2022翻译研究入门理论与应用总结笔记.docx

Chapter 1Translation can refer to the general subject field, the product or the process.The process of translation between two different written languages involves the translator changing an original written text in the original verbal language into a written text in a different verbal language.Three categories of translation by the Russian-American structuralist Roman Jakobson1 intralingual translation语内翻译：Rewording, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of other signs of the same language;2 interlingual translation语际翻译: Translation proper*, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of some other language;3 intersemiotic translation语符翻译 transmutation, an interpretation of verbal signs by means of signs of non-verbal sign systems.History of the discipline1,From late eighteenth century to the 1960s: part of language learning methodologyTranslation workshop, comparative literature, contrastive analysis2,James S Holmes “the name and nature of translation studies” (founding statement for the field)3, 1970:Reiss: text typeReiss and Vermeer: text purpose( the skopos theory)Halliday: discourse analysis and systemic functional grammar4, 1980The manipulation school: descriptive approach, polysystem 5, 1990Sherry Simon:Gender researchElse Vieira: Brazilian cannibalist schoolTejaswini Niranjana: Postcolonial translation theoryLawrence Venuti: cultural-studies-oriented analysisHolmes’s map of translation studiesThe objectives of the pure areas of research:1, descriptive translation theory: the description of the phenomena of translation2, translation theory: the establishment of general principles to explain and predict such phenomenaPure: theoretical and descriptiveDTS: descriptive translation studies1, product-oriented DTS: existing translations, text (diachronic or synchronic)2, function-oriented DTS: the function of translations in the recipient sociocultural situation (socio-translation studies or cultural-studies-oriented translation)3, process-oriented DTS: the psychology of translation (later think-aloud protocols)Relation between Theoretical and descriptiveThe results of DTS research can be fed into the theoretical branch to evolve either a general theory of translation or, more likely, partial theories of translation.Partial theories1, Medium-restricted theories: translation by machine and humans2, Area-restricted theories:3, Rank-restricted theories: the level of word, sentence or text4, Text-type restricted theories: discourse types or genres5, Time-restricted theories:6, Problem-restricted theories:Applied branch of Holmes’s framework: translator training, translation aids and translation criticism.Translation policy: the translation scholar advising on the place of translation in societyChapter 2 translation theory before the twentieth centuryLiteral vs. free debateCicero (first century BCE): I did not hold it necessary to render word for word, but I preserved the general style and force of the language.Horace: producing an aesthetically pleasing and creative text in the TL.St Jerome: I render not word for word, but sense for sense.Martin Luther: 1, non-literal or non-accepted translation came to be seen and used as a weapon against the Church.2, his infusion of the Bible with the language of ordinary people and his consideration of translation in terms focusing on the TL and the TT reader were crucial.Louis Kelly:Fidelity: to both the words and the perceived senseSpirit:1, creative energy or inspiration of a text or language, proper to literature; 2, the Holy Spirit.Truth: content17 century:Early attempts at systematic translation theoryCowley: imitationCounter the inevitable loss of beauty in translation by using our wit or invention to create new beauty;he has ‘taken, left out and added what I please’John Dryden reduces all translation to three categories: the triadic model(约翰 德莱顿旳三分法:“直译”、“意译”与“仿译”)1, metaphrase: word for word translation2, paraphrase: sense for sense translation3, imitation: forsake both words and senseEtienne Dolet: a French humanist, burned at the stake for his addition to his translation of one of Plato’s dialogues.Five principles:① The translator must perfectly understand the sense and material of the original author, although he should feel free to clarify obscurities.②The translator should have a perfect knowledge of both SL and TL, so as not to lessen the majesty of the language.③The translator should avoid word-for-word renderings.④The translator should avoid Latinate and unusual forma.⑤The translator should assemble and liaise words eloquently to avoid clumsiness.Alexander Fraser TytlerTL-reader-oriented definition of a good translation: That, in which the merit of the original work is so completely transfused into another language, as to be as distinctly apprehended, and as strongly felt。