. In recent years there has been a great deal of interest in theeffects of noise on human behavior, and concepts such as “noise pollution^^ have arisen, togetherwith movements to reduce noise.Exposure to loud noises can definitely produce a partial or complete loss of hearing,depending on the intensity, duration, and frequency composition of the noise. Many jobs presentnoise hazards, such as working in factories and around jet aircraft, driving farm tractors, andworking (or sitting) in music halls where rock bands are playing. In general, continuous exposureto sounds of over 80 decibels (a measure of the loudness of sound) can be considered dangerous.Decibel values correspond to various sounds. Sounds above about 85 decibels may, if exposure isfor a sufficient period of time, produce significant hearing loss. Actual loss will depend upon theparticular frequencies to which one is exposed, and whether the sound is continuous orintermittent.Noise can have unexpected harmful effects on performance of certain kinds of tasks, forinstance, if one is performing a watch keeping task that requires vigilance, in which he isresponsible for detecting weak signals of some kind (e.g., watching a radar screen for theappearance of aircraft).Communicating with other people is unfavorably affected by noise. If you have ridden in therear of a jet transport, you may have noticed that it was difficult to carry on a conversation at first,and that, eventually, you adjusted the loudness of your speech to compensate for the effect. Theproblem is noise.20. Noise differs from sound in that.[A] it is sounds that interfere with the task being done[B] it is a special type of loud sound[C] it is usually unavoidable in big cities|D] it can be defined more precisely than the latter21. One of the harmful effects of noise on human performance is that.[A] it reduces one's sensitivity[B] it renders the victim helpless[C] it deprives one of the enjoyment of music[D] it drowns out conversations at worksites22. The purpose of this passage is.[AJ to define the effects of noise on human behavior[B] to warn people of the danger of noise pollution[C] to give advice as to how to prevent hearing loss[D] to tell the difference between noise and soundText 3The traditional belief that a woman's place is in the home and that a woman ought not to goout to work can hardly be reasonably maintained in present conditions. It is said that it is awoman's task to care for the children, but families today tend to be small and with a year or twobetween children. Thus a woman's whole period of childbearing may occur within five years.Furthermore, with compulsory education from the age of five or six her role as chief educator ofher children soon ceases. Thus, even if we agree that a woman should stay at home to look afterher children before they are of school age, for many women, this period would extend only forabout ten years.It might be argued that the house-proud woman would still find plenty to do about the home.That may be so, but it is certainly no longer necessary for a woman to spend her whole lifecooking, cleaning, mending and sewing. Washing machines take the drudgery out of laundry, thelatest models being entirely automatic and able to wash and dry a large quantity of clothes in a fewminutes. Refrigerators have made it possible to store food for long periods and many pre-cookedfoods are obtainable in tins. Shopping, instead of being a daily task, can be completed in one day aweek. The new man-made fibers are more hardwiring than natural fibers and greatly reducemending, while good ready-made clothes are cheap and plentiful.Apart from women's own happiness, the needs of the community must be considered.Modem society cannot do well without the contribution that women can make in professions andother kinds of work. There is a serious shortage of nurses and teachers, to mention only two of theoccupations followed by women. It is extremely wasteful to give years of training at publicexpense only to have the qualified teacher or nurse marry after a year or two and be lost forever toher profession. The training, it is true, will help her in duties as a mother, but if she continued towork, her service would be more widely useful. Many factories and shops, too, are largely staffedby women, many of them married. While here the question of training is not so important,industry and trade would be seriously short of staff if married women did not work.23. The author holds that.[A] the right place for all women, married or otherwise, is the home, not elsewhere[B] all married women should have some occupation outside the home[C] a married woman should give first priority to her duties as a mother[D] it is desirable for uneducated married women to stay at home and take care of the family24. A house-proud woma n.[A] would devote her whole life to her family|B | would take her own happiness and that of her family as her chief concern[C] would still need some special training at public expense to help her in her duties as ahousewifefD] would take full advantage of modern household appliances25. According to the author, modem s oc i e t y.[A] can operate just as well even without women participation[B] has been greatly hampered in its development by the shortage of women nurses and womenteachers[C] cannot operate properly without the contribution of women[D] will be seriously affected by the continuing shortage of working women in heavy industriesand international tradeSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passagebefore making your choice. (10 points)In 1620, a small sailboat named the Mayflower left England for the New World. TheMayflower headed for the Jamestown colony on the warm shore of Virginia. Its one hundredpassengers were the Pilgrims. They were looking for a place where they could worship God26 . Because of strong winds and severe storms, the Mayflower lost its 27 . The bravegroup of colonists finally had to land at Plymouth on the rocky coast of Massachusetts inDecember 1620. It was the middle of the stern northern winter*. 28 months of starvation,disease, and death were ahead of them. Only the strongest of the pilgrims 29 that winter.Many women gave their own pitiful rations to their children and died for lack of food forthemselves. Living 30 began to improve in the spring of 1621. There were wild vegetables.There were berries and fruit. Fish and game were plentiful. Therefore, they were able to getenough fresh meat despite their lack of skill or experience in hunting and fishing. The colonists)health 31 with the warm weather and their better diet.In the fall, they look back 32 the past year. They were both regretful and thankful.Only fifty of the original one hundred passengers remained. The price in human life and tragedyhad been great. On the other hand, they saw new hope for the future. A splendid harvest was33 them. They were ready for the second winter with confidence. They had eleven crudehouses for protection against the severe winter. Seven were for families, and four were fbrcommunal use. 34 they had established a treaty of friendship with their Indian neighborsunder Chief Massasoit in the summer.The woods and forests became safe. When the Mayflower returned to England that summer,there were no colonists 35 At the end of their first year in their new home, the Pilgrimswanted to celebrate with a real holiday. It was their first Thanks giving Day.26. [A] in their own style[B] in their own way[C] on their own |D| of their own27. [AJ course[B] route[C] passage [D] channel28. [A] Uncomfortable[B] Bad[C] Unfavourable [D] Terrible29. [A] passed[B] sustained[C] survived [D] spent30. [A] situations[B] environments[C| conditions |D| circumstances31. [A] strengthened!B | regained|C] recovered |D| improved32. [A] in[B] of[C] over [D] at33. [A] on[B] behind[C] for [D] beyond34. [A] Best of a!l[B] For the best[C] To their best [D] All in all35. [A] ashore[B] around[C] about [D] aboardSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B|, [C]and |D|. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWERSHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on theline in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You^e to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything36. The union and the management are having such a difficult time agreeing on a contract forA B Cthe forthcoming year that the workers may go on strike.D37. He got up, walked across the room, and with a sharp quick movement flung the doorA B Cwidely open.D38. His victory in the final was no more convinced than I had expected.A B C D39. Because there are less members present tonight than there were last night, we must waitA B Cuntil the next voting.D40. We've given him just about everything he asked; whatever else can he want?A B C D41. In note-taking, a strict discipline has to be kept and all inessential details ignoredA B Cunnecessary words eliminated.D42. When the tank car carried the poisonous gas ran off the rails, the firemen tried to isolateA Bthe village from all traffic.C D43. To be frank, that is a great relief to have the task fulfilled in so short a time.A B C D44. At a minimum, the negotiators are hoping of achieving an agreement in principle withA B Cdetails to be worked out later.D45. It is encouraging to note that in recent years, cigarette smokers have been in the decline,A B Cespecially among older people.DSection V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. Put your answer inthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. In the Middle Ages, in Rome, Venice and other Italian cities, there developed an intellectualm o v e m e n t ( c a l l ) humanism, which was the basis of the Renaissance.47. If law and o r d e r ( b e ) not preserved, neither the citizen nor his property is safe.48. The colonel was decorated for b r a v e r y , ( f i g h t ) off the enemy.49. It's quite obvious that Paul won't sell his business now that he's got it(mn) sowell.50. (Not wish) to disturb his baby sister, he tiptoed into the room.51. I h a p p e n e d ( t a l k ) with him when he was hit by a ball and collapsed.52. The a p p lic a n ts (in te r v ie w ) are required to bring all the necessary papers.53. Victor obviously doesn't know what's happened, otherwise he( not make) such astupid remark.54. Such(be) the case, there are no grounds to justify your complaints.55. The car shows no signs o f ( r e p a i r ) ; it looks like a new one.Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)5 6 . 恶劣的天气使他无法按时动身去北京。

57. 请先把事故的原因查清楚再向主任汇报5 8 . 直到演出已经开始，他才匆匆赶到5 9 . 经当地政府批准后，他们取消了原定的项目6 0 . 他听到这意外消息，吃惊得连•句话也说不出来Section VII English-Chinese TranslationTranslate the following passage into Chinese. Only the underlined sentences are to be translated.(20 points)Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient.Stylishly dressed, the firm's newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a naturalcharm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased: (61) Clearly, this was a person who tookconsiderable pride in personal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by nomeans unique. (62) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are ro longer necessarilymen, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer automatically women. The number of men inwomen-dominated fields is still small and they haven't attracted the attention that has oftenfollowed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and morejobs that have traditionally been held by women.Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past several decades, men have beenquietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no jobseems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes. (63) These changes arehelping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and womencan do -- but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men wh。

are entering thosefields formerly dominated by women.What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women's fields”？ All kinds. (64) “I don'tknow of any definite answers I'd be comfortable with,“ explains Joseph Pieck, Ph.D., of theWellesley College Centre for Research on Women.Sam Ormont, for example, a thirty-year-old nurse at a Boston hospital, went into nursingbecause the army had trained him as a medical worker. (65) “I found that work very interesting.”he recalled, “and when I gol oul of Ihe service it just seemed natural for me to go inlo somethingmedical. I wasn't really interested in becoming a doctor.” Thirty-five-year-old David King, anout-of-work actor, found a job as a receptionist because he was having trouble landing roles inBroadway plays and he needed to pay the rent.(66) In other words, men enter “female" iobi out of the same consideration for personalinterest and economic necessity that motivates anyone looking for work. But similarities often endthere. Men in female-dominated jobs are conspicuous. As a group, their work histories differ inmost respects from those of their female colleagues, and they are frequently treated differently bythe people with whom they are in professional contact.The question naturally arises: Why are there still approximately ninety-nine femalesecretaries for every one male? There is also a more serious issue. Most men don't want to bereceptionists, nurses, secretaries or sewing workers. Put simply, these are not generally consideredvery masculine jobs. (67) To choose such a line of work is to invite ridicule.'There was kidding in the beginning,recalls Ormonl. "Kids coming from school ask what Iam, and when I say 'A nurse/ they laugh at me. I just smile and say, 'You know, there are femaledoctors, too.'"Still, there are encouraging signs. Years ago, male grade school teachers were as rare as malenurses. Today more than one elementary school teacher in six is male.(68) Can we anticipate a day when secretaries will be an even mix of men and women -- orwhen the mention of a male nurse will no longer raise eyebrows? It's probably coming - but notvery soon.1988年考研英语真题答案I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)[C][DI[B][A][C][B][C][B][A][C][A]IA]IDJ[AJ[C]II: Reading Comprehension (20 points)[B][A][B][C][A](A]|A||B|ID][C|III: Cloze Test (10 points)IB]IA]IDJ[C][C][D][C][B][A][D]IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[A] such a difficult[D] wide open[C] convincing[A] fewer[B] asked for[B] kept to[A] carrying[B]it|B] hoping to achieve[C] on the declineV: Verb Forms (10 points)calledishaving foughtrunningNot wishingto be talkingto be interviewedwouldn't have madebeinghaving been repairedVI: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)56. Bad weather prevented him from starting out for Beijing on time.57. Please make sure of the cause of the accident and then report to the director.58. He arrived in a hurry after the performance had already started.59. With the approval of the local government, they cancelled the original project.60. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn't utter a word.VII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)61 . 他 显 然 ，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。

62 .正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的63 .这些变化正影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法, 但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些的男人来说，无疑也带来一些问题64 .我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案65 . 他回忆说：“ 我觉得那种工作十分有趣，当我退役时，对我来说，去干某种医务工作，似乎是极其自然的66 .换句话说，男人干起了 “ 女人干的”工作，其动机是同任何找工作干的人一样，既出于个人的兴趣，也出于经济上需要的考虑67 .选定这一类工作是会惹人笑话的68 .我们是否能预见到这么一天：那时当秘书的男女各占一半或有人提到某个男人当护士时，人们不会再感到吃惊？1989年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)EXAMPLE:I was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in[B] by[C] with [DJ atANSWER: [A]1. Modem man faces dangers completely unknown his predecessors.[A] for[B] to [C] of [D] by2. The chances of seeing a helicopter in my hometown are one a million.[A] for[B] to[C] in [D] against3. we have all the materials ready, we should begin the new task at once.[A] Since that|B] Since now|CJ By now [D| Now that4. We hope the measures to control p r i c e s , t a k e n by the government, will succeed.[A] when[B] as[C] since [D] after5. The historical events of that period are a r r a n g e d .[Al in alphabetical orderfB] in an alphabetical order[C] in the alphabetical orders [D] inalphabetical orders6. In some markets there may be only one s e l l e r . i s called a monopoly.[AJ Situation as this[B] Such kind of situation[C] Such a situation [D] A situation of this7. He is to speak the truth.[A] too much of a coward[B] too much a coward[C] so much a coward[D] so much of a coward8. He always gives to his wife's demands and does whatever she tells him to.[A] up|B| away[C] in [D] out9. It's in the regulations that you can take 20 kilos of luggage with you.[A] laid upon[B] laid out[C] laid up [D] laid down10. Look at all the corruption that's going on. It's time the city was.[A] cleaned out[B] cleaned down[C] cleaned away [DJ cleaned up11. Though he did not say so directly, the inspector the man was guilty.[A] declared[B] implied[C] disclosed [DJ said12. The Prime Minister refused to on the rumour that he had planned to resign.[A] explain[B] comment[C] remark [D] talk13. I asked the tailor to make a small to my trousers because they were too long.[A] change[B] variation[C] revision [DJ alteration14. Magnificent views over the countryside have often people to write poems.[A] excited[B] inspired[C] induced [D] attracted15. The food was divided according to the age and size of the children.[A] equallyfB] proportionately[C] sufficiently [D] adequatelySection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the three passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Text 1A scientist once said: "I have concluded that the earth is being visited by intelligentlycontrolled vehicles from outer space.”If we take this as a reasonable explanation for UFOs (unidentified flying objects), questionsimmediately come up.“Why don't they get in touch with us, then? Why don't they land right on the White Houselawn and declare themselves?” people asked.In reply, scientists say that, while this may be what we want, it may not necessarily be whatthey want.'The most likely explanation, it seems to me," said Dr. Mead, “is that they are simplywatching what we are up to — that responsible society outside our solar system is keeping an eyeon us to see that we don't set in motion a chain reaction that might have unexpected effects foroutside our solar system.^^Opinions from other scientists might go like this: "Why should they want to get in touch withus? We may feel we're more important than we really are! They may want to observe us only andnot interfere with the development of our civilization. They may not care if we see them but theyalso may not care to say 'hello'.”Some scientists have also suggested that Earth is a kind of zoo or wildlife reserve. Just as weset aside wilderness areas and wildlife reserves to allow animals and growing things to developnaturally while we observe them, so perhaps Earth was set aside ages ago for the same purpose.Are we being observed by intelligent beings from other civilizations in the universe? Are theywatching our progress in space travel? Do we live in a gigantic “zoo” observed by our “keepers,“but having no communication with them?Never before in our history have we had to confront ideas like these. The simple fact is thatwe, who have always regarded ourselves as supreme in the universe, may not be so. Now we haveto recognize that, among the stars in the heavens, there may very well be worlds inhabited bybeings who are to us as we are to ants.16. People who ask the question “Why don't they get in touch with us... and declarethemselves?^^ think that.[A] there are no such things as UFOs[B] UFOs are visitors from solar system[C] there\ no reason fbr UFOs sooner or later[D] we are bound to see UFOs sooner or later17. According to Dr. Mead, the attitude of beings from outer space toward us is one of.| A] unfriendliness|B| suspicion[C] superiority [D| hostility18. The tone of the writer is that of.[A] doubt[B] warning[C] indifference [D] criticismText 2The use of the motor is becoming more and more widespread in the twentieth century; as anincreasing number of countries develop both technically and economically, so a larger proportionof the world's population is able to buy and use a car. Possessing a car gives a much greater degreeof mobility, enabling the driver to move around freely. The owner of a car is no longer forced torely on public transport and is, therefore, not compelled to work locally. He can choose fromdifferent jobs and probably changes his work more frequently as he is not restricted to a choicewithin a small radius. Travelling to work by car is also more comfortable than having to use publictransport; the driver can adjust the heating in winter and the air conditioning in the summer to suithis own needs and preference. There is no irritation caused by waiting fbr trains, buses orunderground trains, standing in long patient queues, or sitting on windy platforms, for as long ashalf an hour sometimes. With the building of good, fast motorways long distances can be coveredrapidly and pleasantly. For the first time in this century also, many people are now able to enjoytheir leisure time to the full by making trips to the country or seaside at the weekends, instead ofbeing confined to their immediate neighbourhood. This feeling of independence, and the freedomto go where you please, is perhaps the greatest advantage of the car.When considering the drawbacks, perhaps pollution is of prime importance. As more andmore cars are produced and used, so the emission from their exhaust-pipes contains an ever largervolume of poisonous gas. Some of the contents of this gas, such as lead, not only pollute theatmosphere but cause actual harm to the health of people. Many of the minor illnesses of modernindustrial society, headaches, tiredness, and stomach upsets are thought to arise from breathingpolluted air; doctors, surgeries are full of people suffering from illnesses caused by pollution. It isalso becoming increasingly difficult to deal with the problem of traffic in towns; most of theimportant cities of the world suffer from traffic congestion. In fact any advantage gained incomfort is often cancelled out in city driving by the frustration caused by traffic jams: endlessqueues of cars crawling one after another through all the main streets. As an increasing number oftraffic regulation schemes are devised, the poor bewildered driver finds himself diverted andforced into one-way systems which cause even greater delays than the traffic jams they aresupposed to prevent. The mounting cost of petrol and the increased license fees and road tax alladd to the driver's worries. In fact, he must sometimes wonder if the motor car is such a blessingand not just a menace.19. More and more people can afford to buy and use cars b e c a u s e .[A] an increasing number of cars are being produced[B] the cost of cars is getting cheaper with the development of technology[C] lots of countries have become more developed[D] the use of cars has proved to be more economical20. The advantages of having a car are best experienced in the dr i ve r ' s .[A] freedom in choosing his job[B] comfort during the travels[C] enjoyment of his leisuretime [D] feeling of self-reliance21. What is considered by the writer as the greatest menace to the people caused by thewidespread use of motor cars?| A] air pollution|B] traffic jams|C] fatal diseases [D] high costText 3Manners nowadays in metropolitan cities like London are practically non-existent. It isnothing for a big, strong schoolboy to elbow an elderly woman aside in the dash for the lastremaining seat on the tube or bus, much less stand up and offer his seat to her, as he ought. In fact,it is saddening to note that if a man does offer his seat to an older woman, it is nearly always aContinental man or one from the older generation.This question of giving up seats in public transport is much argued about by young men, whosay that, since women have claimed equality, they no longer deserve to be treated with courtesyand that those who go out to work should take their turn in the rat race like anyone else. Womenhave never claimed to be physically as strong as men. Even if it is not agreed, however, that youngmen should stand up for younger women, the fact remains that courtesy should be shown to theold, the sick and the burdened. Are we really so lost to all ideals of unselfishness that we can sitthere indifferently reading the paper or a book, saying to ourselves “First come, first served,,,while a grey-haired woman, a mother with a young child or a cripple stands? Yet this is all toooften seen.Conditions in travel are really very hard on everyone, we know, but hardship is surely noexcuse. Sometimes one wonders what would have been the behaviour of these stout young men ina packed refugee train or a train on its way to a prison-camp during the War. Would they haveconsidered it only right and their proper due to keep the best places for themselves then?Older people, tired and irritable from a day's work, are not angels, either - far from it. Manya brisk argument or an insulting quarrel breaks out as the weary queues push and shove each otherto get on buses and tubes. One cannot commend this, of course, but one does feel there is just alittle more excuse.If cities are to remain pleasant places to live in at all, however, it seems imperative, not onlythat communications in transport should be improved, but also that communication betweenhuman beings should be kept smooth and polite. All over cities, it seems that people are too tiredand too rushed to be polite. Shop assistants won't bother to assist, taxi drivers growl at each otheras they dash dangerously round corners, bus conductor pull the bell before their desperatepassengers have had time to get on or off the bus, and so on and so on. It seems to us that it is upto the young and strong to do their small part to stop such deterioration.22. From what you have read, would you expect manners to improve among pe opl e ?[A] who are physically weak or crippled[B] who once lived in a prison-camp during the War[C] who live in big modem cities[D] who live only in metropolitan cities23. What is the writer's opinion concerning courteous manners towards women?[A] Now that women have claimed equality, they no longer need to be treated differently frommen.[BJ It is generally considered old-fashioned for young men to give up their seats to young women.[C] "Lady Firsf, should be universally practiced.[D] Special consideration ought to be shown them.24. According to the author communication between human beings would be smoother if| A] people were more considerate towards each other[B] people were not so tired and irritable[C] women were treated with more courtesy[D] public transport could be improved25. What is the possible meaning of the word “deterioration“ in the last paragraph?[A] worsening of general situation[B] lowering of moral standards[C J declining of physical constitution |D] spreading of evil conductSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [ A], [B], [C] and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passagebefore making your choice. (10 points)One day drought may be a thing of the past at least in coastal cities. Vast areas of desertthroughout the world may for the first time 26 and provide millions of hectares of landwhere now nothing grows.By the end of this century this may not be mere 27 . Scientists are already looking intothe possibility of using some of the available ice in the Arctic and Antarctic. In these regions thereare vast ice-caps formed by snow that has fallen over the past 50,000 years. Layer 28 layerof deep snow means that, when melted, the snow water would be pure, not salty as sea-ice wouldbe. There is so much 29 pure water here that it would need only a fraction of it to turnmuch of the desert or poorly irrigated parts of the world into rich farmland. And what usefulpackages it would come in! It should be possible to cut off a bit of ice and transport it!Alternatively perhaps a passing iceberg could be 30 They are always breaking away fromthe main caps and floating around, pushed by currents, until they eventually melt and are wasted.Many icebergs are, of course, far too small to be towed 31 distance, and would meltbefore they reached a country that needed them anywhere. It would be necessary to locate one thatwas 32 and that was big enough to provide a good supply of ice when it reached us.Engineers think that an iceberg up to seven miles long and one and a half miles wide could betransported if the tug pulling it was as big as a supertanker! Even then they would cover onlytwenty miles every day. However, 33 the iceberg was at its destination, more that 7,000million cubic metres of water could be taken from it! That would probably be more than enoughfor any medium-sized city even in the hottest summer! But no doubt a use could be found for it.34 scientist say, there would not be too much wastage in such a journey. The larger theiceberg, the slower it melts, even if it is towed through the tropics. This is because when the sunhas a bigger area to warm 35 less heat actually gets into the iceberg. The vast frozencentre would be unaffected.26. [A] come to lifie[B] come into existence[C] come into activity [DJ come round27. [A] speculation[BJ imagination[C] computation [D] expectation28. [A] above[B] of[C] upon [D] over29. [A] essential[B] potential[C] claimable [D] obtainable30. [A] seized[B] snatched[C] grabbed [D] captured31. [A] much[B] any[C] some [D| certain32. [A] manageable[B] manipulative[C] operable [D] controllable33. [A] after[B] while[C] since [D| once34. [A] Apparently[B] Noticeably[C] Distinctly [D] Notably35. [A] round[B] over[C] up [D] throughSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWERSHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on theline in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You have to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything36. No bank keeps enough cash paying all its depositors in full at one time.A B C D37. Magazines provide the great variety of advertisements and entertainment as well asA B C Dinformation.38. If it doesn't rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they areA B Cto be survived.D39. This is the most important respect which civilized man can be distinguished fromA B Cprimitive communities.D40. As a bad-tempered man, he would sot tolerate having his lectures interrupted as if he wereA B Csome obscure candidate making an election speech.D41. If you were awarded a prize of ten thousand dollars, what would you do with it if you hadA B Cto spend in a day?D42. The boy is constantly being told not to scratch the paint off the all, but he goes on to do itA B Call the same.D43. The parcel you post must be well packed. Inadequate packing can mean delay, damage orA B Closs at your expenses.D44. The radio was of so inferior quality that I took it back and asked for a better one.A B C D45. I can listen to Bruckner for hours without getting bored, but if you haven't heard much ofA Bhis music before, you may find it takes some getting used.C DSection V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given the brackets. Put your answers inthe ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. Byron is s a i d ( l i v e ) on vinegar and potatoes.47. Y o u ( l e a v e ) a note. It was very inconsiderate of you to do so.48. If the horse won today, h e ( wi n ) thirty races in five years.49. Upon being questioned he d e n i e d ( w r i t e ) the article.50. I was so sick last night that I felt as if the r o o m( g o ) round.51. Nowadays people usually prefer driving t o ( d r i v e ) .52. I hope her h e a l t h ( i m p r o v e ) greatly by the time we come back next year.53. While we were in London that year, the London B r i d g e ( r e p a i r ) .54. Lots of empty bottles were found under the old man's bed. He must have done nothing but(drink).55. Ford tried dividing the labour, each w o r k e r ( a s s i g n ) a separate task.Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English. (15 points)56. 请乘客们系好安全带，以防碰伤。

