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科技英语翻译复习范围.doc

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    • 1. 科技英语的语言特点具体体现一、大量使用名词化构造  《现代英语语法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在论述科技英语时提出,大量使用名词化构造(Nominalization)是科技英语的特点之一由于科技文体规定行文简洁、体现客观、内容确切、信息量大、强调存在的事实而非某一行为  Archimeds first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.  阿基米德最先发展固体排水的原理句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名词化构造,一方面简化了同位语从句,另一方强调displacement 这一事实  The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.  地球绕轴自转,引起昼夜的变化名词化构造the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使复合句简化成简朴句,并且使体现的概念更加确切严密。

        If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss. Can be considerably reduced.  炉壁采用耐火砖可大大减少热耗  科技英语所表述的是客观规律,因之要尽量避免使用第一、二人称;此外,要使重要的信息置于句首 Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.  电视通过无线电波发射和接受活动物体的图象  名词化构造the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 强调客观事实,而"谓语动词则着重其发射和接受的能力  二、广泛使用被动语句 根据英国利兹大学John Swales 的记录,科技英语中的谓语至少三分之一是被动态这是由于科技文章侧重叙事推理,强调客观精确第一、二人称使用过多,会导致主观臆断的印象因此尽量使用第三人称论述,采用被动语态,例如:  Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.应当注意机器的工作温度。

      而很少说:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你们必须注意机器的工作温度此外,如前所述,科技文章将重要信息前置,放在主语部份这也是广泛使用被动态的重要因素试观测并比较下列两段短文的主语 We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.  电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内这样的装置称之为电容器,其储存电能的能力称为电容电容的测量单位是法拉这一段短文中各句的主语分别为: Electrical energy  Such a device  Its ability to store electrical energy  It (Capacitance )  它们都涉及了较多的信息,并且处在句首的位置,非常醒目。

      四个主语完全不同,避免了单调反复,前后连贯,自然流畅足见被动构造可收简洁客观之效  三、非限定动词  如前所述,科技文章规定行文简洁,构造紧凑,为此,往往使用分词短语替代定语从句或状语从句;使用分词独立构造替代状语从句或并列分句;使用不定式短语替代多种从句;介词十动名词短语替代定语从句或状语从句这样可缩短句子,又比较醒目试比较下列各组句子  A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.  直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流 Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.  热量由地球辐射出来时,使得气流上升  A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion. 如果没有变化物体运动的因素,那么物体将作匀速直线运动  Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.  振动着的物体产生声波,每一次振动产生一种声波。

       In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.  在通讯系统中,电子学要解决的问题是如何把信息从一种地方传递到另一种地方 Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.  构造材料的选择应使其在外界条件中保持其弹性  There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.  将能量从一种形式转变成另一种形式有多种不同的措施 In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn ,messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set. 使无线电波依次对每一种声音作出相应变化时,信息就由广播电台传递到接受机。

        四、后置定语  大量使用后置定语也是科技文章的特点之一常用的构造不如下五种:  1、介词短语  The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.  由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力 A call for paper is now being issued .  征集论文的告知现正陆续发出 2、形容词及形容词短语 In this factory the only fuel available is coal.  该厂唯一可用的燃料是煤  In radiation ,thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.  热能在辐射时,转换成性质与光相似的辐射能  3、副词  The air outside pressed the side in .  外面的空气将桶壁压得凹进去了  The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.  向上的力与向下的力相等,因此气球就保持在这一高度。

        4、单个分词,但仍保持校强的动词意义  The results obtained must be cheeked .  获得的成果必须加以校核  The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted. 产生的热量等于挥霍了的电能 5、定语从句  During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.  在施工过程中,常会浮现需要变化设计的问题  The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.  分子互相间都存在着力的作用,该力的大小取决于它们之间的距离 Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.  我们几乎没有注意的很奇异的物质变化每天都在眼前发生。

      To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235,in which all the atoms are available for fission.  制造原子弹,我们必须用铀235,由于轴的所有原子都会裂变  五、常用句型 科技文章中常常使用若干特定的句型,从而形成科技文体区别于其她文体的标志例如It——that——构造句型;被动态构造句型;构造句型,分词短语构造句型,省略句构造句型等举例如下:  It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one .  显然,润滑好的轴承,比不润滑的轴承容易转动  It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting .  看来这两个科学分支是互相依存,互相作用的  It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.  已经证明,感应电压使电流的方向与产生电流的磁场力方向相反。

       It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.  直到十九世纪人们才结识到热是能量的一种形式  Computers may be classified as analog and digital.  计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种  The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times .  新型晶体管的开关时间缩短了三分之二或——缩短为三分之一) This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .  人们觉得这种合金钢是这里能提供的最佳的合金钢。

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