Unit 1 跨文化.ppt

           Intercultural Communication Rationale for studying Intercultural Communication:1.Technological development2. Globalization of economy3. Wide spread of population migration4. Development of multiculturalism            Chapter 1 CultureChapter OutlineCultureAnthropological Intercultural Formation Characteristics SubcultureCo-cultureSubgroupThe Nature of CultureCultural IdentityDefinitionDefinitions LearnedDynamicPervasiveSociologicalIntegratedadaptiveCultures within CultureCharacteristics Psychological I.  DEFINITIONS OF CULTURE1. Defining Culture from the        Anthropological Perspective2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective 3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective5. Our Definition of Culture1. Defining Culture from the Anthropological Perspective•“Culture consists of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional ideas, especially their attached values”.                                  -----Kroeber and Kluckhohn 2. Defining Culture from the Psychological Perspective   Culture is "the collective programming of the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another".                                                                               ---Geert Hofstede3. Defining Culture from the Sociological Perspective   Culture is defined as a pattern of learned, group-related perception—including both verbal and nonverbal language attitudes, values, belief system, disbelief systems, and behavior.-----social scientists4. Defining Culture from the Intercultural Perspective   Culture is a system of shared beliefs, values, customs, behaviours and artifacts that are transmitted from generation to generation through learning. •-----Bates and Plog5. Our Definition   We  define  culture  as  “the  deposit  of knowledge,  experience,  beliefs,  values, actions,  attitudes,  hierarchies,  religions, notions  of  time,  roles,  spatial  relations, concepts  of  the  universe,  and  artifacts acquired  by  a  group  of  people  in  the course  of  generations  through  individual and group striving.”Questions  Cultural elements material or artifact [music, painting, cuisine] institutional [family, education, law] values and beliefs [freedom, democracy, equality]Types of cultureVISIBLE [material/artifact and institutional] and INVISIBLE CULTURE [values/beliefs]‘BIG C’ CULTURE [intellectual and artistic activity] and ‘SMALL C’ CULTURE [way of life](Bright,1976)HIGH CULTURE (low culture)and ANTHROPOLOGICAL CULTURE II. Nature of Culture1. Culture is like an iceberg.2. Culture is our software.3. Culture is like the water a fish swims in.4. Culture is the grammar of our behavior.1. Culture Is Like An Iceberg艺术、文学、戏剧、古典音乐、流行音乐等。

民族舞蹈、游戏、烹饪、服饰谦虚的概念、审美观、教育子女的理念、   对后代的规范、宇宙观、与动物的关系、上下级的关系模式、如何定义罪孽、求爱的方式、公平的概念、工作的动机、领导的概念、工作的速度、集体决策的模式、洁净的概念、对于独立的态度、疾病的理论、解决问题的方法、对于地位稳定性的理解、眼神交流、与年龄、性别、阶层、职业、亲情等有关的角色认识、对于不安全的定义、友谊的本质、对于“自我”的定义、视觉感知模式、肢体语言、面部表情、对于逻辑和效度的理解、处理情感的方式、不同社会情景下交谈模式、对于过去和未来的看待方式、对于时间的安排、对于竞争或合作的喜好、社交比率、青春期的概念、对于空间的利用等•Culture is like an iceberg. Culture       manifests itself both implicitly and explicitly •Culture is our software. •Culture is like the water a fish swims in. •Culture is the story we tell about ourselves. •Culture is the grammar of our behavior.           III. Characteristics of Culture     1. Culture is learned.       We learn our culture through proverbs.                                  from folk tales, legends and myths.                                  through art.                                  through mass media.        2. Culture is usually acquired unconsciously.      our relationship with culture is like that between birds  and the sky, fish and water or people and air. • 3. Culture is shared among its members When we say A and B come from the same culture, we assume A and B share the same patterns of living: the same set of symbols used for communication,the same rules of speaking, the same idea about what we can be eaten as food and what can not, the same belief about nature and man, and so on. 4. Culture is persistent and enduring Culture is the deposit of human knowledge and collection of both material and non-material wealth created by man over the long process of human civilization,which gives continuity to the development of a culture and provides reinforcement to its members in their lifetime learning of their culture.5.Culture is adaptive and changeable      On the superficial level, any great inventions and process of mankind will bring about changes in people’s ideas, way of life, mode of behavior etc.      History abounds with examples of how cultures have changed because of laws, natural disasters, wars, or other calamities.     while on the deep structures, i.e. ideological perceptions, values and value orientations, world views and beliefs, are likely to stay or change slowly. Therefore, we should take a dynamic perspective.  6. Culture is relationalAny culture is an integrated entity. All the components of culture are interrelated. The change of one aspect of culture will certainly bring about changes in other aspects as well. So, we should study one aspect of culture in relation to other aspects. Only in this way can we gain a true understanding of a culture and its people.   7. Culture is transmitted from generation to generation    For a culture to exist, it must ensure that its crucial message and elements are passed on. If there are values considered central to a society that have existed for many years, these must be transmitted from one generation to another.8. Culture Is Pervasive    Like the air we breathe, culture penetrates into every aspect of our life and influences the way we think, the way we talk, and the way we behave.9. Culture Is Integrated  We sometimes break down and isolate various parts of culture and talk about them as if they are separate parts. However, in reality, culture functions as an integrated whole and it is systemic.IV. Cultural Identity   Cultural identity refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group. People consciously identify themselves with a group that has a shared system of symbols and meanings as well as norms for conduct.V. Cultures Within Culture  DOMINANT CULTURE AND SUBCULTURE/CO-CULTURECulture is subdivided into dominant culture, mainstream culture, and subculture(s), which coexist within each culture.   A subculture resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people and represents the accumulation of generations of human striving. However, subcultures have some important differences: they exist within dominant cultures and are often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.   Today the tendency is to say ‘co-culture’ and sub-groups to avoid prejudice.Functions of Culture1) Making things easy•helping facilitate the transition from the womb to this new life by providing meanings to events, objects, and people, thus making the world a less perplexing place.•making life less confusing because most of culture is automatic and subconscious.2) Satisfying people’s needs: •the physiological needs; •the safety needs; •the belongingness needs;•the esteem needs; •the self-actualization needsabcde3) providing a context in which 3 aspects of human society are embedded: linguistic, physical and psychological4) providing structure, stability, security used by the group to maintain themselves as a healthy systemCulture Shock Culture shock can be described as the feeling of confusion and disorientation that one experiences when faced with a large number of new and unfamiliar people and situations. ◆当人们去到一个与自己原来的文化迥异的地方时，绝大多数人都会经历一种心理上的迷惑，这就是文化冲击。

 Positive cross-cultural learning experiences typically:●     involve change and movement from one cultural               frame of reference;●     are personally and uniquely important to the individual;●     force the person into some form of self-examination;●     involve severe frustration, anxiety, and personal pain, at least for a while;●     cause the person to deal with relationships and processes related to his or her role as an outsider;●     encourage the person to try new attitudes and behaviors; ●     allow the person to compare and contrast constantly.。