《管理信息技术》课件(英文版)—09.ppt

Chapter 91Chapter 9Managing Knowledge Chapter 92Learning ObjectivesDefine knowledge and describe the different types of knowledge.Describe the activities involved in knowledge management. Describe different approaches to knowledge management.Describe the issues associated with implementing knowledge management in organizations.Describe the technologies that can be utilized in a knowledge management system.Describe the activities of the chief knowledge officer and others involved in knowledge management.Describe benefits as well as drawbacks to knowledge management initiativesChapter 93Knowledge Management Structuring of knowledge enables effective and efficient problem solvingdynamic learningstrategic planningdecision making. Knowledge management initiatives focus onidentifying knowledgehow it can be shared in a formal mannerleveraging its value through reuse. Knowledge management can promote organizational learninghelp solve problemsKnowledge management (KM) is a process that helps organizations identify, select, organize, disseminate, and transfer important information and expertise that are part of the organizations memory.Chapter 94Knowledge Data are a collection of:FactsMeasurementsStatisticsInformation is organized or processed data that are:TimelyAccurate Knowledge is information that is:ContextualRelevantActionable.Knowledge is very distinct from data and information and provides a higher level of meaning about that data and information.The ability to act is an integral part of being knowledgeable.Having knowledge implies that it can be exercised to solve a problem, whereas having information does not.Chapter 95Knowledge Corporate AssetExtraordinary leverage and increasing returns. Knowledge is not subject to diminishing returns. When it is used, it is not consumed. Its consumers can add to it, thus increasing its value.Fragmentation, leakage, and the need to refresh. As knowledge grows, it branches and fragments. Knowledge is dynamic; it is information in action. Thus, an organization must continually refresh its knowledge base to maintain it as a source of competitive advantage.Uncertain value. It is difficult to estimate the impact of an investment in knowledge. There are too many intangible aspects.Uncertain value of sharing. Similarly, it is difficult to estimate the value of sharing the knowledge, or even who will benefit most.Rooted in time. Knowledge has the following characteristics that differentiates it from an organizations other assets Intellectual capitalIntellectual capital or intellectual assetsintellectual assetsChapter 96Knowledge Explicit knowledge Explicit knowledge (or leaky knowledge) deals with objective, rational, and technical knowledgeDataPoliciesProceduresSoftwareDocumentsProductsStrategiesGoalsMissionCore competencies Explicit knowledge has been codified (documented) in a form that can be distributed to others or transformed into a process or strategy without requiring interpersonal interaction. The more that knowledge is made explicit, the more economically The more that knowledge is made explicit, the more economically it can be transferred.it can be transferred.Chapter 97Knowledge Tacit knowledge Tacit knowledge is the cumulative store of the corporate experiencesMental mapsInsightsAcumenExpertiseKnow-howTrade secretsSkill setsLearning of an organization The organizational cultureTacit knowledge is usually in the domain of subjective, cognitive, and experiential learning; it is highly personal and difficult to formalize. It is also referred to as embedded knowledge since it is usually either localized within the brain of an individual or embedded in the group interactions within a department or business unit.Tacit knowledge is generally slow and costly to transfer and can Tacit knowledge is generally slow and costly to transfer and can be plagued by ambiguity.be plagued by ambiguity.Chapter 98Knowledge Knowledge Management Systems A functioning knowledge management system follows six steps in a cycle dynamically refining information over time1.Create knowledge. 2.Capture knowledge. 3.Refine knowledge.4.Store knowledge. 5.Manage knowledge.6.Disseminate knowledge.The goal of knowledge management is for an organization to be aware of individual and collective knowledge so that it may make the most effective use of the knowledge it has. Firms recognize the need to integrate both explicit and tacit knowledge into a formal information systems - Knowledge Management System (KMS)As knowledge is disseminated, individuals develop, create, and As knowledge is disseminated, individuals develop, create, and identify new knowledge or update old knowledge, which they identify new knowledge or update old knowledge, which they replenish into the system.replenish into the system.Chapter 99Knowledge Knowledge Management Systems ContinuedKnowledge Knowledge Management CycleManagement CycleChapter 910Knowledge Management InitiativesKnowledge management initiatives have one of three aims:to。