5 7 . 除非安装一条新的装配线，否则提高产量是没有指望的5 8 . 有人提出，暑假期间安排一次到海南岛的考察旅行5 9 . 为了把课文中的难点解释清楚，他举了许多例子6 0 . 护士们通常毕生致力于照顾病人Section VII English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the sentences in heavy type into Chinese.(20 points)When Jane Matheson started work at Advanced Electronics Inc. 12 years ago, (61) shelaboured over a microscope, hand-welding tiny electronic computers and turned out 18 per hour.Now she tends the computerized machinery that turns out high capacity memory chips at the rateof 2,600 per hour. Production is up, profits are up, her income is up and Mrs. Matheson says thework is far less strain on her eyes.But the most significant effect of the changes at AEI was felt by the workers who are nolonger there. Before the new computerized equipment was introduced, there were 940 workers atthe plant. Now there are 121. (62) A plant follow-up survey showed that one year after the layoffsonly 38% of the released workers found new employment at the same or better wages. Nearly halffinally settled for lower pay and more than 13% are still out of work. The AEI example is only oneof hundreds around the country which forge intelligently ahead into the latest technology, butleave the majority of their workers behind.(63) Ils beginnings obscured by unemploymenl caused by the world economic slow-down、the new technological unemployment may emerge as the great socio・ e8nomic challenge of theend of the 20th century. One corporation economist says the growth of "machine job replacement”has been with us since the beginning of the industrial revolution, but never at the pace it is now.The human costs will be astonishing. (64) “It's humiliating to be done out of your job by nmachine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.”Some workers, like Jane Matheson, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a wholenew set of skills is required and that means a new, and invariably smaller set of workers. (65) Theold workers, trapped by their limited skills、 often never regain their old status and employment.Many drift into marginal areas. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for itand they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.(66) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by thegovernment. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a newfederal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary... that new technology willeventually create as many jobs as it destroys. (67) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says theastonishing efficiency of the new lechnology means there will be a simple and direct nel reductionin the amount of human labor that needs to be done. "We should treat this as an opportunity togive people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on thedivision and distribution of labor,** Seymour says. He predicts most people will work onlysix-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern of the unemployed isfor now. (68) Federally fbnded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers areunder way, bul few experts believe they will be able lo keep UD with ihe pace of the newtechnology. For the next few years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going tobe very tough indeed.1989年考研英语真题答案I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)|B|IC]|D|[B|[A][C][A][C][D][D][B][B][D][B][B]II: Reading Comprehension (20 points)[A][B][D][C][D][A][C][D][A][B]Ill: Cloze Test (10 points)[A][A]IC][B][DJIBJ|A1|D|[AJ[C]IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)[C] to pay[B]a[D] to survive[A] in which[A] Being[D] to spend it[C] doing[D] expense[A]such[D] getting used toV: Verb Forms (10 points)to have livedshould have leftwould/should have wonhaving writtenwere/was goingbeing drivenwill have improvedwas being repaireddrinkassignedVI: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)56. All travellers are advised to fasten their safety-belts to avoid being bumped.57. No increase in output can be expected unless a new assembly line is installed.58. It is suggested that an exploration tour to the Hainan Island (should) be arranged during thesummer vacation.59. He gave lots of examples in order to get the difficult points in the text fully explained.60. Nurses often devote their whole lives to tending the sick.VII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)61 .她吃力地伏在显微镜上干活，手焊体积很小的电子计算机，每小时能焊好18个。

62 . 一家工厂的跟踪调查表明，被解雇的工人中一年后只有38%的人找到了与原工资相等或优于原工资的工作63 .它( 新技术的采用导致失业上升) 一开始被全球性的经济衰退所引起的失业所掩盖，但到 20世纪末，新技术所引起的失业问题可能会构成对社会经济的巨大挑战64 .被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的， 可又没法还击， 但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作65 .老工人由于处于技术掌握得很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会66 .要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支67 .未来学家海曼・ 西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数68 .为失业工人提供的由联邦政府帮助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有认为这些计划能跟得上新技术的发展步伐1990年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each question, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)EXAMPLE:! was caught the rain yesterday.[A] in [B] by [C] with [D] at ANSWER: [A]1. Those two families have been quarrelling each other for many years.[A] to [B] between [C] against [D] with2. There are many things whose misuse is dangerous, bur it is hard to think of anything that canbe compared tobacco products.[A] in |B| with [C] among |D] by3. “How often have you seen cases like this?” one surgeon asked another. 4tOh , t i me s ,I guess,“ was the reply.[A] hundred of [B] hundreds [C] hundreds of [D] hundred4. Give me your telephone number I need your help.[A] whetherfB] unless[C] so that[D] in case5. You sang well last night. We hope you'H si ng.[A] more better[B] still better[C] nicely[D] best6. Those people a general understanding of the present situation.[A] lack of [B] are lacking of [C] lack [D] are in lack7. Alone in a deserted house, he was so busy with his research work that he feltlonely.[A] nothing but|B| anything but[C] all but |D| everything but8. Grace tears when she heard the sad news.[A] broke in [BJ broke into [C] broke off [D] broke through9. She refused to the car keys to her husband until he had promised to wear his safetybelt.[A] hand in[B] hand out[C] hand down[D] hand over10. Michael found it difficult to get his British jokes to American audiences.[A] around[B] over[C] across[D| down11. The book contained a large of information.[A] deal[B] amount[C] number[D] sum12. Nowadays advertising costs are no longer in reasonable to the total cost of theproduct.[A] proportion|B | correlation[C] connection[D] correspondence13. When she saw the clouds she went back to the house to her umbrella.[AJ carry[BJ fetch[C] bring[DJ reach14. We must that the experiment is controlled as rigidly as possible.[A] assure[B] secure[C] ensure[D] issue15. He was knocked down by a car and badl y.[A] injured[B] damaged[C] harmed[D] ruinedSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the three passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)Text 1In May 1989, space shuttle “Atlantis” released in outer space the space probe “Megallan,“which is now on her 15-month and one-billion-kilometer flight to Venus. A new phase in spaceexploration has begun.The planet Venus is only slightly smaller than Earth; it is the only other object in the solarsystem, in fact, that even comes close to earth's size. Venus has a similar density, so it is probablymade of approximately the same stuff, and it has an atmosphere, complete with clouds. It is alsothe closest planet to earth, and thus the most similar in distance from the sun. In short, Venusseems to justify its long-held nickname of “earth's twin.”The surface temperature of Venus reaches some 900F. Added to that is an atmospheric pressureabout 90 times Earth's: High overhead in the carbon dioxide (CO2) that passes for air is a layer ofclouds, perhaps 10 to 20 miles thick, whose little drops consist mostly of sulfuric acid (H2so4).Water is all but nonexistent.Bom with so many fundamental similarities to earth, how did Venus get to be so radicallydifferent: It is not just an academic matter. For all its extremes, Venus is a valuable laboratory forresearchers studying the weather and climate of earth. It has no earth's oceans, so the heattransport and other mechanisms are greatly simplified. In addition, the planet Venus takes 243earth-days to turn once on its axis, so incoming heat from the sun is added and distributed at amore leisurely, observable pace.16. Venus is similar to Earth in.[A] size and density [B] distance from the sun[C] having atmosphere[D] all of the above17. The greatest value in studying Venus should be to.[A] allow us to visit there [B] understand Earth better[C] find a new source of energy [D] promote a new space program18. The main idea of this passage is about .[A] problems of space travel [B] scientific methods in space exploration[C] the importance of Venus to Earth |D| conditions on VenusText 2Tourists were surprised to see a woman driving a huge orange tractor down one of Rome's mainavenues. Italy,s political leaders and some of its male union chiefs are said to have been evenmore puzzled to see that the tractor was followed by about 200,000 women in a paradingprocession that took more than three hours to snake through central Rome.Shouting slogans, waving flags and dancing to drumbeats, the women had come to the capitalfrom all over Italy to demonstrate for “a job for each of us, a different type of job, and a societywithout violence.^^ So far, action to improve women's opportunities in employment has been theprovince of collective industrial bargaining. t€But there is a growing awareness that this is notenough J says a researcher on female labor at the government-funded Institute for theDevelopment of Professional Training for Workers.Women, who constitute 52 per cent of Italy's population, today represent only 35 per cent ofItaly's total workforce and 33 per cent of the total number of Italians with jobs. However, theirpresence in the workplace is growing. The employment of women is expanding considerably inservices, next to the public administration and commerce as their principal workplace. Officialstatistics also show that women have also made significant strides in self-employment. More andmore women are going into business for themselves. Many young women are turning to businessbecause of the growing overall in employment. It is also a fact that today many prejudices havedisappeared, so that banks and other financial institutes make judgments on purely businessconsiderations without caring if it is a man or a woman.Such changes are occurring in the professions too. The number of women doctors, dentists,lawyers, engineers and university professors increased two to three fold. Some of the changes areimmediately visible. For example, women have appeared on the scene fbr the first time as statepolice, railway workers and street cleaners.However, the present situation is far from satisfactory though some progress has been made. Abreakthrough in equal opportunities for women is now demanded.19. The expression “snake through central Rome“ probably means “to move[A] quietly through central Rome.[B] violently through central Rome.^^[C] in a long winding line through central Rome.”[D] at a leisurely pace through central Rome.”20. Which of the following statements is NOT true?[A] There are more women than men in Italy.[B] In Italy, women are chiefly employed in services.[C] In Italy, women are still at a disadvantage in employment.[D] In Italy, about two-thirds of the jobs are held by men.21. About 200,000 women in Rome demonstrated for.[A] more job opportunitiesfB] a greater variety of jobs[C] "equal job, equal pay”[D] both A and B22. The best title for this passage would be.[A] The Role of Women is Society[B] Women Demonstrate fbr Equality in Employment[C] Women as Self-employed Professionals[D] Women and the Jobs MarketText 3The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out“ in the early years, and, therefore, aresubjected to failure and at worst, mental illness is unfounded. As a matter of fact, the outstandingthing that happens to bright kids is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.To find this out, 1, 500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifth year with theseresults:On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they had as children. They were, as a group,in good health, physically and mentally. 84 per cent of their group were married and seemedcontent with their lives.About 70 per cent had graduated from college, though only 30 per cent had graduated withhonors. A few had even dropped out, but nearly half of these had returned to graduate. Of the men,80 per cent were in one of the professions or in business management or semiprofessional jobs.The women who had remained single had office, business, or professional occupations.The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literarymagazines and had collected more than 100 patents.In a material way they did not do badly either. Average income was considerably higher amongthe gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparativeyouth.In fact, far from being strange, most of the gifted were turning their early promise into practicalreality.23. The old idea that talented children “burn themselves out“ in the early years is.[AJ true in all senses[B] refuted by the author[C] medically proven[D] a belief of the author24. The survey of bright children was made to.[A] find out what had happened to talented children when they became adults[B] prove that talented children “burn themselves out“ in the early years[C ] discover the percentage of those mentally ill among the gifted[D] prove that talented children never bum themselves out25. Intelligence tests showed that.[A] bright children were unlikely to be mentally healthy[B] between childhood and adulthood there was a considerable loss of intelligence[C] talented children were most likely to become gifted adults\D] when talented children grew into adults, they made low scoresSection HI Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled |A], |B|, [C], and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. Read the whole passagebefore making your choice. (10 points)No one knows for sure what the world would be like in the year 2001. Many books have beenwritten 26 the future. But the 19th-century French novelist Jules Verne may be called afuturologist in the fullest 27 of the word. In his fantastic novels “A Trip to the Moon” and“80 Days Around the World,” he described with detail the aeroplane and even the helicopter.These novels still have a great attraction 28 young readers of today because of their boldimagination and scientific accuracy.Below is a description of what our life will be in the year 2001 as predicted by a 29writer.In 2001, in the home, cookers will be set so that you can cook a complete meal at the touch ofa switch.Television will provide information on prices at the 30 shops as well as news andentertainment. Videophones will bring pictures as well as 31 to telephone conversations.Machines will control temperature, lighting, entertainment, security alarms, laundry andgardening.Lighting will provide decoration as well as wallpaper.At work, robots will take 32 most jobs in the manufacturing industries. Workinghours will fall to under 30 hours a week. Holidays will get longer; six weeks will be the normalannual holiday. Men and women will retire at the same age.Our leisure will be different too. The home will become the center of entertainment throughtelevision and electronic games. More people will eat out in restaurants 33 they do today;also they will have a much wider variety of food available. There will be a change of taste towardsa more savoury-flavored menu. New synthetic foods will form a 34 part of people's diets.Foreign travel will 35 ; winter holidays will become more popular than summer ones.Also non-stop flights from Britain to Australia and New Zealand will be easily available andmuch cheaper. Education will become increasingly more important than ever before.26. [A] in[B] of[C] about[D] for27. [A] sense[B] meaning[C] detail[D] implication28. [A] for[B] of[C] on[D] towards29. [A] today[B] nowadays[C] present-day[D] present30. [A] near[B] nearby[C] nearly[D] nearer31. [A] noise|B| sound[C] tone[D] tune32. [A] to[B] away[C] offlD] over33. [ A] than[B] as[C] when[D| while34. [A] usual[B] popular[C] daily[D] regular35. [A] add[B] increase[C] raise[D] ariseSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C],and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWERSHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on theline in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:You have to hurry up if you want to buy something because there's hardly something left.A B C DANSWER: [C] anything36. Alice was having trouble to control the children because there were so many of them.A B C D37. We were very much surprised that the village was such long way from the road.A B C D38. John's chance of being elected chairman of the committee is far greater than Dick.A B C D39. “We have won a great victory on our enemy/' the captain said.A B C D40. There are many valuable services which the public are willing to pay for, but whichA Bdoes not bring a return in money to the community.C D41. The law I am referring requires that everyone who owns a car have accident insurance.A BCD42. “I considered it a honor to be invited to address the meeting of world-famous scientists,,,A B C Dsaid Professor Leacock.43. He was seeing somebody creeping into the house through the open window last night.A B C D44. The reason for all the changes being made has not explained to us yet.A B C D45. Even though the children pretended asleep, the nurses were not deceived when they cameA B C Dinto the room.Section V Verb FormsFill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the verbs given in the brackets. Put your answersin the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE:It is highly desirable that a new p r e s id e n t( a p p o in t) for this college.ANSWER: (should) be appointed46. Buying c l o t h e s ( b e ) very time-consuming as you rarely find things that fit younicely.47. They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our r e p r e s e n ta tiv e ( s e n d ) to theconference on schedule.48. I must call your attention to the directions. Read them carefully and act as(instruct).49. Emma said in her letter that she would a p p r e c i a t e ( h e a r ) from you soon.50. I ( cal l ) to make an airline reservation, but I didn't.51. If Greg had tried harder to reach the opposite shore, we ( not have) to pick him upin the boat.52. After twenty years abroad, William came back o n l y ( f i n d ) his hometown severelydamaged in an earthquake.53. The l e c t u r e ( b e g i n ) , he left his seat so quietly that no one complained that hisleaving disturbed the speaker.54. The children were surprised when the teacher had them (close) their booksunexpectedly.55. A new road will be built here, and therefore a number of existing h o u s e s ( h a v e todestroy).Section VI Chinese-English TranslationTranslate the following sentences into English (15 points)5 6 . 你应该仔细核对全部资料，以避免严重错误。

5 7 . 尽管这个实验复杂，他们决心按时把它完成58. 一切迹象表明这个人对这里发生的情况毫无所知5 9 . 只有那些不怕困难的人，才有可能在工作中取得卓越的成果6 0 . 这篇作品与其说是短篇小说，不如说更像是新闻报导Section VII English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the sentences underlined into Chinese. (20points)People have wondered for a long time how their personalities and behaviors are formed. It isnot easy to explain why one person is intelligent and another is not, or why one is cooperative andanother is competitive.Social scientists are, of course, extremely interested in these types of questions. (61) Theywant to explain why we possess certain characteristics and exhibit certain behaviors. There are noclear answers yet, but two distinct schools of thought on the matter have developed. As one mightexpect, the two approaches are very different from each other. The controversy is oftenconveniently referred to as "nature vs. nurture.”(62) Those who support the “nature“ side of the conflict believe ihat our personalities andbehavior patterns are largely determined by biological factors (63) That our environment has little,if anything、 to do with our abilities, characteristics and behavior is central to this theory.Taken to an extreme, this theory maintains that our behavior is pre-determined to such a greatdegree that we are almost completely governed by our instincts.Those who support the “nurture“ theory, that is, they advocate education, are often calledbehaviorists. They claim that our environment is more important than our biologically basedinstincts in determining how we will act. A behaviorist, B. F. Skinner, sees humans as beingswhose behavior is almost completely shaped by their surroundings. (64) The behaviorists maintainthat, like machines, humans respond to environmental stimuli as the basis of their behavior.Let us examine the different explanations about one human characteristic, intelligence,offered by the two theories. (65) Supporters of the “nature" theory insist (hat we are bom with acertain capacity for learning that is biologically determined. Needless to say: They don't believethat factors in the environment have much influence on what is basically a predeterminedcharacteristic. On the other hand, behaviorists argue that our intelligence levels are the product ofour experiences. (66) Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment wherethere are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experiencegreater intellectual development.The social and political implications of these two theories are profound. (67) In the UnitedStates, blacks often score below whites on standardized intelligence tests. This leads some“nature“ proponents to conclude that blacks are biologically inferior to whites. (68) Behaviorists,in contrast, say that differences in scores are due to the fact that blacks are often deprived of manyof the educational and other environmental advantages that whites enjoy.Most people think neither of these theories can yet fully explain human behavior.1990年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [D]2. [B]3. [C]4. [D]5. [B]6. [C]7. [B]8. [B]9. [D]10. [C]H. IB]12. [A]13. [B]14. [C]15. [A]Section II: Reading Comprehension (20 points)16. [D]17. [B]18. [C]19. [C]20. [B]21. [D]22. [B]23. [Bl24. [A]25. [C]Section III: Cloze Test (10 points)26. [C]27. [A]28. [A]29. [C]30. [B]31. IBJ32. [D]33. [A]34. [D]35. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)36. [B] controlling37. [C] such a38. [D] Dick's39. [C] over40. [C] do not bring41. [A] referring to42. [B] an honor43. [A] saw44. [D] has not been explained45. [B] to be asleepSection V: Verb Forms (10 points)46. is47. (should) be sent48. instructed49. hearing50. should have called51. would not have had52. to find53. having begun54. close55. will have to be destroyedSection VI: Chinese-English Translation (15 points)56. You should check all the data carefully so as to avoid serious mistakes.57. Although the experiment is complicated, they are determined to finish it on time.58. All signs showed that the man knew nothing of what had happened here.59. Only those who are not afraid of any difficulties have the chance of achieving outstandingresults in their work.60. This piece of writing is more like a news report than a short story.Section VII: English-Chinese Translation (20 points)61 . 他们想要说明，为什么我们具有某些性格特征和表现出某些行为。

