
转喻、提喻、换称等多种万能的三种修辞手法的对比.docx
5页THE COMPARISON BETWEEN METONYMY,SYNECDOCHE AND ANTONOMASIA转喻、提喻、换称三种修辞手法的对比转喻(Metonymy)、提喻(synecdoche)、换称(antonomasia)这三种修辞手法都属于关系类修 辞,它们的共同之处-都是用某一事物的名称指代另一事物的名称,故而常常容易使人混淆目前国内 有关英语修辞的教科书中就常将这三种修辞手法混为一谈,使得老师和学生对此模糊不清其实,如 果将这三种修辞手法的定义和用法弄清,就不难区分它们下面就这三种修辞手法的定义、用法以及 它们之间的异同等作些比较:一.转喻(Metonymy)的定义与用法:1. 定义:用某一事物的名称代替另一事物的名称的修辞手法叫做转喻或借代这两种事物之间有着 密切相关的联系A metonymy is a figuie of speech that lias to do with the substitution of the name of one thing fbr that of another with which it is closely associated.)2. 用法:转喻通常用下列几种方式指代:① 根据人名或商品品牌名:Uncle Sam (山姆大叔)f Aineiicans or the Aineiican govenunent (美国人/美国政府)Jolm Bull (约翰牛)一the English nation or a typical Englislunan (英国/地道英国人)He is reading Shakespeare.他在读莎士比亚作品 °J Shakespeaiers works (用作者指代作品)He went in debt just to keep up with the Joneses.他为了 与邻里攀比而负债。
J neighbours(用“琼斯家”指代“邻里”)We drove a Ford to Hyde Park.我们驾驶一辆福特牌小轿车到海德公园去J a car whose make is Ford (用品牌名指代实物)② 根据实物名称:Finally she manied money.她最终嫁给了有钱人°J a rich man (用“钱”指代“有钱人” ° )I live near an anpoit and passing planes can be lieaid mght and day.我住在飞机场附近,口夜可•以听到过 往的飞机声 」the noise made by passing planes(用“过往的飞机”指代“噪音” o )③ 根据动植物名称:the big apple (大苹果)f New York city (纽约市)Russian bear (俄国熊)一Russians 01 the Russian govenunent (俄国人/俄国政府)British lion (英国狮)f England or the English govenunent (英国/英国政府)The flower of the nation was sent off to war.该国的壮小伙子都被送去打仗了。
J the strong young men(the flower通常用来指代“精英”、“精华”等在句中,它被用来指代“壮小伙子” ° )④ 根据工具名:When the war was over, he laid down the sword and took up the pen.J arms J writmg战争结束后,他放下武器,从事写作The pen is nughtief than the sword.文章胜武力J books and writing u armed force(用“笔”指代“文章”,用“剑”指代“武力” o )Only the knife can save him.只有于•木刀能够挽救他』operation (用“手术刀”指代“手术”⑤ 根据职业名:I could not hear the actors.我听不见演员的台词°J the words of the actors (用"演员”指代"台词 ” ° )Some students were talknig loudlv in class that I could not hear the teacher clearly.一些学生在课堂上大声说话,我听不清老师的课。
the teacher's lecture(用“老师”指代“老师的课” o )⑥ 根据装东西的容器或容器里所装的东西:He is too fond of the .他太喜欢喝酒了J wine (用容器“瓶”指代内含的物质“酒”The kettle is boilmg.水开了J the water in the kettle(用容器“壶”指代内含的物质“水”His purse would not allow him that luxmy.他钱包里的钱不允许他那么奢侈J the money in liis purse(用“钱包”指代它里面所装的“钱” o )Two beers, please.请来两杯啤酒J nvo glasses of beer (用内含的物质“啤酒”指代容器“杯"⑦ 根据身体的部位:Brain dram.人才流失J talent (用“大脑”指代“人才”But I was not one to let my heart nile my head.我可不是那种让感情驾驭理智的人feelings or emotions u reason or good sense(用“心”指代“感情”,用“头”指代“理智” o )Grey hairs should be respected.老年人应该受到尊敬°J old people(“头发”是人体的一部分,其前加了形容词“灰白的”之后,具有一种象征意义,常用来指代“老年人” o )⑧ 根据典型实物借代职业:He decided to enter the bar after college.他决定大学毕业后当律师。
J the legal profession(the bar原意是法庭围栏,现常用来指代律师职业)Members of the press weren't allowed into the combat zone.新闻记者不准进入战斗区域 」newspaper reporters(the press原意是印刷机,现常用来指代新闻记者)He lias been appointed to the 加〃c/?・他被委任为法官J position of judge(the bench原意是法官的席位,现常用来指代法官⑨ 根据制作某东西的材料:He had only a few coppers in lus pocket.他 11 袋里只有几个铜币J coins (copper 是制作 coin 的材料She was dressed m silks.她穿丝绸衣服J silk clothes (silk 是制作 clothes 的料子⑩ 根据政府、工商企业的所在地以及事物活动的场所:the Wlute House (白宫)一the U.S. government (美国政府)Wall Street (华尔街)—U.S. financial ciicles (美国金融界)Capitol Hill (国会山)f the United States Congress (美国国会)Foggy Bottom (雾谷)-* U.S. State Depailment (美国国务院)Hollywood (好莱坞)一American film-makmg industiy (美国电影业)Madison Avenue (麦迪逊大街)f American advertising mdustry (美国广告业)Dowiung Street (唐宁街)一the British govermnent (英国政府)Fleet Street (舰队街)-* The British press (英国新闻界)Down Under (对跖地)—Australia or New Zealand (澳大利亚或新西兰)The field was won after two hours of bloody fighting.」the battle 经过2小时的浴血奋战,战斗取得了胜利。
用“战斗场地”指代“战斗” o )二.提喻(Synecdoche)的定义与用法:1. 定义:用局部代替全体或全体代替局部,用屈代替种或种代替属,用具体代替抽象或抽象代替具 体的修辞手法叫做提喻A synecdoche is a figuie of speech that involves the substitution of the pan fbr the whole oi the whole fbi the part, and the substitution of the species for the genus or the genus fbr the species, and also the substitution of the concrete fbr the abstract 01 the abstract fbr the concrete.)2. 用法:① 以局部代全体:The poor man had six mouths to feed.这可怜的人要养六 I I 人J people(“口”只是人体的一部分,在此用来指代“人”The poor man is now left without a roof.这可怜的人落得个上无片瓦。
J house(“屋顶”只是房子的一部分,在此用来指代“房屋”He can't ride a wheel.他不会骑自行车J bicycle(“轮子”只是自行车的一个部件,在此用来指代“自行车” O )② 以全体代局部:The buds sang to welcome the smiling year.小鸟歌唱迎新春J tlie spring(“春季”只是“一年”中的一个季节,句中用“欢笑的年”指代“春天” O )He has gained a footing m the musical world.他在音乐界站住了脚J field(“世界”包括一切,表示“领域”的“界” o )③ 以属代替种:Spring vanishes with the rose.花谢春尽J flowers(“玫瑰”属于“花”中的一种It will cost you a pretty penny.这恐怕会花费你许多钱J money(“便士”属于“钱"中的一种° )④ 以种代替属:I doirt like to eat meat.我不想吃猪肉J pork (“肉”包括“猪肉”在内的任何一种肉What a lovely creature!多么美丽的女人啊!J a beautiful woman ("人”包括“女人”在内的任何一种人。
⑤ 以具体代抽象:He earned lus。
