朗文英语阅读翻译.doc

英语语言的历史A short history of the origins and development of English 一个英语的起源和发展的历史很短The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD.英语的历史真正开始与三个日耳曼部落，在公元5世纪，英国入侵的到来 These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany.这些部落的角度，撒克逊和朱特人，越过北海，从什么是今天丹麦和德国北部 At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language.当时英国的居民讲凯尔特语 But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.但大多数的凯尔特扬声器推侵略者西面和北面 - 主要分为什么是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰。

The Angles came from Englaland and their language was called Englisc - from which the words England and English are derived.的角度来自 Englaland 和他们的语言被称为 Englisc - 从英国和英语的话是派生的Germanic invaders entered Britain on the east and south coasts in the 5th century. 东部和南部海岸，在 5世纪日耳曼入侵者进入英国 Old English (450-1100 AD)古英语（450-1100 AD）Part of Beowulf , a poem written in Old English. 部分武夫 ，在古英语写了一首诗The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English.入侵的日耳曼部落，说着相似的语言，在英国，我们现在所谓的古英语。

Old English did not sound or look like English today.古英语没声音，或喜欢英语，看看今天 Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English.以英语为母语的了解古英语有很大的难度 Nevertheless, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots.然而，大约一半在现代英语中最常用词有古英语的根源 The words be , strong and water , for example, derive from Old English. 的言语， 强和水 ，例如，从老英语派生 Old English was spoken until around 1100.古英语口语，直到1100左右Middle English (1100-1500)中古英语（1100-1500）An example of Middle English by Chaucer. 由乔叟例如中古英语。

In 1066 William the Conqueror, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. 1066年征服者威廉，诺曼底公爵（现代法国的一部分） ，侵略和征服英格兰 The new conquerors (called the Normans) brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes.新的征服者（称为诺曼）带着一种法国，成为皇家法院的语言，执政党和业务类 For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French.对于一个时期有一个语言类划分，低下阶层的讲英语和上层阶级说法语。

In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added.英国在14 世纪成为主导又在英国，但添加了许多法语单词 This language is called Middle English.这种语言被称为中世纪英语 It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (c1340-1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today.这是伟大的诗人乔叟（c1340 - 1400）的语言，但它仍然是难以为以英语为母语的了解今天Modern English 现代英语Early Modern English (1500-1800)早期现代英语（1500-1800）Hamlet's famous "To be, or not to be" lines, written in Early Modern English by Shakespeare. 哈姆雷特的著名的“，或不被”线，在早期现代英语的书面莎士比亚 。

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter.迈向中东英语年底，在发音突然明显变化（大元音转变）开始，与元音被显着短 From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world.从16世纪，英国有来自世界各地的许多国家的人民的联系 This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language.这和文艺复兴时期的古典学习，意味着许多新的单词和短语输入语言 The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print.印刷术的发明，也意味着在打印，现在有一个共同的语言。

Books became cheaper and more people learned to read.书籍变得更便宜，更多的人学会了阅读 Printing also brought standardization to English.印刷也带来了标准化为英语 Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard.成为固定的拼写和语法，和伦敦的方言，其中大部分出版社，成为了标准 In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.在1604 年发表的第一个英文字典Late Modern English (1800-Present)晚期现代英语（1800 年至今）The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.早期现代英语和现代英语后期之间的主要区别在于词汇。

Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the British Empire at its height covered one quarter of the earth's surface, and the English language adopted foreign words from many countries.后期现代英语有更多的字，从两个主要因素引起的：首先，在工业革命和技术创造新词的需要;其次，在它的高度英国帝国覆盖地球表面的四分之一，和英语通过外国从许多国家的话Varieties of English 英语品种From around 1600, the English colonization of North America resulted in the creation of a distinct American variety of English.从1600左右，北美的英国殖民统治，创建一个独特的美国英语品种。

Some English pronunciations and words "froze" when they reached America.一些英语发音和单词“冻结” ，当他们到达美国 In some ways, American English is more like the English of Shakespeare than modern British English is.在某些方面，美国英语更像是莎士比亚比现代英式英语是英语 Some expressions that the British call "Americanisms" are in fact original British expressions that were preserved in the colonies while lost for a time in Britain (for example trash for rubbish, loan as a verb instead of lend, and fall for autumn; another example, frame-up , was re-imported。