62 .在这场争论中， 赞成“ 天性” 一方的那些人认为，我们的性格特征和行为模式大多是由生物因素所决定的63 .这种理论的核心是，我们的环境同我们的才能、性格特征和行为即使有什么关系的话，也是微不足道的64 . 行为主义者坚信，人象机器一样，对环境的刺激作出反应，这是他们行为的基础65 .支持“ 天性” 论的人坚持说， 我们生来就具有一定的学习才能， 这是由生物因素决定的66 .行为主义者的看法是， 如果一个儿童在有许多刺激物的环境里成长， 而这些刺激物能够发展其作出适当反应的能力，那么，这个儿童将会有更高的智力发展67 .在美国，黑人在标准化智力测试中的成绩常常低于白人68 .相反， 行为主义者认为， 成绩的差异是由于黑人往往被剥夺了白人在教育及其它环境方面所享有的许多有利条件1991年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will suitably complete the sentence ifinserted at the place marked. Put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)1. They lost their way in the forest, and made matters worse was that night began tofall.[A] that[B] it[C] what[D] which2. my return, I learned that Professor Smith had been at the Museum and would notbe back fbr several hours.[A] At[B] On[C] With[D] During3. Anyone who has spent time with children is aware of the difference in the way boys and girlsrespond to situations.[A] similar[B| alike|C] same[D] likely4. There is not much time left; so Pll tell you about it.[AJ in detail[B] in brieflC] in short|D] in all5. In this factory, suggestions often have to wait for months before they are ful l y.[A] admitted[BJ acknowledged[C] absorbed[D] considered6. There is a real possibility that these animals could be f r i g h t e n e d , a sudden loudnoise.[A] being there[B] should there be[C] there was[D] there having been7. By the year 2000, scientists probably a cure for cancer.[A] will be discovering[BJ are discovering[C] will have discovered[D] have discovered8. Jim isn' t, but he did badly in the final exams last semester.[A] gloomy[B] dull[C] awkward[Dl tedious9. The boy slipped out of the room and headed for the swimming pool without his parents'[A] command[B] conviction[C] con sent [D] compromise10. He had on the subject.[A] a rather strong opinion[B] rather strong opinion[C] rather the strong opinion[D] the rather strong opinion11. When Jane fell off the bike, the other c h i l d r e n .[A] were not able to help laughter[B] could not help but laughing[C] could not help laughing[D] could not help to laugh12. It is better to die on one's feet t han.[A] living on one's knees[B] live on one's knees[C] on one's knees [DI to live on one's knees13. The most important of his speech was that we should all work wholeheartedly forthe people.[A] element[B] spot[C] sense[D] point14. This watch is to all the other watches on the market.[A] superior[B] advantageous[C] super[D] beneficial15. In a typhoon, winds a speed greater than 120 kilometers per hour.[A] assume[B] accomplish[C] attain[D] assemble16. the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.[A] In spite of[B] But for[C] Because of[D] As for17. Mary my letter; otherwise she would have replied before now.[A] has received[B] ought to have received[C] couldn't have received[D] shouldn't have received18. to speak when the audience interrupted him.[A] Hardly had he begun[B] No sooner had he begun[C] Not until he began[D] Scarcely did he begin19. Anna was reading a piece of science fiction, completely to the outside world.[A] being lost[B] having lost[C] losing[D] lost20. The policemen went into action they heard the alarm.[A] promptly[B] presently[C] quickly[D] directly21. The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] abandoned[C] scattered[D] rejected22. Dress w a r m l y , y o u 'l l catch cold.[AJ on the contrary[B] or rather[C] or else[DJ in no way23. Our research has focused on a drug which is so as to be able to change brainchemistry.[A] powerfulfB] influential[C] monstrous[D] vigorous24. Bob was completely by the robber,s disguise.[A] taken away[B] taken down|C] taken to|D| taken in25. Difficulties and hardships have the best qualities of the young geologist.[A] brought out[B] brought about[CJ brought forth [DJ brought up26. Our modern civilization must not be thought of as in a short period of time.[A] being createdfB] to have been created[C] having been created[D] to be created27. Even if they are on sale, these refrigerators are equal in price to, if not more expensive than,at the other store.[A] anyone[B] the others[C] that|D| the ones28. The bank manager asked his assistant if it was possible for him to the investmentplan within a week.[A] work out[B] put out[C] make out[D] set out29. He knows little of mathematics, and of chemistry.[A] even more[B] still less[C] no less[D] still more30. The students expected there more reviewing classes before the final exam.[A] is[B] being[C] have been[D] to beSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers aregiven. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text 1A wise man once said that the only thing necessary for the triumph of evil is for good men to donothing. So, as a police officer, I have some urgent things to say to good people.Day after day my men and I struggle to hold back a tidal wave of crime. Something has goneterribly wrong with our once-proud American way of life. It has happened in the area of values. Akey ingredient is disappearing, and I think I know what it is: accountability.Accountability isn't hard to define. It means that every person is responsible for his or heractions and liable for their consequences.Of the many values that hold civilization together - honesty, kindness, and so on —accountability may be the most important of all. Without it, there can be no respect, no trust, nolaw — and, ultimately, no society.My job as a police officer is to impose accountability on people who refuse, or have neverlearned, to impose it on themselves. But as every policeman knows, external controls on people'sbehavior are far less effective than internal restraints such as guilt, shame and embarrassment.Fortunately there are still communities - smaller towns, usually - where schools maintaindiscipline and where parents hold up standards that proclaim: "In this family certain things are nottolerated - they simply are not done!”Yet more and more, especially in our larger cities and suburbs, these inner restraints areloosening. Your typical robber has none. He considers your property his property; he takes what hewants, including your life if you enrage him.The main cause of this break-down is a radical shift in attitudes. Thirty years ago, if a crime wascommitted, society was considered the victim. Now, in a shocking reversal, it's the criminal whois considered victimized: by his underprivileged upbringing, by the school that didn't teach him toread, by the church that failed to reach him with moral guidance, by the parents who didn'tprovide a stable home.I don't believe it. Many others in equally disadvantaged circumstances choose not to engage incriminal activities. If we free the criminal, even partly, from accountability, we become a societyof endless excuses where no one accepts responsibility for anything.We in America desperately need more people who believe that the person who commits a crimeis the one responsible fbr it.31. What the wise man said suggests that.[A] it's unnecessary for good people to do anything in face of evil[B] it's certain that evil will prevail if good men do nothing about it[C] it's only natural for virtue to defeat evil[D] it's desirable for good men to keep away from evil32. According to the author, if a person is found guilty of a cr i me, .[A] society is to be held responsible[B] modem civilization is responsible for it[C] the criminal himself should bear the blame[D] the standards of living should be improved33. Compared with those in small towns, people in large cities have.[A] less self-discipline[B] better sense of discipline[C] more mutual respect[D] less effective government34. The writer is sorry to have noticed that.[A] people in large cities tend to excuse criminals[B] people in small towns still stick to old discipline and standards[C] today's society lacks sympathy for people in difficulty[D] people in disadvantaged circumstances are engaged in criminal activities35. The key point of the passage is that.[A] stricter discipline should be maintained in schools and families[BJ more good examples should be set for people to follow[C] more restrictions should be imposed on people's behavior[D] more people should accept the value of accountabilityText 2The period of adolescence, i.e., the period between childhood and adulthood, may be long orshort, depending on social expectations and on society's definition as to what constitutes maturityand adulthood. In primitive societies adolescence is frequently a relatively short period of time,while in industrial societies with patterns of prolonged education coupled with laws against childlabor, the period of adolescence is much longer and may include most of the second decade ofone's life. Furthermore, the length of the adolescent period and the definition of adulthood statusmay change in a given society as social and economic conditions change. Examples of this type ofchange are the disappearance of the frontier in the latter part of the nineteenth century in theUnited States, and more universally, the industrialization of an agricultural society.In modem society, ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolicsignificance and there no longer is agreement as to what constitutes initiation ceremonies. Socialones have been replaced by a sequence of steps that lead to increased recognition and social status.For example, grade school graduation, high school graduation and college graduation constitutesuch a sequence, and while each step implies certain behavioral changes and social recognition,the significance of each depends on the socio-economic status and the educational ambition of theindividual. Ceremonies for adolescence have also been replaced by legal definitions of status roles,rights, privileges and responsibilities. It is during the nine years from the twelfth birthday to thetwenty-first that the protective and restrictive aspects of childhood and minor status are removedand adult privileges and responsibilities are granted. The twelve-year-old is no longer considered achild and has to pay full fare for train, airplane, theater and movie tickets. Basically, the individualat this age loses childhood privileges without gaining significant adult rights. At the age of sixteenthe adolescent is granted certain adult rights which increases his social status by providing himwith more freedom and choices. He now can obtain a driver's license; he can leave public schools;and he can work without the restrictions of child labor laws. At the age of eighteen the lawprovides adult responsibilities as well as rights; the young man can now be a soldier, but he alsocan marry without parental permission. At the age of twenty-one the individual obtains his fulllegal rights as an adult. He now can vote, he can buy liquor, he can enter into financial contracts,and he is entitled to run for public office. No additional basic rights are acquired as a function ofage after majority status has been attained. None of these legal provisions determine at what pointadulthood has been reached but they do point to the prolonged period of adolescence.36. The period of adolescence is much longer in industrial societies b e c a u s e .[A] the definition of maturity has changed|B | the industrialized society is more developed[C] more education is provided and laws against child labor are made[D] ceremonies for adolescence have lost their formal recognition and symbolic significance37. Former social ceremonies that used to mark adolescence have given place to.[A] graduations from schools and colleges[B] social recognition[C] socio-economic status[D] certain behavioral changes38. No one can expect to fully enjoy the adulthood privileges until he is.[A] eleven years old[B] sixteen years old[C] twenty-one years old[D] between twelve and twenty-one years old39. Starting from 22, .[A] one will obtain more basic rights[B] the older one becomes, the more basic rights he will have[C] one won't get more basic rights than when he is 21[D] one will enjoy more rights granted by society40. According to the passage, it is true that.[A] in the late 19th century in the United States the dividing line between adolescence andadulthood no longer existed[BJ no one can marry without the permission of his parents until the age of twenty-one[C] one is considered to have reached adulthood when he has a driver's license[D] one is not free from the restrictions of child labor laws until he can join the armyText 3Most growing plants contain much more water than all other materials combined. C. R. Barneshas suggested that it is as proper to term the plant a water structure as to call a house composedmainly of brick a brick building. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth anddevelopment occur in water. The mineral elements from the soil that are usable by the plant mustbe dissolved in the soil solution before they can be taken into the root. They are carried to all partsof the growing plant and are built into essential plant materials while in a dissolved state. Thecarbon dioxide (CO2) from the air may enter the leaf as a gas but is dissolved in water in the leafbefore it is combined with a part of the water to form simple sugars - the base material fromwhich the plant body is mainly built. Actively growing plant parts are generally 75 to 90 percentwater. Structural parts of plants, such as woody stems no longer actively growing, may have muchless water than growing tissues.The actual amount of water in the plant at any one time, however, is only a very small part ofwhat passes through it during its development. The processes of photosynthesis, by which carbondioxide and water are combined - in the presence of chlorophyll ( 口 】 绿素)and with energyderived from light — to form sugars, require that carbon dioxide from the air enter the plant. Thisoccurs mainly in the leaves. The leaf surface is not solid but contains great numbers of minuteopenings, through which the carbon dioxide enters. The same structure that permits the one gas toenter the leaf, however, permits another gas - water vapor - to be lost from it. Since carbondioxide is present in the air only in trace quantities (3 to 4 parts in 10,000 parts of air) and watervapor is near saturation in the air spaces within the leaf (at SO, saturated airw ould contain about186 parts of water vapor in 10,000 parts of air), the total amount of water vapor lost is many timesthe carbon dioxide intake. Actually, because of wind and other factors, the loss of water inproportion to carbon dioxide intake may be even greater than the relative concentrations of thetwo gases. Also, not all of the carbon dioxide that enters the leaf is synthesized into carbohydrates( 碳水化合物).41. A growing plant needs water for all of the following exce pt .[A] forming sugars[BJ sustaining woody stems[C] keeping green[D] producing carbon dioxide42. The essential function of photosynthesis in terms of plant needs is.[A] to form sugars[B ] to derive energy from light[C] to preserve water[D] to combine carbon dioxide with water43. The second paragraph uses facts to develop the essential idea that.[A] a plant efficiently utilizes most of the water it absorbs[B] carbon dioxide is the essential substance needed for plant development[C] a plant needs more water than is found in its composition[D] the stronger the wind, the more the water vapor loss44. According to the passage, which of the following statements is TRUE?[A] The mineral elements will not be absorbed by the plant unless they are dissolved in its root.[B] The woody stems contain more water than the leaves.[C] Air existing around the leaf is found to be saturated.[D] Only part of the carbon dioxide in the plants is synthesized.45. This passage is mainly about .[A] the functions of carbon dioxide and water[BJ the role of water in a growing plant[C] the process of simple sugar formation[D] the synthesis of water with carbon dioxideSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B|, [C], and[D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)When television first began to expand, very few of the people who had become famous asradio commentators were able to be equally effective on television. Some of the difficulties theyexperienced when they were trying to 46 themselves to the new medium were technical.When working 47 radio, for example, they had become 48 to seeing on behalf ofthe listener.This 49 of seeing for others means that the commentator has to be very good attalking. 50 all, he has to be able to 51 a continuous sequence of visual imageswhich 52 meaning to the sounds which the listener hears. In the 53 of television,however, the commentator sees everything with the viewer. His role, therefore, is 54different. He is there to make 55 that the viewer does not miss some point of interest, tohelp him 56 on particular things, and to 57 the images on the television screen.58 his radio colleague, he must know the 59 of silence and how to use it at thosemoments 60 the pictures speak for themselves.46. [A] turn[B] adaptfC] alterfD] modify47. [A] on|B| at[C] with|D| behind48. [A] experienced[B] determined[CJ established[D] accustomed49. [A] efficiency[B] technology[C] art[D] performance50. [A] Of[B] For[C] Above[D] In51. [A] inspire[B] ere ate [C] cause [D] perceive52. [A] add[B]叩ply[C] affect[D] reflect53. [A] occasion [B] eve nt [C] fact[D] case54. [A] equally[B] completely[C] initially[D] hardly55. [A] definite[B] possible[C] sure[D] clear56. [A] focus[B] attend[C] followlD] insist57. [A] exhibit[Bl demonstrate[C] expose[D] interpret58. [A] Like[B] Unlike[C] As[D] For59. [ A] purpose|B| goal[C] value[D] intention60. [A] if[B] when[C] which[D] asSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C],and [D]. Identify the part of sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWERSHEET. Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on theline in the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. These is a delicate balance of nature which many square miles of ocean and vegetationA Band clean air are needed to maintain only a relatively few human beings.C D62. The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers andA B Ceducationalists throughout the centuries.D63. Nobody beside little children thinks that a trip by bus is exciting.AB C D64. Just outside the ruins are a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.A B C D65. In the teaching of mathematics, the way of instruction is generally traditional, with teachersA Bpresenting formal lectures and students take notes.C D66. The teacher asked them who had completed their tests to leave the room as quietly asA B C Dpossible.67. He wanted more out of life, not just working at high-paid jobs or spending nights on theA B Cstreets playing games.D68. Man has used metals for centuries in gradual increasing quantities, but it was not until theA BIndustrial Revolution that they came to be employed in real vast quantities.C D69. If you want your film to properly process, you'H have to wait and pick I up on Friday,ABwhich is the day after tomorrow.C D70. Aman cannot be really happy if that he enjoys doing is ignored by society as of no valueA B C Dor importance.Section V English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15points)The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has beenwith us for a long time now, and will be with us for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flowsfreely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile abase. (71) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectidly al any time, and in any case, the oil wellswill all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.(72) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to resultin any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in thetimes past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, andconsider itself lucky that it can advance at all.To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world'spopulation is in sight. Although the birth-rate has dropped in some nations, including the UnitedStates, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even seven billion asthe twenty-first century opens.(73) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means that we areheading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.Taking all this into account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in theyear 2001?To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirtyyears — even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be atleast two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will findit difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (74) This will be particularlytrue since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy Americanfashion that makes il possible lo combine few farmers with high yields.It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a greatfood-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tighteningat home.In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is verylikely to be increasing use of flavouring additives. (75) Until such time as mankind has the senseto lower its population to the point where Ihe planet can provide a comfortable support for all,people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.Section VI WritingDirections:[A] Title: WHERE TO LIVE - IN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY?[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the givenopening sentence.|E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Conveniences of the city2. Attractions of the country3. Disadvantages of both4. My preference1991年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)1. [Cl2. [B]3. [A]4. [B]5. [D]6. [B]7. [C]8. [B]9. [C]10. [A]11. [C]12. [D]13. [D]14. [A]15. [C]16. [B]17. [C|18. [A]19. |D]20. [D]21. IB)22. [C]23. [A]24. |D|25. [A]26. [C]27. [D]28. [A]29. [B]30. [D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31. [B]32. [C]33. [A]34. [A]35. [D]36. [C]37. [A]38. [C]39. [C]40. [AJ41. [D]42. [A]43. [C]44. [D]45. [B]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46. [B]47. [A]48. [D]49. [C]50. [C]51. [B]52. [A]53. [D]54. [B]55. [C]56. [A]57. [D]58. [B]59. [C]60. [B]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61. [B] in which62. [C] has been expressed63. [A] except/but64. [Bl is65. [D] taking66. [A] those67. [C] highly-paid/high-payi ng68. [B] gradually69. [A] be properly processed70. [B] whatSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71 .石油供应可能会随时中断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。

72 . 必须找到新的能源， 这需要时间； 而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不可能再出现了73 .食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长, 这就意味着我们在粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机74 .这种困境将是确定无疑的， 因为能源的贵乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能75 .除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食,否则人们将不得不接受更多的“ 人造食品Section VI: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考 范 文 ( 略)1992年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentenceif inserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)1. I will give this dictionary to wants to have it.[A] whomever[B] someone[C] whoever[D] anyone2. After having gone far, George did not want to turn back.[A] enough[B] much[C] such[D] that3. all our kindness to help her, Sarah refused to listen to us.[A] At[B] For[C] InLD] On4. Richard doesn't think he could ever what is called “free-style" poetry.[A] take on[B] take over[C] take to[D] take after5. In the past men generally preferred that their wives in the home.[A] worked[B] would workfC] work[D] were working6. I don't want to lend any more money to him; he's already in debt me.[A] to[B] for[C] of[D] with7. The business of each d a y , s e l l i n g goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.[A] it being[B] be it[C] was it[D] it was8. Carey didn't go to the party last night because she the baby for her sister until9:30.[A] must have looked after|B| would have to look after[C] had to look after[D] should have looked after9. , he does get initated with her sometimes.[A] As he likes her much[B] Much though he likes her[C] Though much he likes her|D] Much as he likes her10. Californians and New Englanders speak the same language and by the samefederal laws.[A] stand[B] conform[C] abide [D] sustain11. The vocabulary of any technical discussion may include words which are never used outsidethe subject or fi el d.[A] in view[B] in question|C] in case [D] in effect12. The long-awaited Hubble Space Telescope, to orbit the Earth next March, willobserve some of the oldest stars in the sky.[A] subject[B] owing[C] available [D] due13. of the burden of ice, the balloon climbed up and drifted to the South.[A] To be free[B] Freeing[C] To free [D] Freed14. The patient has been of the safety of the operation.[A] assured[B] guaranteed[C] entrusted [D] confirmed15. Will you this passage to see if there is any misprint?[A] look up[B] go over[C] dwell on [D] work out16. The patients believe that the doctor knows exactly how to put t hem.[A] correct[B] straight[C] right [D] well17. Although he thought he was helping us prepare the dinner, he was actually theway.[AJ in[B|by|C]off [D] on18. If we believe something is good and true we should to it.[A] hold up[B] keep on[C] hold on [D] keep up19. , more than 200 houses and buildings are heated by solar energy, not to mention thebig cities in the region.[A] Alone in the small town[B] In the small alone town[C| In the alone small town|D| In the small town alone20. The bank is reported in the local newspaper in broad daylight yesterday.[A] to be robbed[B] robbed[C] to have been robbed[D] having been robbed21. The engineers are going through with their highway p r o j e c t , t h e expenses haverisen.[A] even though[B] just because[C] now that[D] as though22. Although we had told them not to keep us waiting, they made no to speed updeliveries.[A] trial[B] attempt[C] action|D| progress23. Water will continue to be it is today - next in importance to oxygen.[A] how[B] which[C] as[D] what24. Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he our chairman now.[A] must have been|B| would have been[C] were[D| would be25. Stressful environments lead to unhealthy behaviors such as poor eating habits, whichincrease the risk of heart disease.[A] in turn[B] in retum[C] by chance[D] by turns26. The tourist is prevented from entering a country if he does not have passport.[A] an operative[B] a valid[C] an efficient[D] an effective27. I like to go to the cinema when 1 am in the________ for it.[A] motive[B] mind|C] mood[D] notion28. The project requires more labor t han.[A] has been put in[BJ have been put in[C] being put in[D] to be put in29. Circus tigers, although they have been tamed, can attack their trainer.[A] unexpectedly[B] deliberately[C] reluctantly[D] subsequently30. There seemed little hope that the e x p l o r e r , i n the tropical forest, would find hisway through it.[AJ to be deserted[B] having deserted[C] to have been deserted[D] having been desertedSection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question four answers aregiven. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Put yourchoice in the ANSWER SHEET. (30 points)Text 1It is all very well to blame traffic jams, the cost of petrol and the quick pace of modem life,but manners on the roads are becoming horrible. Everybody knows that the nicest men becomemonsters behind the wheel. It is very well, again, to have a tiger in the tank, but to have one in thedriver's seat is another matter altogether. You might tolerate the odd road-hog, the rude andinconsiderate driver, but nowadays the well-mannered motorist is the exception to the rule.Perhaps the situation calls for a “Be Kind to Other Drivers“ campaign, otherwise it may getcompletely out of hand.Road politeness is not only good manners, but good sense too. It takes the most cool-headedand good-tempered of drivers to resist the temptation to revenge when subjected to uncivilizedbehavior. On the other hand, a little politeness goes a long way towards relieving the tensions ofmotoring. A friendly nod or a wave of acknowledgement in response to an act of politeness helpsto create an atmosphere of goodwill and tolerance so necessary in modern traffic conditions. Butsuch acknowledgements of politeness are all too rare today. Many drivers nowadays don't evenseem able to recognize politeness when they see it.However, misplaced politeness can also be dangerous. Typical examples are the driver whobrakes violently to allow a car to emerge from a side street at some hazard to following traffic,when a few seconds later the road would be clear anyway; or the man who waves a child across azebra crossing into the path of oncoming vehicles that may be unable to stop in time. The samegoes for encouraging old ladies to cross the road wherever and whenever they care to. It alwaysamazes me that the highways are not covered with the dead bodies of these grannies.A veteran driven whose manners are faultless, told me it would help if motorists learnt tofilter correctly into traffic streams one at a time without causing the total blockages that give riseto bad temper. Unfortunately, modern motorists can't even learn to drive, let alone master thesubtler aspects of boatmanship. Years ago the experts warned us that the car-ownership explosionwould demand a lot more give-and-take from all road users. It is high time for all of us to take thismessage to heart.31. According to this passage, troubles on the road are primarily caused by.[A] people's attitude towards the road-hog[B] the rhythm of modem life|C ] the behavior of the driver[D] traffic conditions32. The sentence “You might tolerate the odd road-hog... the rule.” (Para. 1) implies that[A] our society is unjust towards well-mannered motorists[B] rude drivers can be met only occasionally[C] the well-mannered motorist cannot tolerate the road-hog[D] nowadays impolite drivers constitute the majority of motorists33. By “good sense J the writer means .[A] the driver's ability to understand and react reasonably[B] the driver's prompt response to difficult and severe conditions[C] the driver's tolerance of rude or even savage behavior[D] the driver's acknowledgement of politeness and regulations34. Experts have long pointed out that in the face of car-ownership e x p l o s i o n , .[A] road users should make more sacrifice[B] drivers should be ready to yield to each other[C] drivers should have more communication among themselves[D] drivers will suffer great loss if they pay no respect to others35. In the writer's o p i n i o n , .[A] strict traffic regulations are badly needed[B ] drivers should apply road politeness properly[C] rude drivers should be punished[D] drivers should avoid traffic jamsText 2In the atmosphere, carbon dioxide acts rather like a one-way mirror - the glass in the roof ofa greenhouse which allows the sun's rays to enter but prevents the heat from escaping.According to a weather expert's prediction, the atmosphere will be 3℃ warmer in the year2050 than it is today, if man continues to burn fuels at the present rate. If this warming up tookplace, the ice caps in the poles would begin to melt, thus raising sea level several metres andseverely flooding coastal cities. Also, the increase in atmospheric temperature would lead to greatchanges in the climate of the northern hemisphere, possibly resulting in an alteration of earth'schief food-growing zones.In the past, concern about a man-made warming of the earth has concentrated on the Arcticbecause the Antarctic is much colder and has a much thicker ice sheet. But the weather experts arenow paying more attention to West Antarctic, which may be affected by only a few degrees ofwarming: in other words, by a warming on the scale that will possibly take place in the next fiftyyears from the burning of fuels.Satellite pictures show that large areas of Antarctic ice are already disappearing. The evidenceavailable suggests that a warming has taken place. This fits the theory that carbon dioxide warmsthe earth.However, most of the fuel is burnt in the northern hemisphere, where temperatures seem to befalling. Scientists conclude, therefore, that up to now natural influences on the weather haveexceeded those caused by man. The question is: Which natural cause has most effect on theweather?One possibility is the variable behavior of the sun. Astronomers at one research station havestudied the hot spots and "cold” spots (that is, the relatively less hot spots) on the sun. As the sunrotates, every 27.5 days, it presents hotter or “colde/' faces to the earth, and different aspects todifferent parts of the earth. This seems to have a considerable effect on the distribution of theearth's atmospheric pressure, and consequently on wind circulation. The sun is also variable over along term: its heat output goes up and down in cycles, the latest trend being downward.Scientists are now finding mutual relations between models of solar-weather interactions and theactual climate over many thousands of years, including the last Ice Age. The problem is that themodels are predicting that the world should be entering a new Ice Age and it is not. One way ofsolving this theoretical difficulty is to assume a delay of thousands of years while the solar effectsovercome the inertia ( 惯性) of the earth's climate. If this is right, the warming effect of carbondioxide might thus be serving as a useful counter-balance to the sun's diminishing heat.36. It can be concluded that a concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would[A] prevent the sun's rays from reaching the earth's surface[B] mean a warming up in the Arctic[C] account for great changes in the climate in the northern hemisphere[D] raise the temperature of the earth's surface37. The article was written to e xpl a i n.[A] the greenhouse effect[B ] the solar effects on the earth[C] the models of sol ar-weather interactions[D] the causes affecting weather38. Although the fuel consumption is greater in the northern hemisphere, temperatures thereseem to be falling. This is.[A] mainly because the levels of carbon dioxide are rising|B ] possible because the ice caps in the poles are melting[C] exclusively due to the effect of the inertia of the earth's climate[D] partly due to variations in the output of solar energy39. On the basis of their models, scientists are of the opinion that.[A] the climate of the world should be becoming cooler[B] it will take thousands of years for the inertia of the earth's climate to take effect[C] the man-made warming effect helps to increase the solar effects[D] the new Ice Age will be delayed by the greenhouse effect40. If the assumption about the delay of a new Ice Age is c o r r e c t , .[A] the best way to overcome the cooling effect would be to bum more fuels[B] ice would soon cover the northern hemisphere[C] the increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere could warm up the earth even morequickly[DJ the greenhouse effect could work to the advantage of the earthText 3Some people believe that international sport creates goodwill between the nations and that ifcountries play games together they will learn to live together. Others say that the opposite is true:that international contests encourage false national pride and lead to misunderstanding and hatred.There is probably some truth in both arguments, but in recent years the Olympic Games have donelittle to support the view that sports encourages international brotherhood. Not only was there thetragic incident involving the murder of athletes, but the Games were also ruined by lesserincidents caused principally by minor national contests.One country received its second-place medals with visible indignation after the hockey （ 曲棍球）final. There had been noisy scenes at the end of the hockey match, the losers objecting to the finaldecisions. They were convinced that one of their goals should not have been disallowed and thattheir opponents' victory was unfair. Their manager was in a rage when he said: "This wasn'thockey. Hockey and the International Hockey Federation are finished.^^ The president of theFederation said later that such behavior could result in the suspension of the team for at least threeyears.The American basketball team announced that they would not yield first place to Russia, after adisputable end to their contest. The game had ended in disturbance. It was thought at first that theUnited States had won, by a single point, but it was announced that there were three seconds stillto play. A Russian player then threw the ball from one end of the court to the other, and anotherplayer popped it into the basket. It was the first time the USA had ever lost an Olympic basketballmatch. An appeal jury debated the matter for four and a half hours before announcing that theresult would stand. The American players then voted not to receive the silver medals.Incidents of this kind will continue as long as sport is played competitively rather than fbr thelove of the game. The suggestion that athletes should compete as individuals, or in non-nationalteams, might be too much to hope for. But in the present organization of the Olympics there is fartoo much that encourages aggressive patriotism.41. According to the author, recent Olympic Games have.[A] created goodwill between the nations[B] bred only false national pride[C] barely showed any international friendship[D] led to more and more misunderstanding and hatred42. What did the manager mean by saying, “…Hockey and the International Hockey Federationare finished”?[A] His team would no longer take part in international games.[B] Hockey and the Federation are both ruined by the unfair decisions.[C] There should be no more hockey matches organized by the Federation.[D] The Federation should be dissolved.43. The basketball example implied that.[A] too much patriotism was displayed in the incident[B] the announcement to prolong the match was wrong[C] the appeal jury was too hesitant in making the decision[D] the American team was right in rejecting the silver medals44. The author gives the two examples in Paragraphs 2 and 3 to show.[A] how false national pride led to undesirable incidents in international games[B] that sportsmen have been more obedient than they used to be[C] that competitiveness in the games discourages international friendship[D] that unfair decisions are common in Olympic Games45. What conclusion can be drawn from the passage?[A] The organization of the Olympic Games must be improved.[B ] Athletes should compete as individual in the Olympic Games.[C] Sport should be played competitively rather than for the love of the game.[D] International contests are liable for misunderstanding between nations.Section III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage there are four choices labeled [A], [B], [C],and |D]. Choose the best one and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)The key to the industrialization of space is the U.S. space shuttle. 46 it, astronauts willacquire a workhouse vehicle 47 of flying into space and returning many times. 48by reusable rockets that can lift a load of 65, 000 pounds, the shuttle will carry devices forscientific inquiry, as 49 as a variety of military hardware. 50 more significantly, itwill 51 materials and machines into space for industrial purposes 52 two decadesago when “sputnik” (artificial satellite) was 53 to the vocabulary. In short, the 54importance of the shuttle lies in its 55 as an economic tool.What makes the space shuttle 56 is that it takes off like a rocket but lands like anairplane. 57 , when it has accomplished its 58 , it can be ready for 59 trip inabout two weeks.The space shuttle, the world's first true spaceship, is a magnificent step 60 making theimpossible possible for the benefit and survival of man.46. [A] In IB] On[C] By[D] With47. [A] capable[B] suitable[C] efficient[D] fit48. [A] Served [Bl Powered[C] Forced[D] Reinforced49. [A] far [B] well[C] much[D] long.50. [A]Then[B]Or[C]But[D] So51. [A] supply |B| introduce[C] deliver|Dl transfer52. [A] unimagined [B] unsettled [C] uncovered[D] unsolved53. [A] attributed [B] contributed[C] applied[D] added54. [A] general [B] essential[C] prevailingfD] ultimate55. [A] promise [B] prosperity[C] popularity[D] priority56. [A| exceptional[B] strange[C] unique|D| rare57. [A] Thus [B] Whereas[CJ Nevertheless2] Yet58. [A] venture [B] mission[C] commission[D] responsibility59. [A] new [B] another[C] certain[D] subsequent60. [A] for [B] by[C] in[D] throughSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts. These parts are labeled [A], [B], [C], and [D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and put your choice in the ANSWER SHEET.Then, without altering the meaning of the sentence, write down your correction on the line in theANSWER SHEET. (10 points)61. Young readers, more often than not, find the novels of Dickens far more exciting thanA B CThackeray.D62. People cannot but feel puzzling , for they simply cannot understand how heA B Ccould have made such a stupid mistake.D63. Nowhere but in Europe we have seeo the results so clearly, which really have surprisedA B Cus all.D64. The amount of pressure which the materials are subject to affect the quality of theABCDproducts.65. I regret having left the work unfinished; I should plan everything ahead carefully.A B C D66. The problem of unemployment the governments want solved is as serious as never inABCthese underdeveloped countries.D67. Many species can communicate an amazing amount of information via sound, informationA Bwhich both the life of an individual and the continued existence of the species may depend.C D68. It was not so much the many blows he received for the lack of fighting spirit that led toA B Chis losing the game.D69. Those part-time students expected to offer some jobs on campus during the comingA B CDsummer vacation.70. With production having gone up steadily, the factory needs an ever・ iincreasing supply ofA B C Draw materials.Section V English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15points)“Intelligence“ at best is an assumptive construct - the meaning of the word has never been clear.(71) There is more agreement on the kinds of behavior referred to by the term than there is on howto interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is onewho can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal andmathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child'scapacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does notmeasure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It isnot supposed to - it was not designed for such purposes. (72) To criticize it for such failure isroughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for rot measuring wind velocity.The other thing we have to notice is that the assessment of the intelligence of any subject isessentially a comparative affair.(73) Now since the assessment of intelligence is a comparative matter we must be sure that thescale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a “valid” or “fair” comparison. It is herethat some of the difficulties which interest us begin. Any test performed involves at least threefactors: the intention to do one's best, the knowledge required for understanding what you have todo, and the intellectual ability to do it. (74) The first two must be equal for all who are beingcompared, if any comparison in terms of intelligence is to be made. In school populations in ourculture these assumptions can be made fair and reasonable, and the value of intelligence testinghas been proved thoroughly. Its value lies, of course, in its providing a satisfactory basis forprediction. No one is in the least interested in the marks a little child gets on his test; what we areinterested in is whether we can conclude from his mark on the test that the child will do better orworse than other children of his age at tasks which we think require “general intelligence.”(75) On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but onlyif the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whomhe is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which theypossessed.Section VI WritingDIRECTIONS:[A] Title: FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENT AND CHILD[BJ Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the givenopening sentence.|E] Your composition must be written clearly in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Present situation: Lack of communication between parent and child2. Possible reasons:1) Different likes and dislikes2) Misunderstanding3) Others3. Suggestions:1) For parents2) For children1992年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)l.[C]2. [D]3. [B]4. [C]5. [C]6. [A]7. [B]8. [C]9. [D]10.[C]11.IB]12.|D|13.[D]14.[A]15.IB]16.[C]17.[A]18.[C]19.[D]20.[C]21.[A]22.[B]23.[D]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[C]28.[A]29.[A]30.[D]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.[C]32.ID]33.[A]34.IB]35.IB]36.ID]37.|D|38.[D]39.[A]40.|D|41.[C]42.[B]43.[A]44.[C]45.[A]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.[D]47.[A]48.[B]49.[B]50.[C]51.[C]52.[A]53.[D]54.ID]55.LA]56.[C]57.|A|58.[B|59.IB]60.[C]Section IV: Error-detection and Correction (10 points)61.[DI Thackery's62.[B] puzzled63.[A] have we seen64.[D] affects65.[C] should have planned66.[C]ever67.[C] on which68.[B] as69.|A] to be offered70.|B| goingSection V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71. 人们对智力这个词所指的不同表现意见比较一致， 而对这些表现如何解释或分类则有不同的看法。

72. 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测风速一样73. 既然对智力的评估是比较而言的， 那么我们必须确保， 在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所用的尺度能提供“ 有效的”或 “ 公平的”比较74. 如果要从智力方面进行任何比较的话， 那么对所有被比较者来说， 前两个因素必须是一样的75. 总的来说，得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的， 但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的另一个孩子的态度相同； 他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受影响Section VI: Writing (15 points)76. 参考范文For A Better Understanding Between Parent And ChildNowadays, there is often a lack of understanding between parent and child. One generationoften feels that its style of life is different from another generation's style. The feeling that eachfamily unit should have a separate residence is characteristic. No one wants to intrude or beintruded upon. Both parents and child feel that the other's presence would upset and change thenormal routine.One of the reasons for present situation is that there are different likes and dislikes betweenparents and child. For example, the child likes glittering disco, rock-and-roll music or lovesmovies for his entertainment at night while the parents like peaceful environment and physicalexercises. They would like to spend their evenings of life in happiness.Secondly, there often exists misunderstanding between parent and child. The child doesn'tknow what his parent thinks and acts, while the parent doesn't understand what his children wantto do. In general, young people enjoy a great deal of freedom, while their parents always keeptheir traditional style of life.Thirdly, children often do not feel an equal share of responsibility toward their parents. Forexample, a brother sometimes feels that his sisters are responsible for physical care of their parents.One child may resent another's reluctance to help, provoking misunderstanding and bitterness.Not all of the children may be financially capable of contributing an equal share to the cost of theirparent's care.I argue that it is unfair to say that they are self-centered. Parent and child should oftencommunicate each other. By discovering things about both sides, they can interact much better andhelp each other to deal with their problems for a better understanding between parents and child.1993年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyIn each sentence, decide which of the four choices given will most suitably complete the sentence ifinserted at the place marked. Put your choices in the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)1. The board deemed it urgent that these files right away.[A] had to be printed [B] should have been printed[C] must be printed [D] should be printed2. The local health organization is reported twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audonbecame its first president.[A] to be set up[B] being set up[C] to have been set up[D] having been set up3. The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers fbr.[A] be demonstrating[B] demonstrate[C] had been demonstrating[D] have demonstrated4. Ted has told me that he always escapes as he has got a very fast sports car.[A] to fine[B] to be fined[C] being fined[D] having been fined5. More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in C a l i f o r n i a , i n SanFrancisco.[A] previously[B] predominantly[C] practically[D] permanently6. Prof. Lee's book will show you can be used in other contexts.| A| that you have observed[B] that how you have observed[C] how that you have observed[D] how what you have observed7. All flights because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.[A] were canceled [B] had been canceled[C] having canceled [D] having been canceled8. The new secretary has written a remarkably report only in a few pages but with allthe details.[A] concise[B] clear[C] precise[D] elaborate9. With prices so much, it's hard fbr the company to plan a budget.[A] fluctuating [B] waving [C] swinging [D] vibrating10. Experts say walking is one of the best ways for a person to healthy.[A] preserve[Bl stay[C] maintain[D] reserve11. Expected noises are usually more than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.[A] manageable|B| controllable[C] tolerable|D| perceivable12. It isn't so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he wor ks .[AJ above all[B]in all[C] at all[D] after all13. There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyoneagrees what constitutes a benefit to an individual.|A| on|B] with[C] to[D] in14. All the information we have collected in relation to that case very little.I A] makes up for [B] adds up to[C] comes up with[DJ puts up with15. A really powerful speaker can the feelings of the audience to the fever ofexcitement.[A] work out[B] work over[C] work at[D] work up16. Before the students set off, they spent much time setting a limit the expensesof the trip.| A] to[B| about[C] in[D] for17. According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes from the ofmaturity.[A] fulfillment[B] achievement[C] establishment[D] accomplishment18. From the tears in Nedra's eyes we can deduce that something sad.(AJ must have occurred[B] would have occurred|C] might be occurring[D] should occur19. You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting you don't mind taking thenight train.[A] provided[BJ unless[C] though[D] until20. Hardly a month goes by without of another survey revealing new depths ofscientific illiteracy among U.S. citizens.| A| words|B] a word[C] the word[D| word21. If you Jerry Brown until recently, you'd think the photograph on the right wasstrange.[A] shouldn't contact[B] didn't contact[C] weren't to contact [DI hadn't contacted22. Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which themthe rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.[A] deprives[BJ restricts[C] rejects[D] denies23. I must go now. , if you want that book I'll bring it next time.[A] Incidentally[B] Accidental!y[C] Occasionally[D] Subsequently24. There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you t a k e , t h e y canlimit how much water you drink.[A] much more than|B| no more than[C| no less than|D] any more than25. Though in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record theplain facts of small-town life.[A] raised[B] grown[C] developed[D] cultivated26. Most electronic devices of this k i n d ,m a n u f a c t u r e d fbr such purposes, aretightly packed.| A] that are[B] as are[C] which is[D| it is27. As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of furnace fuel isallowed saved for the dawn.[A] what[BJ that[C] which[D] such28. Achieving a high degree of proficiency in English as a foreign language is not amysterious without scientific basic.|A] process[B] practicefC] procedure|D| program29. We cannot always the wind, so new windmills should be so designed thatthey can also be driven by water.[A] hang on[B] count on[C] hold on[D] come on30. The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause of vegetables in thecoming days.[A] rarity[B] scarcity[C] invalidity[D] varietySection II Reading ComprehensionEach of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are four answersmarked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each ofthe questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the correspondingletter in the brackets. (30 points)Text 1Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life canbe starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick II in the thirteenthcentury, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mothertongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here.What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially,the capacity to survive is seriously affected.Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children arestill backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to thesignals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitiveperiods are neglected, the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned soeasily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow andhard once the critical stage has passed.Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, butthere are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventually turns out to be of high IQ.At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speaksimple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of threeto fifty words. At three he knows about 1,000 words which he can put into sentences, and at fourhis language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special aboutman's brain, compared with that of the monkey, is the complex system which enables a child toconnect the sight and fieel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattern “toy-bear." And even moreincredible is the young brain's ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of soundaround him, to analyze, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways.But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child,where the mother recognizes the signals in the child's babbling （ 咿呀学语） ， grasping and smiling,and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because thechild gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child's non-verbalsignals is essential to the growth and development of language.31. The purpose of Frederick IPs experiment was.[A] to prove that children are born with the ability to speak[B] to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech[C] to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak[DJ to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language32. The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that.[A] they are incapable of learning language rapidly[B] they are exposed to too much language at once[C] their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak[D] their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them33. What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that.[A] he is born with the capacity to speak[B] he has a brain more complex than an animaPs[C] he can produce his own sentences[D] he owes his speech ability to good nursing34. Which of the following can NOT be inferred from the passage?[A] The faculty of speech is inborn in man.[BJ Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.[C] The child's brain is highly selective.[DJ Most children learn their language in definite stages.35. If a child starts to speak later than others, he will in f ut ur e.[A] have a high IQ|B ] be less intelligent[C] be insensitive to verbal signals[D] not necessarily be backwardText 2In general, our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic （ 官僚主义的） management in which man becomes a small, well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oiling isdone with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and“human-relations“ experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has becomepowerless, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. Infact, the blue- and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tuneof automated machines and bureaucratic management.The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of ajob; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life.They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human existence asemotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty thanthose of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highlycompetitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matterof self-respect. When they apply fbr their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as for thetight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested again andagain — by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors, who judgetheir behavior, sociability, capacity to get along, etc. This constant need to prove that one is asgood as or better than one's fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causesof unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production or tonineteenth-century “free enterprise“ capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved byreturning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social systemfrom a bureaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption areends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of hispotentialities - those of love and of reason - are the aims of all social arrangements. Productionand consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from rulingman.36. By “a well-oiled cog in the machinery“ the author intends to render the idea that man is[A] a necessary part of the society though each individual's function is negligible[B] working in complete harmony with the rest of the society[C] an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioning smoothly[D] a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly37. The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that.[AJ they are likely to lose their jobs[B] they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life[C] they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence[D] they are deprived of their individuality and independence38. From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to t hose.[A] who are at the bottom of the society[B] who are higher up in their social status[C] who prove better than their fellow-competitors[D] who could keep far away from this competitive world39. To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we s houl d.[A] resort to the production mode of our ancestors|B J offer higher wages to the workers and employees[C] enable man to fully develop his potentialities[D| take the fundamental realities for granted40. The author's attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of.[A] approval[B] dissatisfaction[C] suspicion[D] toleranceText 3When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: hecan give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which theinventor gets a limited period of monopoly （ 垄断） and publishes full details of his invention to thepublic after that period terminates.Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter thisnormal process of events.The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TVreceiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent's normal life there wasno colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the libraryattached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for anyone touse and, if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts often adviseanyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents that the one sureway of avoiding violation of any other inventor's right is to plagiarize a dead patent. Likewise,because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on thatidea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modem technologicaladvance is based on these presumptions of legal security.Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact,as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity ordedication, or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basicpatent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behindtelevision originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine carwas anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.41. The passage is mainly about .[A] an approach to patents|B ] the application for patents[C] the use of patents[D] the access to patents42. Which of the following is TRUE according to the passage?[A] When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.[B] It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.[C] A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legal period is over.[D] One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent office.43. George Valensia patent lasted until 1971 b e c a u s e .[A] nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time[B] his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time[C] there were not enough TV stations to provide colour programmes|D] the colour TV receiver was not available until that time44. The word ttplagiarize^^ (Line 8, Para. 5) most probably means “[A] steal and use[B] give reward to[C] make public[D] take and change45. From the passage we learn that.[A] an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice[B] products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago[C] it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one[D] patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patentsSection III Cloze TestFor each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C], and |DJ.Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets. (15 points)Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture, its development into aspecialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because ofthe many functions that might be 46 in a single large building.The importance of interior design becomes 47 when we realize how much time we48 surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundingsto be 49 attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect 50 place to beappropriate to its use. You would be 51 if the inside of your bedroom were suddenlychanged to look 52 the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn't feel 53 in abusiness office that has the appearance of a school.It soon becomes clear that the interior designer's most important basic 54 is thefunction of the particular 55 . For example, a theater with poor sight lines, poorsound-shaping qualities, and 56 few entries and exits will not work for 57 purpose,no matter how beautifully it might be 58 Nevertheless, for any kind of space, the designerhas to make many of the same kind of 59 . He or she must coordinate the shapes, lightingand decoration of everything from ceiling to floor. 60 addition, the designer must usuallyselect furniture or design built-in furniture, according to the functions that need to be served.46. [A] consisted[B] contained[C] composed[D] comprised47. [A| obscure[B| attractive|C] appropriate|D| evident48. [A] spend|B| require[C] settle|D] retain49. [A] so[B] as[C] thus[D] such50. [A] some[B] any[C] this[D] each51. [A] amused[B] interestedfC] shockedfD] frightened52. [A] like[B] for[C] at[D] into53. | A| correct[B] proper|C] right|D| suitable54. [A] care[B] concern[C] attention[D] intention55. [A] circumstance[B] environment[C] surroundings[D] space56. [A] too[B] quite[C] a[D] far57. [A] their[B] its[C] those[D] that58. [A] paintedfB] covered[C] omamented[D] decorated59. [A] solutionsfBl conclusions[C] decisions[D] determinations60. [A] For[B] In[C] As[D] WithSection IV Error-detection and CorrectionEach of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and [D]. Identify thepart of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. Then, without altering the meaning of thesentence, write down your correction on the line on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)EXAMPLE: A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which theyA B Csaw many new products.DAnswer [C] is wrong because the sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors weretaken to the industrial exhibition where they saw many new products.^^ So you should choose [C]and write the correction “where“ on the line.Sample Answer|A] |B| |* | |D| where61. He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements making only toABCgain his favor.D62. They want to expose those educational disadvantaged students to creative, enrichingA Beducational experiences for a five・ year period.C D63. The changes that took place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemedA B Ccompletely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.D64. I donH think it advisable that he will be assigned to the job since he has no experienceA B Cwhatsoever.D65. Beethoven, the great musician, wrote nine symphonies in his life, most of them were wri上enA Bafter he had lost his hearing.C D66. Mr. Jankin regretted to blame his secretary for the mistake, for he later discovered it wasA BCDhis own fault.67. As for the influence of computerization, nowhere we have seen the results more clearly thanA Bin the U.S., which really have surprised us all.C D68. At times, more care goes into the composition of newspaper and magazine advertisementsA Bthan the writing of features and editorials.C D69. It is required by law that a husband have to pay the debts of his wife until formal notice isA Bgiven that he no longer has to pay her.C D70. Over the years, a large number of overseas students have studied at that universityA Bin the result that it has acquired substantial experience in dealing with them.C DSection V English-Chinese TranslationRead the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese. (15points)(71) The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary modeof working of the human mind; it is simply the mode by which all phenomena are reasoned aboutand given precise and exact explanation. There is no more difference, but there is just the samekind of difference, between the mental operations of a man of science and those of an ordinaryperson, as there is between the operations and methods of a baker or of a butcher weighing out hisgoods in common scales, and the operations of a chemist in performing a difficult and complexanalysis by means of his balance and finely graded weights. (72) It is not that the scales in the onecase, and the balance in the other、 differ in the principles of their construction or manner ofworking： but that the latter is a much finer apparatus and of course much more accurate in itsmeasurement than the formerYou will understand this better, perhaps, if I give you some familiar examples. (73) You have allheard it repeated that men of science work by means of induction ( 归纳法) and deduction, that bythe help of these operations, they, in a sort of sense, manage to extract from Nature certain naturallaws, and that out of these, by some special skill of their own, they build up their theories. (74)And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no meanscompared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. Tohear all these large words, you would think that the mind of a man of science must be constituteddifferently from that of his fellow men; but if you will not be frightened by terms, you willdiscover that you are quite wrong, and that all these terrible apparatus are being used byyourselves every day and every hour of your lives.There is a well-known incident in one of Moliere's plays, where the author makes the heroexpress unbounded delight on being told that he had been talking prose ( 散文) during the whole ofhis life. In the same way, I trust that you will take comfort, and be delighted with yourselves, onthe discovery that you have been acting on the principles of inductive and deductive philosophyduring the same period. (75) Probably there is not one here who has not in the course of the dayhad occasion to set in motion a complex train of reasoning, of the very same kind, thoughdiffering in degree、 as that which a scientific man goes through in tracing the causes of naturalphenomena.Section VI WritingDirections: [A] Title: ADVERTISEMENT ON TV[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the givenopening sentence: 'Today more and more advertisements are seen on the TV screen.”[E] Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Present state2. Reasons3. My comments1993年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (15 points)l.[D]2. [C]3. [C]4. [C]5. [B]6. |D|7. [D]8. [A]9.|A]10.IB]11.|C]12.[C]13.[A]14.IB]15.|D|16.[A]17.[B]18.[A]19.[A]20.[D]21.[D]22.[D]23.[A]24.[D]25.[A]26.[B]27.[AJ28.[A]29.[B]30.LB]Section II: Reading Comprehension (30 points)31.|B|32.[C]33.[C|34.IB]35.|D|36.[C]37.[D]38.[D]39.[C]40.[B]41. [D]42. [C]43. [B]44. [A]45. [A]Section III: Cloze Test (15 points)46.IB]47.[D]48.[A]49.[BJ50.IDJ51.IC]52.[A]53.[C|54.IB]55.|D|56.|A]57.[BJ58.[D]59.[C|60.IB]Section V: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)Section IV: Error-detection and Correction 10 points)61.[C] made62.[A] educationally63.[A] have taken64.[B] (should) be assigned65.[B] written66.[A] having blamed67.[B] have we seen68.[C] into the writing69.[D] to pay them70.[C] with the result71. 科学研究的方法不过是人类思维活动的必要表达方式， 也就是对一切现象进行思索并给以精确而严谨解释的表达方式。

72. 这并不是说面包师或卖肉者所用的磅秤和化学家所用的天平在构造原理或工作方式上存在差别，而是说与前者相比， 后者是一种更精密得多的装置，因而在计量上必然更准确得多73. 你们都多次听说过， 科学家是用归纳法和演绎法工作的， 他们用这些方法，在某种意义上说，力求从自然界找出某些自然规律，然后他们根据这些规律，用自己的某种非同一般的本领，建立起他们的理论74. 许多人以为， 普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比， 认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握75. 在座的诸位中， 大概不会有人一整天都没有机会进行一连串复杂的思考活动， 这些思考活动与科学家在探索自然现象原因时所经历的思考活动， 尽管复杂程度不同， 但在类型上是完全一样的Section VI: Writing (15 points)76. 参考范文( 略)1994年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. By the time you arrive in London, we in Europe for two weeks.[A] shall stay[B] have stayed[C] will have stayed[D] have been staying2. I appreciated the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.[A] having been given[B] having given[C] to have been given[D] to have given3. Living in the central Australian desert has its p r o b le m s ,o b ta in in g water is not theleast.[AJ of which[B| for what[C] as|D| whose4. The heart is intelligent than the stomach, for they are both controlled by the brain.[AJ not so|B| not much[C] much more[D] no more5. the fact that his initial experiments had failed, Prof. White persisted in hisresearch.[A] Because of[B] As to[C] In spite of[DJ In view of6. Jean Wagner's most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is hisinsistence that it in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.[A] is to be analyzed|B] has been analyzed[C] be analyzed[D] should have been analyzed7. The millions of calculations involved, had they been done by h a n d , a l l practicalvalue by the time they were finished.[A] could lose[B] would have lost[C] might lose[D] ought to have lost8. No bread eaten by man is so sweet as earned by his own labour.[A] one|B] that[C] such[D| what9. It isn't cold enough for there a frost tonight, so I can leave Jim's car out quitesafely.[A] would be[B] being[C] was[D] to be10. Scientists generally agree that the Earth's climate will warm up over the next 50 to 100 yearsit has warmed in the 20,000 years since the Ice Age.[A] as long as|B| as much as[C] as soon as|D| as well asPartBDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)11. Similar elements in the prehistoric remains from both areas suggest that Indians and theirA Bneighbours had maintained distant but real connections ever before 1500 B. C.C D12. It soon became obviously that instead of being trained to sing she would be trained asA B CDthe astronomer^ assistant.13. He also conceived that the solar system and the universe would coms into existence by aA B Cnatural process and would disappear one day.D14. The moon has a mass that is nearly one hundred times less than the earth ;A Bin consequence,the force of gravity at the moon's surface is only one-sixth of that at the earth'sC Dsurface.15. ‘The Bunsen burner is so named because it is thought to be invented by Robert Bunsen,A B Cwho was German by birth.D16. Much although I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness,A Bwhatever the iob.C D17. The weeds and tall grass in that yard makes the house look as if it had been vacant forA BCDquite some time.18. If only the nature of the aging process js better understood, the possibility of discovering aA B Cmedicine that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote.D19. When I consider how talented he is as a painter, I cannot help but believing that the publicA B C Dwill appreciate his gift.20. Allen has stated that he has always had a great interest and admiration for the work of theA B C DBritish economist Keynes.PartCDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked |A], |B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. Please do not be by his bad manners since he is merely trying to attract attention.[A] disregarded[B] distorted[C] irritated[D] intervened22. Craig assured his boss that he would ail his energies in doing this new job.[A] call forth[B] call at[C] call on[D] call off23. Too much to X-rays can cause skin burns, cancer or other damage to the body.[A] disclosure[B] exhibition[C] contact[D] exposure24. When confronted with such questions, my mind goes, and I can hardly remembermy own date of birth.[A] dim[B] blank[C] faint[D] vain25. It is well known that knowledge is that condition for expansion of mind.[AJ incompatible[B| incredible|C] indefinitefD] indispensable26. More than two hundred years ago the United States from the British Empire andbecome an independent country.[A] got off[B] pulled down[C] broke away[D] dropped off27. Care should be taken to decrease the length of time that one is loud continuousnoise.[A] subjected to[BJ filled with[C] associated with[D] attached to28. Some of the most important concepts in physics their success to thesemathematical systems.[A] oblige[B] owe[C] contribute[D] attribute29. As your instructor advised, you ought to spend your time on somethingresearching into.[AJ precious|B| worthfC] worthy[D] valuable30. As a defense against air-pollution damage, many plants and animals a substance toabsorb hai*mful chemicals.[A] relieve[B] release[C] dismiss[D] discard31. Without the friction between their feet and the ground, people would be able towalk.[A] in no time|B | by all means[C] in no way[D| on any account32. While typing, Helen has a habit of stopping to give her long and flowing hair asmooth.[A] occasionally[B] simultaneously[C] eventually[D] promptly33. One reason for the successes of Asian immigrants in the U.S. is that they have taken greatto educate their children.[A] efforts|BJ pains[C] attempts|D| endeavours34. If any man here does not agree with me, he should his own plan fbr improving theliving conditions of these people.[A] put on[B] put out[C] put in[D] put forward35. I support your decision, but I should also make it clear that I am not going to be toit.[A] connected|B| fastened|C] bound|D| stuck36. The English language contains a( n) of words which are comparatively seldom usedin ordinary conversation.[A] altitude[B] latitude[C] multitude[D] attitude37. In my opinion, you can widen th e of these improvements through your activeparticipation.[A] dimension[B] volume[C] magnitude|D| scope38. Your improper words will give to doubts concerning your true intentions.[A] rise[B] reason[C] suspicion[DJ impulse39. The news item about the fire is followed by a detailed report made.[A] on the spot[B] on the site[C] on the location[D] on the ground40. The remarkable of life on the Galapagos Islands inspired Charles Darwin toestablish his theory of evolution.[A] classification[B] variety[CJ density[D] diversionSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. In speaking,the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. Proper selection will eliminate onesource of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often, careless use of words43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. The words used by the speaker may44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45 interfere with his comprehension; hence,the transmission-reception system breaks down.46 , inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult for the listener tounderstand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker who does not havespecific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain or describe in a 50that can be understood by his listeners.41. [A] of[B] at[C] for[D] on42. [A] inaccessible[B] timely[C] likely[D] invalid43. [A] encourages[B| prevents[C] destroys|D] offers44. [A] pass out|B] take away[C] back up|D] stir up45. [A] who[B] as[C] whichlD] what46. [A] MoreoverlB] However[C] Preliminarily[D] Unexpectedly47. [A] that[B] it[C] so[D] this48. [A] speech[B] sense[C] message[D] meaning49. [A| obscure]B| difficultlC] impossible!D| unable50. [A] case[B] means[C] method[D] waySection HI Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise,market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced byspending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. Privatebusinessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with otherbusinessmen; and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determineshow these goods and services are produced. Thus, in the American economic system it is thedemand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits andthe desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall beproduced and how resources are used to produce it.An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demandscan be expressed and responded to by producers. In the American economy, this mechanism isprovided by a price system, a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demandsof consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers. If the product is in short supply relative tothe demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market. If,on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend toincrease the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit moreconsumers to buy the product. Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economicsystem.The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to ownproductive resources (private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control overnatural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit. In the American economy,the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but alsocertain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contractwith another private individual.51. In Line 8, Paragraph 1, “the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes” means[A] Americans are never satisfied with their incomes[B] Americans tend to overstate their incomes[C] Americans want to have their incomes increased\D] Americans want to increase the purchasing power of their incomes52. The first two sentences in the second paragraph tell us that.[A] producers can satisfy the consumers by mechanized production[B] consumers can express their demands through producers[C] producers decide the prices of products[D] supply and demand regulate prices53. According to the passage, a private-enterprise economy is characterized by.[A] private property and rights concerned[BJ manpower and natural resources control[C] ownership of productive resources[D] free contracts and prices54. The passage is mainly about .[A] how American goods are produced|B ] how American consumers buy their goods[C] how American economic system works[D] how American businessmen make their profitsText 2One hundred and thirteen million Americans have at least one bank-issued credit card. They givetheir owners automatic credit in stores, restaurants, and hotels, at home, across the country, andeven abroad, and they make many banking services available as well. More and more of thesecredit cards can be read automatically, making it possible to withdraw or deposit money inscattered locations, whether or not the local branch bank is open. For many of us the "cashlesssociety“ is not on Hie horizon - it's already here.While computers offer these conveniences to consumers, they have many advantages for sellerstoo. Electronic cash registers can do much more than simply ring up sales. They can keep a widerange of records, including who sold what, when, and to whom. This information allowsbusinessmen to keep track of their list of goods by showing which items are being sold and howfast they are moving. Decisions to reorder or return goods to suppliers can then be made. At thesame time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employees are the mostefficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they alsoidentify preferred customers for promotional campaigns. Computers are relied on bymanufacturers for similar reasons. Computer-analyzed marketing reports can help to decide whichproducts to emphasize now, which to develop for the future, and which to drop. Computers keeptrack of goods in stock, of raw materials on hand, and even of the production process itself.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas andelectric utilities to milk processors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers throughthe use of computers.55. According to the passage, the credit card enables its owner to.[A] withdraw as much money from the bank as he wishes[BJ obtain more convenient services than other people do[C] enjoy greater trust from the storekeeper[D] cash money wherever he wishes to56. From the last sentence of the first paragraph we learn that.[A] in the future all the Americans will use credit cards[B ] credit cards are mainly used in the United States today[C] nowadays many Americans do not pay in cash[D] it is now more convenient to use credit cards than before57. The phrase “ring up sales"( Line 3, Para. 2) most probably means[A] make an order of goods[B] record sales on a cash register[C] call the sales manager[DJ keep track of the goods in stock58. What is this passage mainly about?[A] Approaches to the commercial use of computers.[B] Conveniences brought about by computers in business.[C] Significance of automation in commercial enterprises.|D] Advantages of credit cards in business.Text 3Exceptional children are different in some significant way from others of the same age. For thesechildren to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to thosedifferences.Although we focus on the needs of exceptional children, we find ourselves describing theirenvironment as well. While the leading actor on the stage captures our attention, we are aware ofthe importance of the supporting players and the scenery of the play itself. Both the family and thesociety in which exceptional children live are often the key to their growth and development. Andit is in the public schools that we find the full expression of society's understanding - theknowledge, hopes, and fears that are passed on to the next generation.Education in any society is a mirror of that society. In that mirror we can see the strengths, theweaknesses, the hopes, the prejudices, and the central values of the culture itself. The great interestin exceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strongfeeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity tofully develop their capabilities.“All men are created equal.^^ We've heard it many times, but it still has important meaning foreducation in a democratic society. Although the phrase was used by this country's founders todenote equality before the law, it has also been interpreted to mean equality of opportunity. Thatconcept implies educational opportunity for all children - the right of each child to receive help inlearning to the limits of his or her capacity, whether that capacity be small or great. Recent courtdecisions have confirmed the right of all children — disabled or not — to an appropriate education,and have ordered that public schools take the necessary steps to provide that education. Inresponse, schools are modifying their programs, adapting instruction to children who areexceptional, to those who cannot profit substantially from regular programs.59. In Paragraph 2, the author cites the example of the leading actor on the stage to show that[A] the growth of exceptional children has much to do with their family and the society[BJ exceptional children are more influenced by their families than normal children are[C] exceptional children are the key interest of the family and society[D] the needs of the society weigh much heavier than the needs of the exceptional children60. The reason that the exceptional children receive so much concern in education is that[A] they are expected to be leaders of the society[B] they might become a burden of the society[C] they should fully develop their potential[D] disabled children deserve special consideration61. This passage mainly deals wi t h.[A] the differences of children in their learning capabilities[B] the definition of exceptional children in modern society[C] the special educational programs for exceptional children[D] the necessity of adapting education to exceptional children62. From this passage we learn that the educational concern for exceptional c h i l d r e n .[A] is now enjoying legal support[B ] disagrees with the tradition of the country|C| was clearly stated by the country's founders[D] will exert great influence over court decisionsText 4“I have great confidence that by the end of the decade we'll know in vast detail how cancer cellsarise,,, says microbiologist Robert Weinberg, an expert on cancer. "But," he cautions, “somepeople have the idea that once one understands the causes, the cure will rapidly follow. ConsiderPasteur, he discovered the causes of many kinds of infections, but it was fifty or sixty years beforecures were available.^^This year, 50 percent of the 910,000 people who suffer from cancer will survive at least five years.In the year 2000, the National Cancer Institute estimates, that figure will be 75 percent. For someskin cancers, the five-year survival rate is as high as 90 percent. But other survival statistics arestill discouraging - 13 percent for lung cancer, and 2 percent for cancer of the pancreas （ 胰腺） .With as many as 120 varieties in existence, discovering how cancer works is not easy. Theresearchers made great progress in the early 1970s, when they discovered that oncogenes, whichare cancer-causing genes （ 基因） ， are inactive in normal cells. Anything from cosmic rays toradiation to diet may activate a dormant oncogene, but how remains unknown. If severaloncogenes are driven into action, the cell, unable to turn them off, becomes cancerous.The exact mechanisms involved are still mysterious, but the likelihood that many cancers areinitiated at the level of genes suggests that we will never prevent all cancers. "Changes are anormal part of the evolutionary process/5 says oncologist William Hayward. Environmentalfactors can never be totally eliminated; as Hayward points out, “We can't prepare a medicineagainst cosmic rays.”The prospects for cure, though still distant, are brighter.“First, we need to understand how the normal cell controls itself. Second, we have to determinewhether there are a limited number of genes in cells which are always responsible for at least partof the trouble. If we can understand how cancer works, we can counteract its action.^^63. The example of Pasteur in the passage is used to.[A] predict that the secret of cancer will be disclosed in a decade[B] indicate that the prospects for curing cancer are bright[C] prove that cancer will be cured in fifty to sixty years[D] warn that there is still a long way to go before cancer can be conquered64. The author implies that by the year 2000, .[A] there will be a drastic rise in the five-year survival rate of skin-cancer patients[B] 90 percent of the skin-cancer patients today will still be living[C] the survival statistics will be fairly even among patients with various cancers[D] there won* t be a drastic increase of survival rate of all cancer patients65. Oncogenes are cancer-causing genes .[A] that are always in operation in a healthy person[B] which remain unharmful so long as they are not activated[C] that can be driven out of normal cells[D] which normal cells can't turn off66. The word “dormant” in the third paragraph most probably means .[A] dead[B] ever-present[C] inactive [DI potentialText 5Discoveries in science and technology are thought by “untaught minds“ to come in blindingflashes or as the result of dramatic accidents. Sir Alexander Fleming did not, as legend would haveit, look at the mold （ 霉） on a piece of cheese and get the idea for penicillin there and then. Heexperimented with antibacterial substances for nine years before he made his discovery.Inventions and innovations almost always come out of laborious trial and error. Innovation is likesoccer; even the best players miss the goal and have their shots blocked much more frequentlythan they score.The point is that the players who score most are the ones who take most shots at the goal — and soit goes with innovation in any field of activity. The prime difference between innovators andothers is one of approach. Everybody gets ideas, but innovators work consciously on theirs, andthey follow them through until they prove practicable or otherwise. What ordinary people see asfanciful abstractions, professional innovators see as solid possibilities.“Creative thinking may mean simply the realization that there's no particular virtue in doing thingsthe way they have always been done,“ wrote Rudolph Flesch, a language authority. This accountsfor our reaction to seemingly simple innovations like plastic garbage bags and suitcases on wheelsthat make life more convenient: "How come nobody thought of that before?”The creative approach begins with the proposition that nothing is as it appears. Innovators will notaccept that there is only one way to do anything. Faced with getting from A to B, the averageperson will automatically set out on the best-known and apparently simplest route. The innovatorwill search for alternate courses, which may prove easier in the long run and are bound to be moreinteresting and challenging even if they lead to dead ends.Highly creative individuals really do march to a different drummer.67. What does the author probably mean by "untaught mind^^ in the first paragraph?[A] A person ignorant of the hard work involved in experimentation.[B] A citizen of a society that restricts personal creativity.[C ] A person who has had no education.[D] An individual who often comes up with new ideas by accident.68. According to the author, what distinguishes innovators from non-innovators?[A] The variety of ideas they have.[B] The intelligence they possess.[C] The way they deal with problems.[D] The way they present their findings.69. The author quotes Rudolph Flesch in Paragraph 3 b e c a u s e .[A] Rudolph Flesch is the best-known expert in the study of human creativity[B] the quotation strengthens the assertion that creative individuals look for new ways of doingthings[C] the reader is familiar with Rudolph Flesch's point of view[D| the quotation adds a new idea to the information previously presented70. The phrase “march to a different drummer^^ (the last line of the passage) suggests that highlycreative individuals are.[A] diligent in pursuing their goals[B] reluctant to follow common ways of doing things[C] devoted to the progress of society|D] concerned about the advance of societySection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overlooked force in expanding thehorizons of scientific knowledge. (71) Science moves forward, they say, not so much [hrough Cheinsights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques andtools. (72) “In short,“ a leader of the new school contend), “the scientihc revolution, as we call it,was largely ihe improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded thereach of science in innumerable directions.”(73) Over the years, tools and technology ihemselves as a source of fundamental innovation havelargely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hailstechnology argues that such masters as Galileo, Newton, Maxwell, Einstein, and inventors such asEdison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information andtechnological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.The centerpiece of the argument of a technology-yes, genius-no advocate was an analysis ofGalileo's role at the start of the scientific revolution. The wisdom of the day was derived fromPtolemy, an astronomer of the second century, whose elaborate system of the sky put Earth at thecenter of all heavenly motions. (74) Galileo's greatest glory was that in 1609 he was the firstperson to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens to prove that the planets revolvearound the sun rather than around the Earth. But the real hero of the story, according to the newschool of scientists, was the long evolution in the improvement of machinery for makingeye-glasses.Federal policy is necessarily involved in the technology vs. genius dispute. (75) Whether theGovernment's should increase the financing of pure science al the expense of technology or viceversa ( 反之) often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force.Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: ON MAKING FRIENDS[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)|D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the givenopening sentence: t4As a human being, one can hardly do without a friend.”[E| Your composition must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. The need for friends2. True friendship3. My principle in making friends1994年考研英语真题答案Section 1: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)1.[C]2.[A]3.[A]4.|D|5.[C]6.[C]7.[B]8.[B]9.ID]10.[B]Part B (5 points)IL [D] even12. [A] obvious13. [B] had come14. [B] that of the earth15. [C] to have been invented16. [A] Much as 或 Much though17. [B] make18. [A] Unless (=if... not)19. [C ]删 去 b u t或将 believing改为believe20. [C] a great interest inPart C (10 points)21. [C]22. [A]23. [D]24. [B]25. [D]26. [C]27. [A]28. [B]29. [B]30. [B]31. [CJ32. [A]33. [B]34. [D]35. [C]36. [C]37. [D]38. [A]39. 1A]40. |B|Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [A]42. [C]43. [B]44. [D]45. [C]46. [A]47. [B]48. [C]49. [D]50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [D]52. [D]53. [A]54. [C]55. [B]56. [C]57. [B]58. [B]59. [A]60. [C]61. [DI62. [A]63. [D]64. [D]65. [B]66. [C]67. [A]68. [C]69. [B]70. [B]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71 . 他们( 新学派科学家们) 说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。

72 .新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“ 简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及 ”73 .工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了74 .伽里略的最光辉的业绩在于他在1609年第一个把新发明的望远镜对准天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转，而不是围绕地球75 .政府究竟是以减少对技术的经费投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入， 还是相反， 这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文( 略)1995年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)1. Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed[A] had produced[B] have been produced[C] would have produced[DJ had been produced2. There ought to be less anxiety over the perceived risk of getting cancer than in thepublic mind today.[A] exists|B| exist[C] existingfD] existed3. The professor can hardly find sufficient grounds his argument in favor of the newtheory.[A] which to base on[B] on which to base[C] to base on which[D] which to be based on4. can help but be fascinated by the world into which he is taken by the sciencefiction.[AJ Everybody[B] Anybody[CJ Somebody[D] Nobody5. How many of us, say, a meeting that is irrelevant to us would be interested in thediscussion?[A] attended[B] attending[C] to attend[D] have attended6. Hydrogen is the fundamental element of the u n i v e r s e it provides the buildingblocks from which the other elements are produced.[A] so that[B] but that[C] in that[D] provided that7. We are taught that a business letter should be written in a formal style in a personalone.[AJ rather than|B] other than|C] better than[D] less than8. is generally accepted, economical growth is determined by the smoothdevelopment of production.[A] What[B] That[C] It[D] As9. It is believed that today's pop music can serve as a creative force stimulating thethinking of its listeners.[A] by[B] with[C] at|D] on10. Just as the soil is a part of the e a r t h , t h e atmosphere.[A] as it is[BJ the same as[C] so is[D] and so isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [CL and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. The conveniences that Americans desire reflecting not so much a leisurely lifestyle as aA Bbusy lifestyle in which even minutes of time are too valuable to be wasted.C D12. In debating, one must correct the opponent's facts, deny the relevance of his proof, or denyAthat what he presents as proof, unless relevant, is sufficient.B C D13. We are not conscious of the extent of which work provides the psychological satisfactionA Bthat can make the difference between a full and an empty life.C D14. The Portuguese give a great deal of credit to one man for having promoted sea travel, thatA B Cman was Prince Henry the navigator, who lived in the 15th century.D15. Accounts of scientific experiments are generally correct for those write about science areA B Ccareful in checking the accuracy of their reports.D16. whenever we hear of a natural disaster, even in a distant part of the world, we feelA Bsympathy for the people to have affected.C D17. It is perhaps not an exaggeration to say that we shall soon be trusting our health, wealthA Band happiness to elements with whom very names the general public are unfamiliar.C D18. The speaker claimed that no other modern nation devotes so small a portion of its wealth toABpublic assistance and health than the United States does.C D19. There are those who consider it questionable that these defencelinked research projects willAaccount for an improvement in the standard of living or, alternately, to do much to protect ourB Cdiminishing resources.D20. If individuals are awakened each time as they begin a dream phase of sleep, they are likelyA Bto become irritable even though their total amount of sleep has been sufficient.C DPart CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [DJ.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. In that country, guests tend to feel they are not highly if the invitation to a dinnerparty is extended only three or four days before the party date.[A] admired|B| regarded[C] expected|D| worshipped22. A of the long report by the budget committee was submitted to the mayor forapproval.[A] shorthand[B] scheme[C] schedule[D] sketch23. A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough money to live on whenold.[A] supply[BJ assurance[C] provision[D] adjustment24. The newly-built Science Building seems enough to last a hundred years.[A] spacious[B] sophisticated[C] substantial[D] steady25. It is well-known that the retired workers in our country are free medical care.[A] entitled to[B] involved in[C] associated with[D] assigned to26. The farmers were more anxious for rain than the people in the city because they had more at[AJ danger|B| stake[C] loss[D] threat27. I felt to death because I could make nothing of the chairman's speech.[A] fatigued[B] tired[C] exhausted[D] bored28. When the engine would not start, the mechanic inspected all the parts to find what was at[A] wrong[B] trouble[C] fault[D| difficulty29. Your advice would be valuable to him, who is at present at his wit's end.[A] exceedingly[B] excessively[C] extensively[D] exclusively30. He failed to carry out some of the provisions of the contract, and now he has to theconsequences.[A] answer for[B| run into[C] abide by[D] step into31. The river is already its banks because of excessive rainfall; and the city isthreatened with a likely flood.[AJ parallel to[B] level in[C] flat on[D] flush with32. People that vertical flight transports would carry millions of passengers as do theairliners of today.[A] convincedfB] anticipatedfC] resolved[D] assured33. In spite of the wide range of reading material specially written o r for languagelearning purposes, there is yet no comprehensive systematic programme for the reading skills.[A] adapted[B] acknowledged[C] assembled[D] appointed34. The mother said she would her son washing the dishes if he could finish hisassignment before supper.[A] let down[B] let alone[C] let off[D] let out35. We should always keep in mind that decisions often lead to bitter regrets.[A] urgent|B| hastyfC] instant[D] prompt36. John complained to the bookseller that there were several pages in the dictionary.[A] missingIB] losing|C] dropping[D| leaking37. In the past, most foresters have been men, but today, the number of women thisfield is climbing.[A] engaging[B] devoting[C] registering[D] pursuing38. The supervisor didn't have time so far to go into it, but he gave us an idea abouthis plan.[A] at hand[B] in turn[C] in conclusion[D] at length39. Their demand for a pay raise has not the slightest of being met.[A] prospect[B] predictionfC] prosperityfD] permission40. It's usually the case that people seldom behave in a way when in a furious state.[A] stable|B] rational[C] legal[D| credibleSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [CJand [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movements anddreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all well-understood,but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. The purpose ofnon-REM sleep is even more 43 The new experiments, such as those 44 for thefirst time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis, suggest fascinatingexplanations 45 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats, yet,47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. A researcher hasnow 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49 bacterial infections of theblood, 50 their immune systems — the self-protecting mechanism against disease - hadcrashed.41. [A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42. [A] intended[B| required|C] assumed|D] inferred43. [A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44. [A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45. [A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] for the purpose46. [A] reductionfB] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47. [A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48. [A] paid attention to|B| caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on|D] cast light on49. [A] develop|B| produce|C] stimulate[D] induce50. [A] itIB] as if[C] only if[D] if onlySection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D|. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Money spent on advertising is money spent as well as any I know of. It serves directly to assist arapid distribution of goods at reasonable prices, thereby establishing a firm home market and somaking it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. By drawing attention to new ideas ithelps enormously to raise standards of living. By helping to increase demand it ensures anincreased need for labour, and is therefore an effective way to fight unemployment. It lowers thecosts of many services: without advertisements your daily newspaper would cost four times asmuch, the price of your television license would need to be doubled and travel by bus or tubewould cost 20 per cent more.And perhaps most important of all, advertising provides a guarantee of reasonable value in theproducts and services you buy. Apart from the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament governthe terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to thepromise of his advertisements. He might fcx) l some people for a little while through misleadingadvertising. He will not do so for long, fbr mercifully the public has the good sense not to buy theinferior article more than once. If you see an article consistently advertised, it is the surest proof Iknow that the article does what is claimed for it, and that it represents good value.Advertising does more for the material benefit of the community than any other force I can thinkof.There is one point I feel I ought to touch on. Recently I heard a well-known television personalitydeclare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs. He was drawingexcessively fine distinctions. Of course advertising seeks to persuade.If its message were confined merely to information - and that in itself would be difficult if notimpossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the colour of a shirt is subtlypersuasive — advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention. But perhaps thatis what the well-known television personality wants.51. By the first sentence of the passage the author means that.[A] he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising[B] everybody knows well that advertising is money consuming[C] advertising costs money like everything else[D] it is worthwhile to spend money on advertising52. In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising?[A] Securing greater fame.[B] Providing more jobs.[C] Enhancing living standards.[D] Reducing newspaper cost.53. The author deems that the well-known TV personality is.[A] very precise in passing his judgment on advertising[B] interested in nothing but the buyers' attention[C] correct in telling the difference between persuasion and information[D] obviously partial in his views on advertising54. In the author's o p i n i o n , .[A] advertising can seldom bring material benefit to man by providing information[B] advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over[C] there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer[D] the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisementText 2There are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. People havegenerally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified andmeasured. The worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreignerwho learns a new language — all these are examples of people who have measurable results toshow for their efforts.By contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since bydefinition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. The process isnot the road itself, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, asthey encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. In this process, the journey never reallyends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges toaccept.In order to grow, to travel new roads, people need to have a willingness to take risks, to confrontthe unknown, and to accept the possibility that they may "fail" at first. How we see ourselves aswe try a new way of being is essential to our ability to grow. Do we perceive ourselves as quickand curious? If so, then we tend to take more chances and to be more open to unfamiliarexperiences. Do we think we're shy and indecisive? Then our sense of timidity can cause us tohesitate, to move slowly, and not to take a step until we know the ground is safe. Do we thinkwe're slow to adapt to change or that we're not smart enough to cope with a new challenge? Thenwe are likely to take a more passive role or not try at all.These feelings of insecurity and self-doubt are both unavoidable and necessary if we are to changeand grow. If we do not confront and overcome these internal fears and doubts, if we protectourselves too much, then we cease to grow. We become trapped inside a shell of our own making.55. A person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when.[A] he has given up his smoking habit[B] he has made great efforts in his work[C] he is keen on leaning anything new[D] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey56. In the author's eyes, one who views personal growth as a process woul d.[A] succeed in climbing up the social ladder[B J judge his ability to grow from his own achievements[C] face difficulties and take up challenges[D] aim high and reach his goal each time57. When the author says “a new way of being,, (Line 2~3, Para. 3) he is referring to.[A] a new approach to experiencing the world[B] a new way of taking risks[C] a new method of perceiving ourselves[D] a new system of adaptation to change58. For personal growth, the author advocates all of the following E XCE P T .[A] curiosity about more chances[B | promptness in self-adaptation[C] open-mindedness to new experiences[D] avoidance of internal fears and doubtsText 3In such a changing, complex society formerly simple solutions to infonnational needs becomecomplicated. Many of life's problems which were solved by asking family members, friends orcolleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve. Where to turn for expertinformation and how to determine which expert advice to accept are questions facing many peopletoday.In addition to this, there is the growing mobility of people since World War II. As families moveaway from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships,the informal flow of information is cut off, and with it the confidence that information will beavailable when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable. The almost unconscious flow ofinformation about the simplest aspects of living can be cut off. Thus, things once learnedsubconsciously through the casual communications of the extended family must be consciouslylearned.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information. The individual now hasmore information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece ofinformation relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, time-consuming and sometimeseven overwhelming.Coupled with the growing quantity of information is the development of technologies whichenable the storage and delivery of more information with greater speed to more locations than hasever been possible before. Computer technology makes it possible to store vast amounts of data inmachine-readable files, and to program computers to locate specific information.Telecommunications developments enable the sending of messages via television, radio, and veryshortly, electronic mail to bombard people with multitudes of messages. Satellites have extendedthe power of communications to report events at the instant of occurrence. Expertise can be sharedworldwide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without theparticipants leaving their homes and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference site. Technology hasfacilitated the sharing of information and the storage and delivery of information, thus makingmore information available to more people.In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance. Thosepeople who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, thecritical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed. ^Knowledge ispower“ may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most criticalrequirement of all people.59. The word 44itM (Line 3, Para. 2) most probably refers to.[A] the lack of stable communities|B J the breakdown of informal information channels[C] the increased mobility of families[D| the growing number of people moving from place to place60. The main problem people may encounter today arises from the fact that.[A] they have to learn new things consciously[B] they lack the confidence of securing reliable and trustworthy information[C] they have difficulty obtaining the needed information readily[D] they can hardly carry out casual communications with an extended family61. From the passage we can infer that.[A] electronic mail will soon play a dominant role in transmitting messages[B] it will become more difficult for people to keep secrets in an information era[C] people will spend less time holding meetings or conferences[D] events will be reported on the spot mainly through satellites62. We can learn from the last paragraph that.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficientlyText 4Personality is to a large extent inherent — A-type parents usually bring about A-type offspring. Butthe environment must also have a profound effect, since if competition is important to the parents,it is likely to become a major factor in the lives of their children.One place where children soak up A-characteristics is school, which is, by its very nature, a highlycompetitive institution. Too many schools adopt the “win at all costs” moral standard and measuretheir success by sporting achievements. The current passion for making children compete againsttheir classmates or against the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-typesseem in some way better than their B-type fellows. Being too keen to win can have dangerousconsequences: remember that Pheidippides, the first marathon runner, dropped dead seconds aftersaying: "Rejoice, we conquer!,,By far the worst form of competition in schools is the disproportionate emphasis on examinations.It is a rare school that allows pupils to concentrate on those things they do well. The merits ofcompetition by examination are somewhat questionable, but competition in the certain knowledgeof failure is positively harmful.Obviously, it is neither practical nor desirable that all A youngsters change into B's. The worldneeds A types, and schools have an important duty to try to fit a child's personality to his possiblefuture employment. It is top management.If the preoccupation of schools with academic work was lessened, more time might be spentteaching children surer values. Perhaps selection for the caring professions, especially medicine,could be made less by good grades in chemistry and more by such considerations as sensitivityand sympathy. It is surely a mistake to choose our doctors exclusively from A-type stock. B's areimportant and should be encouraged.63. According to the passage, A-type individuals are us ua l l y.[A] impatient[B] considerate[C] aggressive[D] agreeable64. The author is strongly opposed to the practice of examinations at schools b e c a u s e .[A] the pressure is too great on the students|B | some students are bound to fail[C] failure rates are too high[D] the results of exanimations are doubtful65. The selection of medical professionals is currently based on.[A] candidates* sensitivity[B] academic achievements[C] competitive spirit[D] surer values66. From the passage we can draw the conclusion that.[A] the personality of a child is well established at birth[B] family influence dominates the shaping of one's characteristics[C] the development of one's personality is due to multiple factors[D] B-type characteristics can find no place in competitive societyText 5That experiences influence subsequent behaviour is evidence of an obvious but neverthelessremarkable activity called remembering. Learning could not occur without the function popularlynamed memory. Constant practice has such an effect on memory as to lead to skillful performanceon the piano, to recitation of a poem, and even to reading and understanding these words.So-called intelligent behaviour demands memory, remembering being a primary requirement forreasoning. The ability to solve any problem or even to recognize that a problem exists depends onmemory. Typically, the decision to cross a street is based on remembering many earlierexperiences.Practice (or review) tends to build and maintain memory fbr a task or fbr any learned material.Over a period of no practice what has been learned tends to be forgotten; and the adaptiveconsequences may not seem obvious. Yet, dramatic instances of sudden forgetting can be seen tobe adaptive. In this sense, the ability to forget can be interpreted to have survived through aprocess of natural selection in animals. Indeed, when one's memory of an emotionally painfulexperience lead to serious anxiety, forgetting may produce relief. Nevertheless, an evolutionaryinterpretation might make it difficult to understand how the commonly gradual process offorgetting survived natural selection.In thinking about the evolution of memory together with all its possible aspects, it is helpful toconsider what would happen if memories failed to fade. Forgetting clearly aids orientation in time,since old memories weaken and the new tend to stand out, providing clues fbr inferring duration.Without forgetting, adaptive ability would suffer, fbr example, learned behaviour that might havebeen correct a decade ago may no longer be. Cases are recorded of people who (by ordinarystandards) forgot so little that their everyday activities were full of confusion. Thus forgettingseems to serve that survival of the individual and the species.Another line of thought assumes a memory storage system of limited capacity that providesadaptive flexibility specifically through forgetting. In this view, continual adjustments are madebetween learning or memory storage (input) and forgetting (output). Indeed, there is evidence thatthe rate at which individuals forget is directly related to how much they have learned. Such dataoffer gross support of contemporary models of memory that assume an input-output balance.67. From the evolutionary point of vi ew, .[A] forgetting for lack of practice tends to be obviously inadaptive[B] if a person gets very forgetful all of a sudden he must be very adaptive[C] the gradual process of forgetting is an indication of an individual's adaptability[D] sudden forgetting may bring about adaptive consequences68. According to the passage, if a person never f or got , .[A] he would survive best[B ] he would have a lot of trouble[C] his ability to learn would be enhanced[D] the evolution of memory would stop69. From the last paragraph we know that.[A] forgetfulness is a response to learning[B] the memory storage system is an exactly balanced input-output system[C] memory is a compensation for forgetting[D] the capacity of a memory storage system is limited because forgetting occurs70. In this article, the author tries to interpret the function of.[A] remembering[B] forgetting[C] adaptingfD] experiencingSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)The standardized educational or psychological tests that are widely used to aid in selecting,classifying, assigning, or promoting students, employees, and military personnel have been thetarget of recent attacks in books, magazines, the daily press, and even in Congress. 71) The targetis wrong, for in attacking the tests, critics divert attention from the fault that lies with ill-informedor incompetent users. The tests themselves are merely tools, with characteristics that can bemeasured with reasonable precision under specified conditions. Whether the results will bevaluable, meaningless, or even misleading depends partly upon the tool itself but largely upon theuser.All informed predictions of future performance are based upon some knowledge of relevant pastperformance: school grades, research productivity, sales records, or whatever is appropriate. 72)How well the predictions will be validated by later performance depends upon the amount,reliability, and appropriateness of the information used and on the skill and wisdom with which itis interpreted. Anyone who keeps careful score knows that the information available is alwaysincomplete and that the predictions are always subject to erro匚Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method ofgetting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skills he has developed, or thekind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages andshortcomings as other kinds of information. 73) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information、or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon ihe evidence from experience concerningcomparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.74) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can ba mostprecisely defined and least effectively when what i s b e measured or predicted cannot be welldefined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about manypeople. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized,but there are many things they do not do. 75) For example, they do not compensate foe grosssocial inequalily, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been hadhe grown up under more favorable circumstances.Section V WritingDirections:[A] Title: THE “PROJECT HOPE”[B] Time limit: 40 minutes[C] Word limit: 120-150 words (not including the given opening sentence)[D] Your composition should be based on the OUTLINE below and should start with the givenopening sentence: "'Education plays a very important role in the modernization of our country.”[E] Your composition must be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)OUTLINE:1. Present situation2. Necessity of the project3. My suggestion1995年考研英语真题答案Part A (5 points)Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)1. [D]2. [A]3. IB]4. ID]5. |B|6. [C]7. [A]8. [D]9. [A]10. [C]Part B (5 points)11. [A] reflect12. [D] if13. |B] to which14. [D] being15. [C] writing about 或 who write about16. [D] affected17. [C] whose18. [C] as19. [C] do much20. [B] each timePart C (10 points)21. IB)22. [D]23. [C]24. [C]25. |A126. |B]27. [D]28. [C]29. |A]30. [A]31. [D]32. [Bl33. [A]34. [C]35. [B]36. [A]37. [D]38. [D]39. [A]40. [B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. IB]42. [C]43. [C]44. [B]45. [D]46. [C]47. [A]48. [D]49. [A]50. |B]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [D]52. [A]53. [D]54. [C]55. [A]56. [Cl57. [A]58. [D]59. [B]60. [C]61. [A]62. [D]63. [C]64. [B]65. [B]66. [C]67. [D]68. [BJ69. [A]70. LB]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71 .把标准化测试作为抨击目标是错误的， 因为在抨击这类测试时， 批评者不考虑其弊病来自人们对测试不甚了解或使用不当。

72 .这些预测在多大程度上为后来的表现所证实， 这取决于所采用信息的数量、 可靠性和适宜性，以及解释这些信息的技能和才智73 .因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其他种类的信息，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素74 . •般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差75 . 例 如 ，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文( 略)1996年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. Do you enjoy listening to records? I find records are of t en, or better than an actualperformance.[A] as good as[B] as good[C] good[D] good as2. My pain________ apparent the moment I walked into the room, for the first man I met askedsympathetically: "Are you feeling all right?^^[A] must be[B] had[C] must have been[D] had to be3. The senior librarian at the circulation desk promised to get the book for m e shecould remember who last borrowed it.[A] ever since[B] much as[C] even thoughfDl if only4. Observations were made the children at the beginning and at the end of preschooland first grade.[A] towards|B] of]C| on[D] with5. The article opens and closes with descriptions of two news reports, each one majorpoint in contrast with the other.[A] makes[B] made[C] is to make[D] making6. A safety analysis the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done.[A] would identifyfB] will identify[C] would have identified[D] will have identified7. The number of registered participants in this year's marathon was half.[AJ of last year's] B] those of last year's[C] of those of last year's[DJ that of last year's8. For there successful communication, there must be attentiveness and involvementin the discussion itself by all present.[A] is[B] to be [C] will be[D] being9. There was a very interesting remark in a book by an Englishman that I read recentlywhat he thought was a reason for this American characteristic.[A] giving[B] gave[C] to give[D] given10. No one would have time to read or listen to an account of everything going on inthe world.[A] it is[B] as is[C] there is[D] what isPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and[D]. Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Fd rather you would go by train, because I can't bear the idea of your being in an airplaneA B Cin such bad weather.D12. It's essential that people be psychological able to resist the impact brought about by theA B Ctransition from planned economy to market economy.D13. Some bosses dislike to allow people to share their responsibilities; they keep 更 importantA B Cmatters tightly in their own hands.D14. Each cigarette which a person smokes does some harm, and eventually you may get aA B Cserious disease from jts effect.D15. On the whole, ambitious students are much likely to succeed in their studies than are thoseA B Cwith little ambition.D16. Despite much research, there are still certain elements in the life cycle of the insect that isA B Cnot fully understood.D17. In 1921 Einstein won the Nobel Prize, and was honored in Germany until the rise ofA BNazism then he was driven from Germany because he was a Jew.C D18. The data received from the two spacecrafts whirling around Mars indicate that there isA B Cmuch evidence that huge thunderstorms are occurring about the equator of the planet.D19. Generally speaking, the bird flying across our path is observed, and the one staying on theA Btree near at hand is passed by without any notice taking of it.C D20. Mercury's velocity is so much greater than the Earth's that it completes more than fourA Brevolutions around the Sun in the time that takes the Earth to complete one.C DPart CDirections: Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B|, [C]and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. I was speaking to Ann on the phone when suddenly we wer e.[A] hung up[B] hung back[C] cut down[D] cut off22. She wondered if she could have the opportunity to spend here so that she couldlearn more about the city.[A] sometimes[B] some time[C] sometime[D] some times23. Ms. Green has been living in town for only one year, yet she seems to b e witheveryone who comes to the store.[A] accepted[B] admittedfC] admired[D] acquainted24. He does not as a teacher of English as his pronunciation is terrible.[A] equal[BJ match[C] qualify[DJ fit25. Dozens of scientific groups all over the world have been the goal of a practical andeconomic way to use sunlight to split water molecules.[A] pursuing[B] chasing[C] reaching[D] winning26. The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that the speakers stopped forrefreshments.[A] at large|B | at intervals[C] at easelD| at random27. When travelling, you are advised to take travellers, checks, which provide a secureto carrying your money in cash.[A] substitute[B] selection [C] pre fere nee [D] alternative28. I never trusted him because I always thought of him as such a character.[A] gracious|B| suspiciousfC] unique[D] particular29. Changing from solid to liquid, water takes in heat from all substances near it, and thisproduces artificial cold surrounding it.[A] absorption[B] transition[C] consumption[D] interaction30. I didn't say anything like that at all. You are purposely my ideas to prove yourpoint.[A] revising|B| contradicting[C] distorting[D] distracting31. Language, culture, and personality may be considered of each other in thought, butthey are inseparable in fact.[AJ indistinctly[B] separately[C] irrelevantly[D] independently32. Watching me pulling the calf awkwardly to the barn, the Irish milkmaid fought hard toher laughter.[A] hold back[B] hold on[C] hold out[D] hold up33. The manager gave one of the salesgirls an accusing look for her attitude towardcustomers.[A] impartial[B] mild[C] hostile[D] opposing34. I with thanks the help of my colleagues in the preparation of this new column.[A] express[B] confess[C] verify[D] acknowledge35. It is strictly that access to confidential documents is denied to all but a few.[A] secured[B] forbidden[C] regulated[D] determined36. The pollution question as well as several other issues is going to be discussed when theCongress is in again next spring.[A] assembly[B] session|C| conference[D] convention37. Christmas is a Christian holy day usually celebrated on December 25th the birth ofJesus Christ.[A] in accordance with[B] in terms of[C] in favor of[D] in honor of38. Since it is too late to change my mind now, I am to carrying out the plan.[A] obliged[B] committed[C] engaged[D] resolved39. It was a bold idea to build a power station in the deep valley, but it as well as wehad hoped.[A] came off[B] went off[C] brought out[D] made out40. To survive in the intense trade competition between countries, we m ust thequalities and varieties of products we make to the world-market demand.[A] improve[B] enhanced|C] guarantee[D| gearSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growth andmaintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body. They areneeded for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen or more of them,and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon, hydrogen,oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elements are arrangeddifferently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for49 vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the “safe side” and thus takeextra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body's vitamin needs.41. [A] either [Bl so[C] nor[D] never42. [ A] shifting|B| transferring[C] altering|D| transforming43. [A] any[B] some[C] anything[D] something44. [A] serious[BJ apparent[C] severe[D] fatal45. [A] mostly[B] partially[C] sometimes[D] rarely46. [A] in that[B] so that[C] such that[D] except that47. [A] undertakes [B] holds [C] pl ays [D] performs48. [A] Supplying|B| Getting[C] Providing[D] Furnishing49. [A] exceptional|B] exceeding[C] excess[D] external50. [A] nevertheless[B] therefore[C] moreover[D] meanwhileSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked [A], [B], [C] and |D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Tight-lipped elders used to say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what you get.”Psychology teaches that you do get what you want if you know what you want and want the rightthings.You can make a mental blueprint of a desire as you would make a blueprint of a house, and eachof us is continually making these blueprints in the general routine of everyday living. If we intendto have friends to dinner, we plan the menu, make a shopping list, decide which food to cook first,and such planning is an essential for any type of meal to be served.Likewise, if you want to find a job, take a sheet of paper, and write a brief account of yourself. Inmaking a blueprint for a job, begin with yourself, fbr when you know exactly what you have tooffer, you can intelligently plan where to sell your services.This account of yourself is actually a sketch of your working life and should include education,experience and references. Such an account is valuable. It can be referred to in filling out standardapplication blanks and is extremely helpful in personal interviews. While talking to you, yourcould-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications,will pay him to employ you and your “wares" and abilities must be displayed in an orderly andreasonably connected manner.When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you have somethingtangible to sell. Then you are ready to hunt for a job. Get all the possible information about yourcould-be job. Make inquiries as to the details regarding the job and the firm. Keep your eyes andears open, and use your own judgment. Spend a certain amount of time each day seeking theemployment you wish for, and keep in mind: Securing a job is your job now.51. What do the elders mean when they say, "It's not what you want in this world, but what youget??[AJ You'll certainly get what you want.[B] It's no use dreaming.[C] You should be dissatisfied with what you have.[D] It's essential to set a goal for yourself.52. A blueprint made before inviting a friend to dinner is used in this passage as.[A] an illustration of how to write an application fbr a job[B] an indication of how to secure a good job[C] a guideline for job description[D] a principle fbr job evaluation53. According to the passage, one must write an account of himself before starting to find a jobb e c a u s e .[A] that is the first step to please the employer[B] that is the requirement of the employer[C] it enables him to know when to sell his services[D] it forces him to become clearly aware of himself54. When you have carefully prepared a blueprint of your abilities and desires, you haves o me t h i n g .[A] definite to offer|B| imaginary to provide[C] practical to supply[D] desirable to presentText 2With the start of BBC World Service Television, millions of viewers in Asia and America can nowwatch the Corporation's news coverage, as well as listen to it.And of course in Britain listeners and viewers can tune in to two BBC television channels, fiveBBC national radio services and dozens of local radio stations. They are brought sport, comedy,drama, music, news and current affairs, education, religion, parliamentary coverage, children'sprogrammes and films for an annual license fee of £ 83 per household.It is a remarkable record, stretching back over 70 years — yet the BBC's future is now in doubt.The Corporation will survive as a publicly-funded broadcasting organization, at least fbr the timebeing, but its role, its size and its programmes are now the subject of a nation-wide debate inBritain.The debate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC --including ordinary listeners and viewers — to say what was good or bad about the Corporation,and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. The reason for its inquiry is that the BBC'sroyal charter runs out in 1996 and it must decide whether to keep the organization as it is, or tomake changes.Defenders of the Corporation - of whom there are many - are fond of quoting the Americanslogan t4If it ain't broke, don't fix it." The BBC ‘‘ain't broke,they say, by which they mean it isnot broken (as distinct from the word 'broke', meaning having no money), so why bother tochange it?Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing. Thecommercial TV channels - ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government'sBroadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other fbr advertisers, andcutting costs and jobs. But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertisingand partly by viewers' subscriptions - which will bring about the biggest changes in the longterm.55. The world famous BBC now f aces.[A] the problem of new coverage[B] an uncertain prospect[C] inquiries by the general public|D] shrinkage of audience56. In the passage, which of the following about the BBC is NOT mentioned as the key issue?[A] Extension of its TV service to Far East.[B] Programmes as the subject of a nation-wide debate.[C] Potentials for further international cooperations.[D] Its existence as a broadcasting organization.57. The BBC's "royal charter,, (Line 4, Paragraph 4) stands for.[A] the financial support from the royal family[B] the privileges granted by the Queen[C] a contract with the Queen[D] a unique relationship with the royal family58. The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other t han.[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs[D] the challenge of new satellite channelsText 3In the last half of the nineteenth century “capital” and "labour“ were enlarging and perfecting theirrival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability companywith a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the newage by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that socommonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after theenergetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivismand municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private businessmanaged for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same timethe great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to thetaxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences.Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers andimportance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealthdetached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from theresponsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India,Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholderswere thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouthand Eastbourne sprang up to house large “comfortable“ classes who had retired on their incomes,and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends andoccasionally attending a shareholders, meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On theother hand “shareholding“ meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the laterVictorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The “shareholders“ as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmenemployed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capitaland labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relationwith the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of theworkmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old familybusiness now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmeninvolved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing powerand organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet onequal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strikeand lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fairnegotiation.59. It's true of the old family firms that.[A] they were spoiled by the younger generations[B] they failed for lack of individual initiative[C] they lacked efficiency compared with modern companies[D] they could supply adequate services to the taxpayers60. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in.[A] the separation of capital from management[B] the ownership of capital by managers[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes[D] the participation of shareholders in municipal business61. According to the passage, all of the following are true EXCEPT that.[A] the shareholders were unaware of the needs of the workers[B ] the old firm owners had a better understanding of their workers[C] the limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly[D] the trade unions seemed to play a positive role62. The author is most critical of.[A] family film owners[B] landowners[Cl managers[D] shareholdersText 4What accounts for the great outburst of major inventions in early America - breakthroughs suchas the telegraph, the steamboat and the weaving machine?Among the many shaping factors, I would single out the country's excellent elementary schools: alabor force that welcomed the new technology; the practice of giving premiums to inventors; andabove all the American genius for nonverbal, 4

72 .这种趋势始于第二次世界大战期间，当时一些国家的政府得出结论： 政府要向科研机构提出的具体要求通常是无法详尽预见的73 .给某些与当前目标无关但将来可能产生影响的科研以支持, 看来通常能有效地解决这个问题74 .然而, 世界就是如此， 完美的体系一般而言是无法解决世上某些更加引人入胜的课题的7 5 .同过去•样，将来必然会出现新的思维方式和新的思维对象，给完美以新的标准Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文GOOD HEALTHWherever you are and whatever you do, staying healthy is always important. With theimprovement of our living standards, people are attaching more and more importance to theirhealth. We students can't keep the high study efficiency without good health. The same thing istrue with workers, scientists and doctors.In my opinion, good diet and exercises are two major ways to keep healthy. The food we eat everyday must be rational and should include meat, vegetables, eggs, and fruit. It is important to drinkwater every day and not to get addicted to drinking coffee or some other soft drinks. Exercisingevery day is also essential for us to stay healthy. We can ride bicycles, play tennis or swim. Ofcourse we don't need to exhaust ourselves. We should plan our physical exercises according to ouractual condition. An hour a day is enough.As a university student, I have much free time to do exercises. I usually play badminton and tennis.But sometimes I am lazy and do not exercise for all kinds of excuses, such as cold weather andexams. I must correct it. I am also careful with my diet. In a way, keeping healthy is not very hard,if you just take it seriously.1997年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWERSHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)1. The Social Security Retirement Program is made up of two trust f u n d s , c o u l d gopenniless by next year.[A] the larger one[B] the larger of which[C] the largest one[D] the largest of which2. Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free, owing to its always with otherelements, most commonly with oxygen.[A] combined[B] having combined[C] combine[DJ being combined3. Andrew, my father's younger brother, will not be at the p i c n i c , t o the family'sdisappointment.[A] much[B] more[C] too much[D] much more4. I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I fullyoccupied the whole of last week.[A] were[B] had been[C] have been[D] was5. Help will come from the UN, but the aid will be near what's needed.[A] everywherefBl somewhere[C] nowherefDl anywhere6. The chief reason for the population growth isn't so much a rise in birth rates a fallin death rates as a result of improvements in medical care.[A] and[B] as[C] but[D] or7. He claims to be an expert in astronomy, but in actual fact he is quite ignorant on the subject,he knows about it is out of date and inaccurate.[A] What little[B] So much[C] How much[D] So little8. Although we feel dissatisfied with the election results, we have to become reconciledthe decision made by our fellow countrymen.[A] for[B] on[C] to[D] in9. Just as the value of a telephone network increases with each new phone to thesystem, so does the value of a computer system increase with each program that turns out.[A] addingfBl to have added [C] to add [DI added10. The vocabulary and grammatical differences between British and American English are sotrivial and few as har dl y.[A] noticed|B| to be noticed|C] being noticed[D| to noticePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D].Identify the part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (5 points)Example:A number of foreign visitors were taken to the industrial exhibition which they saw many newA B C Dproducts.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to theindustrial exhibition where they saw many new products75 So you should choose [C].11. Although Professor Green's lectures usually ran over the fifty-minute period, but none ofA B Chis students even objected as they found his lectures both informative and interesting.D12. When Edison died, it was proposed that the American people turned off all power in theirA B Chomes, streets, and factories for several minutes in honor of this great man.D13. They pointed out the damage which they supposed that had been done by last night'sABC Dstorm.14. Because of the recent accidents, our parents forbid my brother and me from swimming inA Bthe river unless someone agrees to watch over us.C D15. A great many teachers firmly believe that English is one of the poorest-taught subjects inA B Chigh schools at present.D16. In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced ability, organizingA Btwo sounds delivered at a high rate as one call.C D17. 1 thought the technician was to blame for the blowing of the fuse, but I see now how IA B Cwas mistaken.D18. For him to be re-elected what is essential is not that his policy works, but that the publicA B Cbelieve that it 这D19. As far as I am concerned, his politics are rather conservative compared with otherA B Cpoliticians.D20. I'd say whenever you are going after something that is belonging to you, anyone whoA Bis depriving you of the right to have it is criminal.C DPart CDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [DJ.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished|B| scattered|C] abandoned|D| rejectedThe sentence should read, 'The lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods off thehighway." Therefore, you should choose [C].21. When workers are organized in trade unions, employers find it hard to lay t hem.[A] off|B| aside|CJ out[D] down22. The wealth of a country should be measured the health and happiness of its peopleas well as the material goods it can produce.[AJ in line with[B] in terms of[C] in regard with[DJ by means of23. He has failed me so many times that I no longer place any on what he promises.[A] faith[B] belief[C] credit[D] reliance24. My students found the book: it provided them with an abundance of informationon the subject.[A] enlighteningIB] confusing|C| distracting[D] amusing25. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the shakiness in the financial system willdown the economy.[A] put[B] settle[C] drag[D] knock26. In this factory the machines are not regulated but are jointly controlled by a centralcomputer system.[A] independently!B | individually[C] irrespectivelyfD] irregularly27. Every chemical change either results from energy being used to produce the change, orcauses energy to be in some form.[A] given off[B] put out[C] set off[D] used up28. If businessmen are taxed too much, they will no longer be motivated to work hard, with theresult that incomes from taxation might a c t u a l l y .[A] shrink|B| delay[C] disperse[D] sink29. American companies are evolving from mass-production manufacturing toenterprises.[A] moveable[B] changing[C] flexible[D] varying30. If you know what the trouble is, why don't you help them to the situation?[A] simplifyfB] modify[C] verifyfD] rectify31. I can't what has happened to the vegetables, for they were freshly picked thismorning.[A] figure out[B] draw out[C] look out[D] work out32. I tried very hard to persuade him to join our group but I met with a flat.[A] disapprovalfB] rejection[C] refusalfD] decline33. From this material we can hundreds of what you may call direct products.[A] derive[B] discern[C] diminish[D] displace34. She had clearly no of doing any work, although she was very well paid.[AJ tendency[BJ ambition[C] intention[D] willingness35. What seems confusing or fragmented at first might well become a third time.[A] clean and measurable[B] notable and systematic[C] pure and wholesome[D] clear and organic36. The public opinion was that the time was not for the election of such a radicalcandidate as Mr. Jones.[A] reasonable|B| ripe[C] ready[D] practical37. Hudson said he could not kill a living thing except for the of hunger.[A] sensation[B] cause[C] purpose[D] motive38. For the new country to s u r v i v e , f b r its people to enjoy prosperity, new economicpolicies will be required.[A] to name a few[BJ let alone[C] not to speak[D] let's say39. Foreign disinvestment and the of South Africa from world capital markets after1985 further weakened its economy.[A] displacement[B] elimination[C] exclusion[DJ exception40. When a number of people together in a conversational knot, each individualexpresses his position in the group by where he stands.[A] pad[B] pack[C] squeeze[D] clusterSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [AJ,[BJ, [C], and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (10 points)Manpower Inc., with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employment agency.Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America, seeking a day'swork for a day's pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants like General Motors and IBMstruggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees, Manpower, based in Milwaukee,Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nation ofpart-timers and temporary workers. This " 45 ” work force is the most important 46in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationship between people andtheir jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49 by employment rules,healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end to the security, benefits andsense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41. [Al swarm B] stride C] separate D] slip42. [A] For B] Because C] As D] Since43. [A] from B] in C] on D| by44. [A] Even though B] Now that C] If only D] Provided that45. [A] durable B] disposable C] available D] transferable46. [A] approach B] flow C] fashion D] trend47. [A] instantly B] reversely C] fundamentally D] sufficiently48. [A] but B] while C] and D] whereas49. [A] imposed B] restricted | illustrated D] confined50. [A] excitement BJ conviction[C] enthusiasm[D] importanceSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked |A], [B], [C] and [D|. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legalauthority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die.The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on theInternet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right toDie Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess:“We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isnU just something that happened inAustralia. It's world history.^^The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has leftphysicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some havebreathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-lifie groups and the Australian MedicalAssociation, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turnback. In Australia - where an aging population, life-extending technology and changingcommunity attitudes have all played their part - other states are going to consider making asimilar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement isgathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death - probably by a deadlyinjection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill bytwo doctors. After a “cooling off' period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request.After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin residentsuffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally III law means he can get on with livingwithout the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. 4tFm notafraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what 1 was afraid of was how I'd go, becauseEve watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.51. From the second paragraph we learn that.[A] the objection to euthanasia is slow to come in other countries[B] physicians and citizens share the same view on euthanasia[C] changing technology is chiefly responsible for the hasty passage of the law[D] it takes time to realize the significance of the law's passage52. When the author says that observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling, he means[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia[B] similar bills are likely to be passed in the US, Canada and other countries[C] observers are waiting to see the result of the game of dominoes[D] the effect-taking process of the passed bill may finally come to a stop53. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will.[A] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering[D] undergo a cooling off period of seven days54. The author's attitude towards euthanasia seems to be that of .[AJ opposition[B| suspicion[C] approval[D] indifferenceText 2A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpfulmost Americans were to them. To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada andCanadians, and should best be considered North American. There are, of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.For a long period of time and in many parts of the country, a traveler was a welcome break in anotherwise dull existence. Dullness and loneliness were common problems of the families whogenerally lived distant from one another*. Strangers and travelers were welcome sources ofdiversion, and brought news of the outside world.The harsh realities of the frontier also shaped this tradition of hospitality. Someone traveling alone,if hungry, injured, or ill, often had nowhere to turn except to the nearest cabin or settlement. It wasnot a matter of choice for the traveler or merely a charitable impulse on the part of the settlers. Itreflected the harshness of daily life: if you didn't take in the stranger and take care of him, therewas no one else who would. And someday, remember, you might be in the same situation.Today there are many charitable organizations which specialize in helping the weary traveler. Yet,the old tradition of hospitality to strangers is still very strong in the US, especially in the smallercities and towns away from the busy tourist trails. was just traveling through, got talking withthis American, and pretty soon he invited me home for dinner — amazing.^^ Such observationsreported by visitors to the US are not uncommon, but are not always understood properly. Thecasual friendliness of many Americans should be interpreted neither as superficial nor as artificial,but as the result of a historically developed cultural tradition.As is true of any developed society, in America a complex set of cultural signals, assumptions, andconventions underlies all social interrelationships. And, of course, speaking a language does notnecessarily mean that someone understands social and cultural patterns. Visitors who fail to“translate” cultural meanings properly often draw wrong conclusions. For example, when anAmerican uses the word “friend,“ the cultural implications of the word may be quite differentfrom those it has in the visitor's language and culture. It takes more than a brief encounter on abus to distinguish between courteous convention and individual interest. Yet, being friendly is avirtue that many Americans value highly and expect from both neighbors and strangers.55. In the eyes of visitors from the outside wor l d, .[AJ rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help56. It could be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] culture exercises an influence over social interrelationship|B] courteous convention and individual interest are interrelated[C] various virtues manifest themselves exclusively among friends[D] social interrelationships equal the complex set of cultural conventions57. Families in frontier settlements used to entertain s t r a n g e r s .[A] to improve their hard life[B] in view of their long-distance travel[C] to add some flavor to their own daily life[DJ out of a charitable impulse58. The tradition of hospitality to s t r a n g e r s .[A] tends to be superficial and artificial[B] is generally well kept up in the United States[C] is always understood properly[D] has something to do with the busy tourist trailsText 3Technically, any substance other than food that alters our bodily or mental functioning is a drug.Many people mistakenly believe the term drug refers only to some sort of medicine or an illegalchemical taken by drug addicts. They don't realize that familiar substances such as alcohol andtobacco are also drugs. This is why the more neutral term substance is now used by manyphysicians and psychologists. The phrase "substance abuse“ is often used instead of “drug abuse”to make clear that substances such as alcohol and tobacco can be just as harmfully misused asheroin and cocaine.We live in a society in which the medicinal and social use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: anaspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, acigarette for the nerves. When do these socially acceptable and apparently constructive uses of asubstance become misuses? First of all, most substances taken in excess will produce negativeeffects such as poisoning or intense perceptual distortions. Repeated use of a substance can alsolead to physical addiction or substance dependence. Dependence is marked first by an increasedtolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then bythe appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued.Drugs (substances) that affect the central nervous system and alter perception, mood, and behaviorare known as psychoactive substances. Psychoactive substances are commonly grouped accordingto whether they are stimulants, depressants, or hallucinogens. Stimulants initially speed up oractivate the central nervous system, whereas depressants slow it down. Hallucinogens have theirprimary effect on perception, distorting and altering it in a variety of ways including producinghallucinations. These are the substances often called psychedelic (from the Greek word meaning“mind-manifesting") because they seemed to radically alter one's state of consciousness.59. “Substance abuseM (Line 5, Paragraph 1) is preferable to “drug abuse" in that.[A] substances can alter our bodily or mental functioning if illegally used[B] "drug abuse“ is only related to a limited number of drug takers[C] alcohol and tobacco are as fatal as heroin and cocaine[D] many substances other than heroin or cocaine can also be poisonous60. The word “pervasive"( Line 1, Paragraph 2) might mean.[A] widespreadfB] overwhelming[C] piercingfD] fashionable61. Physical dependence on certain substances results fr om.[A] uncontrolled consumption of them over long periods of time[B] exclusive use of them for social purposes[C] quantitative application of them to the treatment of diseases[D] careless employment of them for unpleasant symptoms62. From the last paragraph we can infer that.[A] stimulants function positively on the mind[B] hallucinogens are in themselves harmful to health[C] depressants are the worst type of psychoactive substances[D] the three types of psychoactive substances are commonly used in groupsText 4No company likes to be told it is contributing to the moral decline of a nation. 4ls this what youintended to accomplish with your careers?J, Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executiveslast week. "You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children aswell?^^ At Time Warner, however, such questions are simply the latest manifestation of thesoul-searching that has involved the company ever since the company was born in 1990. It's aself-examination that has, at various times, involved issues of responsibility, creative freedom andthe corporate bottom line.At the core of this debate is chairman Gerald Levin, 56, who took over fbr the late Steve Ross in1992. On the financial front, Levin is under pressure to raise the stock price and reduce thecompany's mountainous debt, which will increase to $17.3 billion after two new cable deals close.He has promised to sell off some of the property and restructure the company, but investors arewaiting impatiently.The flap over rap is not making life any easier fbr him. Levin has consistently defended thecompany's rap music on the grounds of expression. In 1992, when Time Warner was under fire forreleasing IceTs violent rap song Cop Killer, Levin described rap as a lawful expression of streetculture, which deserves an outlet. t4The test of any democratic society,he wrote in a Wall StreetJournal column, 'lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom ofthought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the resultsmay sometimes be. We won't retreat in the face of any threats.^^Levin would not comment on the debate last week, but there were signs that the chairman wasbacking off his hard-line stand, at least to some extent. During the discussion of rock singingverses at last month's stockholders, meeting, Levin asserted that “music is not the cause ofsociety?s ills“ and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap tocommunicate with students. But he talked as well about the “balanced struggle^^ between creativefreedom and social responsibility, and he announced that the company would launch a drive todevelop standards for distribution and labeling of potentially objectionable music.The 15-member Time Warner board is generally supportive of Levin and his corporate strategy.But insiders say several of them have shown their concerns in this matter. "Some of us haveknown for many, many years that the freedoms under the First Amendment are not totallyunlimited,“ says Luce. "I think it is perhaps the case that some people associated with thecompany have only recently come to realize this.^^63. Senator Robert Dole criticized Time Warner fbr.[A] its raising of the corporate stock price[B] its self-examination of soul[C] its neglect of social responsibility[D] its emphasis on creative freedom64. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Luce is a spokesman of Time Warner.[B] Gerald Levin is liable to compromise.[C] Time Warner is united as one in the face of the debate.[D] Steve Ross is no longer alive.65. In face of the recent attacks on the company, the c h a i r ma n .[A] stuck to a strong stand to defend freedom of expression[B] softened his tone and adopted some new policy[C] changed his attitude and yielded to objection[D] received more support from the 15-member board66. The best title for this passage could be.[A] A Company under Fire[BJ A Debate on Moral Decline[C] A Lawful Outlet of Street Culture[D] A Form of Creative FreedomText5Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a softlanding^^ or “a touch on the brakes,makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could befurther from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long,variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likensthe conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rear-viewmirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late.Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to itslowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below thedouble-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which TheEconomist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact,it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. InBritain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end oflast year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistentlylower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and theUnited States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's,have little productive slack. America's capacity utilization, for example, hit historically high levelsearlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of thenatural rate of unemployment - the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a littledefective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended theold economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.67. From the passage we learn that.[A] there is a definite relationship between inflation and interest rates|B| economy will always follow certain models[C] the economic situation is better than expected[D] economists had foreseen the present economic situation68. According to the passage, which of the following is TRUE?[A] Making monetary policies is comparable to driving a car[B] An extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation[C] A high unemployment rate will result from inflation[DJ Interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy69. The sentence 'This is no flash in the pan” (Line 5, Paragraph 3) means that.[A] the low inflation rate will last for some time[B] the inflation rate will soon rise[C] the inflation will disappear quickly[D] there is no inflation at present70. The passage shows that the author is the present situation.[A] critical of[BJ puzzled by[C] disappointed at[D] amazed atSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate the underlined sentences into Chinese.Your translation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)Do animals have rights? This is how the question is usually put. It sounds like a useful,ground-clearing way to start. 71) Actually, it isn't, because it assumes tha[ there is an agreedaccount of human rights, which is something the world does not have.On one view of rights, to be sure, it necessarily follows that animals have none. 72) Somephilosophers argue that rights exist only within a social contract, as part of an exchange of dutiesand entitlements. Therefore, animals cannot have rights. The idea of punishing a tiger that killssomebody is absurd, for exactly the same reason, so is the idea that tigers have rights. However,this is only one account, and by no means an uncontested one. It denies rights not only to animalsbut also to some people - for instance, to infants, the mentally incapable and future generations.In addition, it is unclear what force a contract can have for people who never consented to it: howdo you reply to somebody who says "I don't like this contract”？The point is this: without agreement on the rights of people, arguing about the rights of animals isfruitless. 73) It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset: it invites you to think that animalsshould be treated either with the snsideration humans extend to other humans, or with noconsideration at all. This is a false choice. Better to start with another, more fundamental, question:is the way we treat animals a moral issue at all?Many deny it. 74) Arguing firom the view that humans are different from animals in every relevantrespect, extremists of this kind think that animals lie outside the area of moral choice. Any regardfor the suffering of animals is seen as a mistake - a sentimental displacement of feeling thatshould properly be directed to other humans.This view, which holds that torturing a monkey is morally equivalent to chopping wood, mayseem bravely “logical." In fact it is simply shallow: the confused center is right to reject it. Themost elementary form of moral reasoning - the ethical equivalent of learning to crawl - is toweigh others* interests against one's own. This in turn requires sympathy and imagination: withoutwhich there is no capacity for moral thought. To see an animal in pain is enough, for most, toengage sympathy. 75) When that happens, it is not a mistake: it is mankind's instinct for moralreasoning in action, an instinct that should be encouraged rather than laughed at.71. 72. 73. 74. 75.Section V WritingDirections:[A] Study the following set of pictures carefully and write an essay in no less than 120 words.|B] Your essay must be written clearly on the ANSWER SHEET. (15 points)[C] Your essay should cover all the information provided and meet the requirements below:I. Interpret the following pictures.2. Predict the tendency of tobacco consumption and give your reasons.世界烟草总产・世界吸烟人口比例世界人口 58心, 其中0艮妁11亿， 的占20、世界每年吸烟损失2000亿奂元30)万人1997年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)1. [B]2. [D]3. [A]4. [DJ5. [C]6. [B]7. [A]8. [C]9. [D]10. [B]Part B (5 points)11. [C]12. [B]13. [C]14. [B]15. [C]16. [A]17. [C]18. [D]19. [DJ20. [B]Part C (10 points)21. [A]22. [B]23. [D]24. [A]25. [C]26. [B]27. [A]28. [A]29. [C]30. [D]31. [A]32. [C]33. [A]34. [C]35. [D]36. [B]37. [D]38. [B]39. [C]40. ID]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)41. [A|42. [C|43. |D]44. [A]45. [B|46. [D]47. [C]48. [B]49. [A]50. [D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)51. [D]52. [B]53. [A]54. [C]55. [D]56. [A]57. [C]58. [BJ59. [D]60. [A]61. [A]62. [B|63. [C]64. |D]65. |B]66. [A]67. [C]68. [B]69. [A]70. [D]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)7 1 .事实并非如此，因为这种问法是以人们对人的权利有共同认识为基础的， 而这种共同认识并不存在。

7 2 .有些哲学家论证说， 权利只存在在于社会契约中，是责任与权益相交换的•部分7 3 .这种说法从一开始就将讨论引向两个极端，它使人们认为应这样对待动物： 要么像对人类自身一样关切体谅， 要么完全冷漠无情74 .这类人持极端看法， 认为人与动物在各相关方面都不相同，对待动物无须考虑道德问题75 . 这种反应并不错， 这是人类用道德观念进行推理的本能在起作用， 这种本能应得到鼓励,而不应遭到嘲弄Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文例文一We meet smokers everywhere: in the streets, on college campuses and in shops. There are 5.8billion people in the world, and the smokers are about 1.1 billion, which makes up 20 percent ofthe world's total population.Smoking is very harmful. I think there are two main aspects to the damage. First, smokingconsumes a great deal of money. As is shown in the pictorial graph, smoking wastes 200 billiondollars each year in the world. Second, smoking does harm to the health of smokers, and it is themain cause of lung cancer. About 3 million people die because of the relevant diseases derivedfrom smoking every year.Because more and more people are aware of the great harm of smoking to humans, the amount oftobacco consumption is on the decrease. From the following figures we can clearly see thetendency. The total amount of world tobacco production added up to 14.364 billion pounds in1994, but it dropped to 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. At the same time, many countries call onpeople to give up smoking. So it is certain that the number of smokers is to decrease.例文二About Tobacco ConsumptionFrom the above set of pictures, we can see that there were a total of 14.364 billion pounds oftobacco produced in 1994 and 14.2 billion pounds in 1995. Because the amount of tobaccoproduction is falling yearly, it can be predicted that the tendency of tobacco consumption wouldalso be falling yearly. There are many reasons. Firstly, smoking wastes money. Every year thereare two hundred billion dollars “burnt” in the cigarette "fire." Secondly, smoking would hardly dopeople any good and it can even cause cancer. Every year there are three million people “buried”in the cigarette "tomb".Although tobacco consumption is falling, there are too many people who smoke. The populationin the world is 5.8 billion, but about twenty percent of the population, that is to say 1.1 billionpeople, smoke. So the situation is serious and the movement against smoking is still a difficulttask.评语: 上边两篇作文内容符合要求， 包括对各图的说明， 对趋势的预测及理由， 数字表达正确,语言较好， 表达能力较强，长度符合要求。

得 14分1998年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked |A], [B], [C] and |DJ.Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example:I have been to the Great Wall three times 1979.[A] from[B] after[C] for[D] sinceThe sentence should read, “I have been to the Great Wall three times since 1979.“ Therefore,you should choose [D].1. I worked so late in the office last night that I hardly had time the last bus.[A] to have caught|B| to cat ch [C] catching|D] having caught2. As it turned out to be a small house party, we so formally.[A] needn't dress up[BJ did not need have dressed up[C] did not need dress up [D] needn'l have dressed up3. I apologize if I you, but I assure you it was unintentional.[A] offendfB] had offendedfC] should have offended [D] might have offended4. Although a teenager, Fred could resist what to do and what not to do.[A] to be told[B] having been told[C] being told [D] to have been told5. Greater efforts to increase agricultural production must be made if food shortageavoided.[A] is to be[B] can be[C] will be [D] has been6. Doing your homework is a sure way to improve your test scores, and this is especially trueit comes to classroom tests.[A] before[B] as[C] since [D] when7. There are over 100 night schools in the city, making it possible for a professional to bereeducated no matter he does.[A] how[B] where [Cl what [DI when8. Fve kept up a friendship with a girl whom I was at school twenty years ago.[A] about|B| since|C| till [D] with9. He wasn't asked to take on the chairmanship of the s o c ie ty ,in s u f fic ie n tly popularwith all members.[A] being considered[B] considering[C] to be considered [D] having considered10. for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be sothriving as it is.[A] Had it not been|B| Were it not|C] Be it not [D] Should it not bePart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)Example: A number of [A] foreign visitors were taken [B] to the industrial exhibition, which[C] they saw [D] many new products.Part [C] is wrong. The sentence should read, “A number of foreign visitors were taken to theindustrial exhibition, where they saw many new products." So you should choose [C].11. According to Darwin, random changes that enhance a species' ability for surviving areA B Cnaturally selected and passed on to succeeding generations.D12. Neither rain nor snow keeps the postman from delivering our letters which we so muchA B Clook forward to receive.D13. If they will not accept a check, we shall have to pay the cash, though it would be muchA B C Dtrouble for both sides.14. Having been robbed off economic importance, those states are not likely to count forA B Cvery much in international political terms.D15. The message will be that neither the market nor the government is capable of dealing withA Ball of their uncontrollable practices.C D16. The logic of scientific development is such that separates groups of men working on theA B Csame problem in far-scattered laboratories are likely to arrive at the same answer at the sameDtime.17. Yet not all of these races are intellectual inferior to the European races, and some may evenA Bhave a freshness and vitality that can renew the energies of more advanced races.C D18. The more than 50,000 nuclear weapons in the hands of various nations today are more thanABample destroying every city in the world several times over.C D19. The universe works in a way so far remove from what common sense would allow thatA B Cwords of any kind must necessarily be inadequate to explain itxD20. The integration of independent states could best be brought about by 2rst creating a centralA Borganization with authorities over technical economic tasks.C DPartCDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B|, [C]and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Example:The lost car of the Lees was found in the woods off the highway.[A] vanished[B] scatteredfC] abandoned[D] rejectedThe sentence should read,叮he lost car of the Lees was found abandoned in the woods offthe highway." Therefore, you should choose [C].21. The machine needs a complete since it has been in use for over ten years.[A] amendinglB] fitting[C] mending [D] renovating22. There were many people present and he appeared only for a few seconds, so I only caught aof him.[A] glance[B] glimpse[C] look[D] sight23. I don't think it's wise of you to your greater knowledge in front of the director, forit may offend him.[A] show up[B] show out[C] show in [D] show off24. The returns in the short may be small, but over a number of years the investmentwill be well repaid.[A] interval [B] range[C] span [D] term25. A thorough study of biology requires with the properties of trees and plants, andthe habit of birds and beasts.[A] acquisition[B] discrimination[C] curiosity |D] familiarity26. She worked hard at her task before she felt sure that the results would her longeffort.[A] justify[B] testify[C] rectify [D] verify27. I'm very glad to know that my boss has generously agreed to my debt in return forcertain services.[A] take away[B] cut out[C] write off [D] clear up28. Some journalists often overstate the situation so that their news may create a gr eat .[A] explosionfB] sensation[C] exaggeration [D] stimulation29. According to what you have just said, am I to understand that his new post noresponsibility with it at all?[A] shoulders[B] possesses[C] carries |D] shares30. Sometimes the student may be asked to write about his to a certain book or articlethat has some bearing on the subject being studied.[A] comment[B] reaction[C] impression [D] comprehension31. Please yourself from smoking and spitting in public places, since the law forbidsthem.[A] restrain[BJ hinder[C] restrict [DJ prohibit32. Without telephone it would be impossible to carry on the functions of everybusiness operation in the whole country.[A] practically[B] preferably[C] precisely [D] presumably33. Preliminary estimation puts the figure at around $110 b i l l i o n , t h e $160 billion thePresident is struggling to get through the Congress.[A] in proportion to[B] in reply to[C] in relation to [D] in contrast to34. He is planning another tour abroad, yet his passport will at the end of this month.[A] expire[B] exceed[C] terminate [D] cease35. All the off-shore oil explorers were in high spirits as they read letters from theirfamilies.[A] sentimental[B] affectionate[C] intimate [D] sensitive36. Several international events in the early 1990s seem likely to, or at least weaken,the trends that emerged in the 1980s.[AJ revolt[B] revolve[C] reverse [D] revive37. I was unaware of the critical points involved, so my choice was qui t e.[A] arbitrary[BJ rational[C] mechanical [D] unpredictable38. The local people were joyfully surprised to find the price of vegetables no longeraccording to the weather.[A] altered|B| converted|C] fluctuated |D| modified39. The pursuit of leisure on the part of the employees will certainly not their prospectof promotion.[A] spur[B] further[C] induce [D] reinforce40. In what to a last minute stay of execution, a council announced that emergencyfunding would keep alive two aging satellites.[A] applies[B] accounts[C] attaches |D| amountsSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C],and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution. They41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard of living for the42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during the period from 1750 to 1850were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of the English population. 45contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from 1650 to 1750, when England was still a46 agricultural country, a period of great abundance and prosperity.This view, 47 , is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48 history andeconomics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was 50 by greatpoverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may have actually improved theconditions for the majority of the populace.41. [A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed [D] predicted42. [A] plain[B] average[C] mean [D] normal43. [A] momentary[Bl prompt[C] instant [D] immediate44. [A] bulk|B] host[Cl gross [D] magnitude45. [A] On|B] With[C] For [D] By46. [A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally [D] completely47. [A] ho we ver [B] meanwhile [C] therefore [D] moreover48. [A] at[B] in[C] about [D] for49. [A] manifestedfB] approved[C] shown [DI speculated50. [A] noted[B| impressed[C] labeled |D| markedSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked [A], [B], [C] and [DJ. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1Few creations of big technology capture the imagination like giant dams. Perhaps it ishumankind's long suffering at the mercy of flood and drought that makes the idea of forcing thewaters to do our bidding so fascinating. But to be fascinated is also, sometimes, to be blind.Several giant dam projects threaten to do more harm than good.The lesson from dams is that big is not always beautiful. It doesn't help that building a big,powerful dam has become a symbol of achievement for nations and people striving to assertthemselves. Egypt's leadership in the Arab world was cemented by the Aswan High Dam.Turkey's bid for First World status includes the giant Ataturk Dam.But big dams tend not to work as intended. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nileflooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left - all in return for a giant reservoir ofdisease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity.And yet, the myth of controlling the waters persists. This week, in the heart of civilizedEurope, Slovaks and Hungarians stopped just short of sending in the troops in their contentionover a dam on the Danube. The huge complex will probably have all the usual problems of bigdams. But Slovakia is bidding for independence from the Czechs, and now needs a dam to proveitself.Meanwhile, in India, the World Bank has given the go-ahead to the even more wrong-headedNarmada Dam. And the bank has done this even though its advisors say the dam will causehardship for the powerless and environmental destruction. The benefits are for the powerful, butthey are far from guaranteed.Proper, scientific study of the impacts of dams and of the cost and benefits of controllingwater can help to resolve these conflicts. Hydroelectric power and flood control and irrigation arepossible without building monster dams. But when you are dealing with myths, it is hard to beeither proper, or scientific. It is time that the world learned the lessons of Aswan. You don't need adam to be saved.51. The third sentence of Paragraph 1 implies that.[A] people would be happy if they shut their eyes to reality[B] the blind could be happier than the sighted[C] over-excited people tend to neglect vital things[D] fascination makes people lose their eyesight52. In Paragraph 5, “the powerless" probably refers to.[A] areas short of electricity[B] dams without power stations[C] poor countries around India[D] common people in the Narmada Dam area53. What is the myth concerning giant dams?[A] They bring in more fertile soil.[B ] They help defend the country.[C] They strengthen international ties.[D] They have universal control of the waters.54. What the author tries to suggest may best be interpreted as.[A] "It's no use crying over spilt milk”[B] "More haste, less speed^^[C] "Look before you leap”[D] "He who laughs last laughs best”Text 2Well, no gain without pain, they say. But what about pain without gain? Everywhere you goin America, you hear tales of corporate revival. What is harder to establish is whether theproductivity revolution that businessmen assume they are presiding over is for real.The official statistics are mildly discouraging. They show that, if you lump manufacturingand services together, productivity has grown on average by 1.2% since 1987. That is somewhatfaster than the average during the previous decade. And since 1991, productivity has increased byabout 2% a year, which is more than twice the 1978-87 average. The trouble is that part of therecent acceleration is due to the usual rebound that occurs at this point in a business cycle, and sois not conclusive evidence of a revival in the underlying trend. There is, as Robert Rubin, thetreasury secretary, says, a “disjunction“ between the mass of business anecdote that points to aleap in productivity and the picture reflected by the statistics.Some of this can be easily explained. New ways of organizing the workplace — all thatre-engineering and downsizing - are only one contribution to the overall productivity of aneconomy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment andmachinery, new technology, and investment in education and training. Moreover, most of thechanges that companies make are intended to keep them profitable, and this need not always meanincreasing productivity: switching to new markets or improving quality can matter just as much.Two other explanations are more speculative. First, some of the business restructuring ofrecent years may have been ineptly done. Second, even if it was well done, it may have spreadmuch less widely than people suppose.Leonard Schlesinger, a Harvard academic and former chief executive of Au Bong Pain, arapidly growing chain of bakery cafes, says that much ”eengineering" has been crude. In manycases, he believes, the loss of revenue has been greater than the reductions in cost. His colleague,Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanisticfashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-term profitability. BBDO'sAl Rosenshine is blunter. He dismisses a lot of the work of re-engineering consultants as mererubbish -- "the worst sort of ambulance chasing.”55. According to the author, the American economic situation is.[A] not as good as it seemslBJ at its turning point[C] much better than it seems[D] near to complete recovery56. The official statistics on productivity gr owt h.[A] exclude the usual rebound in a business cycle[B] fall short of businessmen's anticipation[C] meet the expectation of business people[D] fail to reflect the true state of economy57. The author raises the question “what about pain without gain?,, b e c a u s e .[A] he questions the truth of “no gain without pain”[B] he does not think the productivity revolution works[C] he wonders if the official statistics are misleading[D] he has conclusive evidence for the revival of businesses58. Which of the following statements is NOT mentioned in the passage?[A] Radical reforms are essential for the increase of productivity.[BJ New ways of organizing workplaces may help to increase productivity.[C] The reduction of costs is not a sure way to gain long-term profitability.[D] The consultants are a bunch of good-for-nothings.Text 3Science has long had an uneasy relationship with other aspects of culture. Think of Gallileo's17th-century trial for his rebelling belief before the Catholic Church or poet William Blake's harshremarks against the mechanistic worldview of Isaac Newton. The schism between science and thehumanities has, if anything, deepened in this century.Until recently, the scientific community was so powerful that it could afford to ignore itscritics - but no longer. As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked ”anti・ science”in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R. Gross, a biologist at the University ofVirginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Dem on -Haun tedWorld, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as '"The Flight fromScience and Reason,held in New York City in 1995, and "Science in the Age of (Mis)information,“ which assembled last June near Buffalo.Anti-science clearly means different things to different people. Gross and Levitt find faultprimarily with sociologists, philosophers and other academics who have questioned science'sobjectivity. Sagan is more concerned with those who believe in ghosts, creationism and otherphenomena that contradict the scientific worldview.A survey of news stories in 1996 reveals that the anti-science tag has been attached to manyother groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocksof smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research.Few would dispute that the term applies to the Unabomber, whose manifesto, published in1995, scorns science and longs for return to a pre-technological utopia. But surely that does notmean environmentalists concerned about uncontrolled industrial growth are anti-science, as anessay in US News & World Report last May seemed to suggest.The environmentalists, inevitably, respond to such critics. The true enemies of science,argues Paul Ehrlich of Stanford University, a pioneer of environmental studies, are those whoquestion the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and otherconsequences of industrial growth.Indeed, some observers fear that the anti-science epithet is in danger of becomingmeaningless. 'The term 'anti-science' can lump together too many, quite different things,,, notesHarvard University philosopher Gerald Holton in his 1993 work Science and Anti-Science. < 6Theyhave in common only one thing that they tend to annoy or threaten those who regard themselvesas more enlightened.^^59. The word ttschism^^ (Line 4, Paragraph 1) in the context probably means .[AJ confrontation[B] dissatisfaction[C] separation[D] contempt60. Paragraphs 2 and 3 are written to.[A] discuss the cause of the decline of science's power[B] show the author's sympathy with scientists[C] explain the way in which science develops[D] exemplify the division of science and the humanities61. Which of the following is true according to the passage?[A] Environmentalists were blamed for anti-science in an essay.[B] Politicians are not subject to the labeling of anti-science.[C] The “more enlightened^^ tend to tag others as anti-science.|D] Tagging environmentalists as 4

72 .巨大的宇宙云的存在， 实际上是使二十年代首创的大爆炸论得以保持其宇宙起源论的主导地位所不可缺少的73 .天体物理学家使用南极陆基探测器及球载仪器，正越来越近地观测这些云系， 也许不久会报告他们的观测结果74 . 假如那些小热点看上去同预计的一致， 那就意味着又一科学论说的胜利， 这种论说即更完美的大爆炸论，亦称宇宙膨胀说75 .宇宙膨胀说虽然听似奇特， 但它是基本粒子物理学中一些公认的理论在科学上看来可信的推论许多天体物理学家七、八年来一直认为这一论说是正确的Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文Recently, more and more people have seen varieties of promises either from TV, newspaperor from other media. As is shown in the cartoon, even a hen has learned how to promise. We allknow that hen's duty is to lay eggs which should undoubtedly consist of most elementary part. Butthe hen promises what she should do!( 图画点题， 夹叙夹议)With the development of the society and the improvement of people's living standard, moreand more attention should be paid to the improvement of quality of service. Therefore, manyenterprises and departments promise to better their services so as to meet the people's need better.They are also pleased to invite people to supervise what they have done and will do. But much toour surprise, some of them just say something that they should do. These promises are onlylaughed at by people.（ 解释配诗， 又有议论）In my opinion, doing more is better than promising more, because people are willing to beserved really. All we should lay more emphasis on what we do and how we can virtually improvethe level of service. Only in this way can we make people satisfied with what we do.（ 发表自己的观点）评语：内容切题， 包括图画的全部信息；清楚表达其内涵， 文字连贯；句式有变化， 句子结构和用词正确，文章长度符合要求。

本作文得13分1999年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section 1 Structure and VocabularyPart ADirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked |A], [B], [C] and [D].Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. （ 5 points）1. Anyone with half an eye on the unemployment figures knew that the assertion abouteconomic recovery just around the comer was untrue.[A] would be|B| to be[C] was |D| being2. Smoking is so harmful to personal health that it kills people each year thanautomobile accidents.[A] seven more times[B] seven times more[C] over seven times [D] seven times3. It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modem life and on the vaguechanges place in our ever-changing world.[A] taking[B] to take|C] take [D] taken4. This is an exciting area of study, and one which new applications are beingdiscovered almost daily.[A] from[B] by[C] in [D] through5. can be seen from the comparison of these figures, the principle involves the activeparticipation of the patient in the modification of his condition.[A] As[B] What[C] That [D] It6. Although I had been invited to the opening ceremony, I was unable to attend suchshort notice.[A] to[B] in[C] with [D] on7. California has more light than it knows to do with but everything else is expensive.[A] how[B] what[C] which [D] where8. The solution works only for couples who are self-employed, don't have small children andget along to spend most of their time together.[A] so well|B| too well[C] well as [D] well enough9. Marlin is a young man of independent thinking who is not about compliments tohis political leaders.[AJ paying|B | having paid[C] to pay [D] to have paid10. These proposals sought to place greater restrictions on the use and copying of digitalinformation than in traditional media.[A] exist[B] exists[C] existing [D] to existPart BDirections:Each of the following sentences has four underlined parts marked [A], [B], [C], and |D|. Identifythe part of the sentence that is incorrect and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 byblackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (5 points)11. Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a makeup examinationAhad you gone and explained that your parents had been ill at the time.B C D12. As the children become financially independent of the family, the emphasis on familyA B Cfinancial security will shift from protection to savi for the retirement years.D13. Were the Times Co. to purchase another major media company, there is no doubt that itAcould dramatically transfonn a family・ ran enterprise that still gets 90% of its revenuesB C Dfrom newspapers.14. Symposium talks will cover a wide range of subjects fYom over-fishing to physical andA Benvironment factors that affect the populations of different species.C D15. Conversation calls for a willingness to alternate the role of speaker with one of listener,A B Cand it calls for occasional 'digestive pauses5 by both.D16. If two theories are equal to their ability to account for a body of data, the theory thatA Bdoes so with the smaller number of assumptions is to be preferred.C D17. The Committee adopted a resolution requiring the seven automakers selling the most carsA Bin the state making 2 percent of those vehicles emissions-free by 1998.C D18. As long as poor people, who in general are colored, are in conflict with richer people, whoA Bin general are lighter skin, there's going to be a constant racial conflict in the world.C D19. All those left undone may sound greatly in theory, but even the truest believer has greatABCdifficulty when it comes to specifics.D20. Even if automakers modify commercially produced cars to run on alternative fuels, theA B Ccars won't catch on in a big way when drivers can fill them up at the gas station.DPartCDirections:Beneath each of the following sentences, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Mark your answer on ANSWERSHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)21. An important property of a scientific theory is its ability to further research andfurther thinking about a particular topic.[A] stimulate|B| renovate[C] arouse [D| advocate22. Although architecture has artistic qualities, it must also satisfy a number of importantp r a c t i c a l .[A] obligations[B] regulations[C] observations [DJ considerations23. Life insurance is financial protection for dependents against loss thebread-winner^ death.[A] at the cost of|B] on the verge of[C] as a result of [D] for the sake of24. In education there should be a good among the branches of knowledge thatcontribute to effective thinking and wise judgment.[A] distribution[B] balance[C] combination [D] assignment25. The American dream is most during the periods of productivity and wealthgenerated by American capitalism.[A] plausible[B] patriotic[C] primitive [D] partial26. Poverty is not in most cities although, perhaps because of the crowded conditionsin certain areas, it is more visible there.[A] rare[B] temporary[C] prevalent [D] segmental27. People who live in small towns often seem more friendly than those living inpopulated areas.[A] densely [B] intensely[C] abundantly [D] highly28. As a way of the mails while they were away, the Johnsons asked the cleaning ladyto send little printed slips asking the senders to write again later.[AJ picking up[BJ coping with[C] passing out [D] getting across29. Tom's mother tried hard to persuade him to from his intention to invest his savingsin stock market.[A] pull out|B] give up|C] draw in |D| back down30. An increasing proportion of our population, unable to live without advanced medical, will become progressively more reliant on expensive technology.[A] interference[B] interruption[C] intervention [D] interaction31. These causes produced the great change in the country that modernized the ofhigher education from the mid-1860's to the mid-1880's.[A] branch [B] cate gory |C] domain [D] scope32. Nobody yet knows how long and how seriously the in the financial system willdrag down the economy.[AJ shallowness[B] shakiness[C] scantiness [D] stiffness33. Crisis would be the right term to describe the in many animal species.[A] minimization[B] restriction[C] descent [D] decline34. The city is an important railroad and industrial and convention center.[A] conjunction[B] network[C] junction [D] link35. Prof. White, my respected tutor, frequently reminds me to myself of every chanceto improve my English.[A] assure[B] inform[C] avail [D] notify36. Researchers discovered that plants infected with a virus give off a gas that diseaseresistance in neighboring plants.[A] contracts[B] activatesfC] maintains [D] prescribes37. Corporations and labor unions have great benefits upon their employees andmembers as well as upon the general public.[A] conferred|B| granted[C] flung [D] submitted38. The movement of the moon conveniently provided the unit of month, which wasfrom one new moon to the next.[A] measuredfB] reckoned[C] judged [D] assessed39. The judge ruled that the evidence was inadmissible on the grounds that it was tothe issue at hand.[A] irrational[B] unreasonable[C] invalid [DJ irrelevant40. Fuel scarcities and price increases automobile designers to scale down the largestmodels and to develop completely new lines of small cars and trucks.[A] persuaded[B] prompted[C] imposed [D] enlightenedSection II Cloze TestDirections:For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C]and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points)Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41 low accident rates plan theirsafety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them 42 andactive. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-free operations is established44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certain aspectsof the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stress safe workpractices by 46 rules or regulations. 47 others depend on an emotional appeal tothe worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in every program if maximumresults are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financial standpointalone, safety 48 The fewer the injury 49 , the better the workman's insurance rate.This may mean the difference between operating at 50 or at a loss.41. [A] at[B]in[C] on [D] with42. [ A] alive|B| vivid|C] mobile [D] diverse43. [A] regulation[B] climate[C] circumstance [D] requirement44. [A] where[B] how[C] what [D] unless45. [A] alter[B] differ[C] shift [D] distinguish46. [A] constitutingfB] aggravating[C] observing [D] justifying47. [A] Some[B] Many[C] Even [D] Still48. [A] comes off|B] turns up[C] pays off [D| holds up49. [A] claims[B] reports[C] declarations [D] proclamations50. [A] an advantage[B| a benefit[C] an interest [D| a profitSection III Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each question there are fouranswers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer toeach of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening thecorresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Text 1It's a rough world out there. Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.Light up the stove and you could burn down the house. Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed towarn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles. Or so thethinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable fortheir customers5 misfortunes.Feeling threatened, companies responded by writing ever-longer warning labels, trying toanticipate every possible accident. Today, stepladders carry labels several inches long that warn,among other things, that you might — surprise! - fall off. The label on a child's Batman capecautions that the toy “does not enable user to fly.”While warnings are often appropriate and necessary — the dangers of drug interactions, forexample - and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actuallyprotect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. About 50 percent ofthe companies lose when injured customers take them to court.Now the tide appears to be turning. As personal injury claims continue as before, some courtsare beginning to side with defendants, especially in cases where a warning label probablywouldn't have changed anything. In May, Julie Nimmons, president of Schutt Sports in Illinois,successfully fought a lawsuit involving a football player who was paralyzed in a game whilewearing a Schutt helmet. "We're really sorry he has become paralyzed, but helmets aren'tdesigned to prevent those kinds of injuries,says Nimmons. The jury agreed that the nature of thegame, not the helmet, was the reason for the athlete's injury. At the same time, the American LawInstitute - a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantialweight — issued new guidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers ofobvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. ^Important information canget buried in a sea of trivialities," says a law professor at Cornell law School who helped draft thenew guidelines. If the moderate end of the legal community has its way, the information onproducts might actually be provided for the benefit of customers and not as protection againstlegal liability.51. What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened?[A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[BJ Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.52. Manufacturers as mentioned in the passage tend to.[A] satisfy customers by writing long warnings on products[B ] become honest in describing the inadequacies of their products[C] make the best use of labels to avoid legal liability[D] feel obliged to view customers' safety as their first concern53. The case of Schutt helmet demonstrated that.[A] some injury claims were no longer supported by law[B] helmets were not designed to prevent injuries[C] product labels would eventually be discarded[DJ some sports games might lose popularity with athletes54. The author's attitude towards the issue seems to be.[A] biased[B] indifferent[C] puzzling [D] objectiveText 2In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tapthe consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companieshave started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-businesssales make sense because businesspeople typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about itsreliability. "'Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier,,,says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk byconducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to thecompany's private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology availablefor marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to “pull”customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools thatallow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketingmessages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saverto deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers? computermonitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly toa company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similartechnologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events.But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly ofthe notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Oncecommercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web andtelevision fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies tomake money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, A, and other pioneers show that aWeb site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, andsecurity will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall,which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.55. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web b u s i n e s s .[A] has been striving to expand its market[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion[C] tried but in vain to control the market[D] has been booming for one year or so56. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that.[A] the technology is popular with many Web users[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions[C] there is a radical change in strategy[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners57. In the view of Net pur i s t s , .[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests58. We learn from the last paragraph that.[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce|B| interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing powerText 3An invisible border divides those arguing for computers in the classroom on the behalf ofstudents' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons ofradical educational reform. Very few writers on the subject have explored this distinction — indeed,contradiction — which goes to the heart of what is wrong with the campaign to put computers inthe classroom.An education that aims at getting a student a certain kind of job is a technical education,justified for reasons radically different from why education is universally required by law. It is notsimply to raise everyone's job prospects that all children are legally required to attend school intotheir teens. Rather, we have a certain conception of the American citizen, a character who isincomplete if he cannot competently assess how his livelihood and happiness are affected bythings outside of himself. But this was not always the case; before it was legally required for allchildren to attend school until a certain age, it was widely accepted that some were just notequipped by nature to pursue this kind of education. With optimism characteristic of allindustrialized countries, we came to accept that everyone is fit to be educated.Computer-education advocates forsake this optimistic notion for a pessimism that betrays theirotherwise cheery outlook. Banking on the confusion between educational and vocational reasonsfor bringing computers into schools, computered advocates often emphasize the job prospects ofgraduates over their educational achievement.There are some good arguments for a technical education given the right kind of student.Many European schools introduce the concept of professional training early on in order to makesure children are properly equipped for the professions they want to join. It is, however,presumptuous to insist that there will only be so many jobs for so many scientists, so manybusinessmen, so many accountants. Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number ofevery kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over somany states and involves so many international corporations.But, for a small group of students, professional training might be the way to go sincewell-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having ajob andnot. Of course, the basics of using any computer these days are very simple. It does not take alifelong acquaintance to pick up various software programs. If one wanted to become a computerengineer, that is, of course, an entirely different story. Basic computer skills take — at the verylongest — a couple of months to learn. In any case, basic computer skills are only complementaryto the host of real skills that are necessary to becoming any kind of professional. It should beobserved, of course, that no school, vocational or not, is helped by a confusion over its purpose.59. The author thinks the present rush to put computers in the classroom is.[A] far-reaching|B| dubiously oriented[C] self-contradictory[D] radically reformatory60. The belief that education is indispensable to all c h i l d r e n .[A] is indicative of a pessimism in disguise[B] came into being along with the arrival of computers[C] is deeply rooted in the minds of computered advocates|D] originated from the optimistic attitude of industrialized countries61. It could be inferred from the passage that in the author's country the European model ofprofessional training is.[A] dependent upon the starting age of candidates[B] worth trying in various social sections[C] of little practical value[D| attractive to every kind of professional62. According to the author, basic computer skills should be.[AJ included as an auxiliary course in school[B] highlighted in acquisition of professional qualifications[C] mastered through a life-long course[D] equally emphasized by any school, vocational or otherwiseText 4When a Scottish research team startled the world by revealing 3 months ago that it hadcloned an adult sheep, President Clinton moved swiftly. Declaring that he was opposed to usingthis unusual animal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not beused for such an experiment — although no one had proposed to do so - and asked an independentpanel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White Housein 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. That group - theNational Bioethics Advisory Commission (NBAC) — has been working feverishly to put itswisdom on paper, and at a meeting on 17 May, members agreed on a near-final draft of theirrecommendations.NBAC will ask that Clinton's 90-day ban on federal funds for human cloning be extendedindefinitely, and possibly that it be made law. But NBAC members are planning to word therecommendation narrowly to avoid new restrictions on research that involves the cloning ofhuman DNAor cells - routine in molecular biology. The panel has not yet reached agreement on acrucial question, however, whether to recommend legislation that would make it a crime forprivate funding to be used for human cloning.In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapirosuggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be “morally unacceptable toattempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning." Shapiro explained during the meetingthat the moral doubt stems mainly from fears about the risk to the health of the child. The panelthen informally accepted several general conclusions, although some details have not been settled.NBAC plans to call for a continued ban on federal government funding for any attempt toclone body cell nuclei to create a child. Because current federal law already forbids the use offederal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research orto knowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research.NBAC members also indicated that they will appeal to privately funded researchers andclinics not to try to clone humans by body cell nuclear transfer. But they were divided on whetherto go further by calling for a federal law that would impose a complete ban on human cloning.Shapiro and most members favored an appeal for such legislation, but in a phone interview, hesaid this issue was still “up in the air.”63. We can learn from the first paragraph that.[A] federal funds have been used in a project to clone humans|B | the White House responded strongly to the news of cloning[C] NBAC was authorized to control the misuse of cloning technique[D] the White House has got the panel's recommendations on cloning64. The panel agreed on all of the following except that.[A] the ban on federal funds for human cloning should be made a law[B] the cloning of human DNA is not to be put under more control[C] it is criminal to use private funding for human cloning[D] it would be against ethical values to clone a human being65. NBAC will leave the issue of embryo research undiscussed b e c a u s e .[A] embryo research is just a current development of cloning[B] the health of the child is not the main concern of embryo research[C] an embryo\ life will not be endangered in embryo research[D] the issue is explicitly stated and settled in the law66. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that.[A] some NBAC members hesitate to ban human cloning completely[B] a law banning human cloning is to be passed in no time[C] privately funded researchers will respond positively to NBAC's appeal[D] the issue of human cloning will soon be settledText 5Science, in practice, depends far less on the experiments it prepares than on the preparednessof the minds of the men who watch the experiments. Sir Isaac Newton supposedly discoveredgravity through the fall of an apple. Apples had been falling in many places for centuries andthousands of people had seen them fall. But Newton for years had been curious about the cause ofthe orbital motion of the moon and planets. What kept them in place? Why didn't they fall out ofthe sky? The fact that the apple fell down toward the earth and not up into the tree answered thequestion he had been asking himself about those larger fruits of the heavens, the moon and theplanets.How many men would have considered the possibility of an apple falling up into the tree?Newton did because he was not trying to predict anything. He was just wondering. His mind wasready for the unpredictable. Unpredictability is part of the essential nature of research. If you don'thave unpredictable things, you don't have research. Scientists tend to forget this when writingtheir cut and dried reports for the technical journals, but history is filled with examples of it.In talking to some scientists, particularly younger ones, you might gather the impression thatthey find the "scientific method^^ a substitute for imaginative thought. I've attended researchconferences where a scientist has been asked what he thinks about the advisability of continuing acertain experiment. The scientist has frowned, looked at the graphs, and said “Ihe data are stillinconclusive< 4We know that,^^ the men from the budget office have said, “but what do you think?Is it worthwhile going on? What do you think we might expect?" The scientist has been shocked athaving even been asked to speculate.What this amounts to, of course, is that the scientist has become the victim of his ownwritings. He has put forward unquestioned claims so consistently that he not only believes themhimself, but has convinced industrial and business management that they are true. If experimentsare planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journalsindicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce resultsmeasurable in dollars and cents. It is entirely reasonable for auditors to believe that scientists whoknow exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by thenecessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. Nor, ifregularity and conformity to a standard pattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of hispapers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the “oddballs“ among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who “work well with the team.^^67. The author wants to prove with the example of Isaac Newton that.[A] inquiring minds are more important than scientific experiments[BJ science advances when fruitful researches are conducted[C] scientists seldom forget the essential nature of research[D] unpredictability weighs less than prediction in scientific research68. The author asserts that s c i e n t i s t s .[A] shouldn't replace ''scientific method” with imaginative thought[B] shouldn,t neglect to speculate on unpredictable things[C | should write more concise reports for technical journals[D] should be confident about their research findings69. It seems that some young s c i e n t i s t s .[A] have a keen interest in prediction[B] often speculate on the future[C] think highly of creative thinking[D] stick to ^scientific method”70. The author implies that the results of scientific r e s e a r c h .[A] may not be as profitable as they are expected[B] can be measured in dollars and cents[C] rely on conformity to a standard pattern[D] are mostly underestimated by managementSection IV English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following passage carefully and then translate underlined sentences into Chinese. Yourtranslation must be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)71) While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modempractice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain thesignificant events of the past. Caught in the web of its own time and place, each generation ofhistorians determines anew what is significant for it in the past. In this search the evidence foundis always incomplete and scattered; it is also frequently partial or partisan. The irony of thehistorian's craft is that its practitioners always know that their efforts are but contributions to anunending process.72) Interest in historical methods has arisen less through external challenge to the validity ofhistory as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.While history once revered its affinity to literature and philosophy, the emerging social sciencesseemed to afford greater opportunities for asking new questions and providing rewardingapproaches to an understanding of the past. Social science methodologies had to be adapted to adiscipline governed by the primacy of historical sources rather than the imperatives of thecontemporary world. 73) During this transfer, traditional historical methods were augmented byadditional methodologies designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.Methodology is a term that remains inherently ambiguous in the historical profession. 74)There is no agreement whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work ingeneral or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.Historians, especially those so blinded by their research interests that they have been accused of“tunnel method," frequently fall victim to the 44technicist fallacy." Also common in the naturalsciences, the technicist fallacy mistakenly identifies the discipline as a whole with certain parts ofits technical implementation.75) It applies equally to traditional historians who view history as only the external andinternal criticism of sources, and to social science historians who equate their activity withspecific techniques.Section V Writing76. Directions: [A] Study the following graphs carefully and write an essay in at least 150 words.|B] Your essay must be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points)[C] Your essay should cover these three points:1. effect of the country's growing human population on its wildlife2. possible reason for the effect3. your suggestion for wildlife protectionTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTHTHE UPS AND DOWNS OF POPULATION GROWTH1999年考研英语真题答案Section I: Structure and Vocabulary (20 points)Part A (5 points)ID][B][A][C][A]ID][B][DJ[C][A]Part B (5 points)[D] were|D] saving[C] family-run[C] environmental[B] that[A] in[C] to make[D] skinned|B| great[D] unlessPart C (10 points)[A][D][C][B][A][C]|A][B][D][C][C][B][D][C][C]|B||A1IB]|D|[B]Section II: Cloze Test (10 points)ID]|A|IB]IA||B|[C]fD][C][A][D]Section III: Reading Comprehension (40 points)[BJ[C][A][D][A][C]ID][B][B][D][C][A]IB][C][D][A][A][B][D][A]Section IV: English-Chinese Translation (15 points)71 . 儿乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定， 但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

72 .人们之所以关注历史研究的方法论， 主要是因为史学界内部意见不一， 其次是因为外界并不认为历史是一门学问73 .在这种转变中， 历史学家研究历史时， 那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法74 .所谓方法论是指一般的历史研究中的特有概念, 还是指历史探究中各个具体领域适用的研究手段，人们对此意见不一75 .这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派； 前者认为历史就是史学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究Section V: Writing (15 points)7 6 .参考范文The two graphs tell us something about population growth and wildlife extinction in the U.S.From 1800, the American population has been growing all the time. In the 100 years from 1600 to1700, the number of wildlife species remained almost stable, with the next 200 years witnessing agrowing trend in wildlife extinction. It can be easily seen that the more the human beings, thefewer the animal species.There may be several reasons for this effect. First, as human population expands, more andmore wild animals are hunted for food. Second, due to all kinds of pollution and the damage ofecosystem caused by man, some animals have nowhere to live. Third, some animals are of greatmedical value, they become the targets for making money.It is time we took some measures to stop this disturbing trend. On one hand, governmentshould pass some laws and regulations to prevent people from killing more wild animals andforbid further damage to our environment. On the other hand, we should cultivate the awarenessthat animals are our friends and their extinction poses a threat rather than brings benefits to us.Only when human beings live in harmony with all kinds of animals can we really build a beautifuland healthy world.。