大学英语六级考试短文写作.pdf

大学英语六级考试短文写作一、六级写作评分标准大学英语六级考试作文的目的旨在考核学生英语书面表达的能力作文考试时间为30分钟， 要求写出不少于150个词的短文六级考试作文的出题方式有：命题作文，看图画或图表作文，根据所给文章（ 英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，给出关键词作文等考试的作文内容为社会、文化或日常生活的一般常识，不涉及知识面过广、专业性太强的内容对作文的要求是：切题，文理通顺，表达正确，意思连贯，无重大语言错误下面介绍六级考试作文的评分原则和标准，并通过五份样卷作一个详细说明 一）作文评分原则1 . CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则2 . C E T 作文题采用总体评分（ Global Scoring）方法阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（ Reward Scores）, 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分3 .从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判内容和语言是一个统一体，作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想,也要考虑是否用英语清楚而确切地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

4 .避免趋中倾向该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0 分， 一 名 阅卷人员在所阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的儿种分数 二）作文评分标准1 .本题满分为15分2 .阅卷标准共分五等: 2 分、5 分、8 分、11分 及 14分各有标准样卷一至二份3 .阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为与某一分数（ 如 8 分）相似，即定为该分 数 （ 即 8 分） ，若认为稍优或稍劣于该分数，即可加一分（ 即 9 分）或减一分（ 即 7分） ，但不得加或减半分4 .评分标准：2 分……条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误5 分……基本切题表达思想不清楚，连贯性差有较多的严重语言错误8 分……基本切题有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误11分……切题表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误14分……切题表达思想清楚，文字通顺，连贯性好基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错［ 注：白卷， 作文与题目毫不相关， 或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想， 则给0 分］5. 字数不足应酌情扣分累计字数140-149130-139120-129110-119100-10990-9980-89<79扣 分12345679[ 注: ] 1 . 如题目中给出主题句， 起始句，结束句， 均不得计入所写字数2. 规定内容未写全者，按比例扣分。

实例一2003年 1 月真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic ItPays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition onthe outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象2 . 诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实It Pays to Be Honest@In our modern social life, there are many examples around us show many people arecheated. Advertisements cheat people, salesmen cheat people, even one's closest friends cheat himor her. So many heartbreaks are heard everyday that we cannot help asking: where is our honestexist?Everybody is taught honest in the primary school or even in the kindergarten. Honesty doesgood not only to ourselves, but to others as well. If we are honest to others. We will be happier andbe in a better mood. Otherwise, well feel guilt at last. To a company and its advertisement, honestywill bring it more consumer and more profit. If we cheat others, friends will never believe you andthey will leave you alone. To a company, no consumer will buy your product again.So, as the above is said, it pays to be honest. Let's create a morally outstanding social.©Although honesty is believed to be a virtue, there are still dishonest people in our society.For example, some businessmen sell fake product to their consumers; some students cheat in theexams.Dishonest people are short-sighted. Those who sell fake products may make money at first,but consumers won*t buy their products any more. As a result, they will lose their fortune or evenbe sent to prison. By contrast, honest people gain a lot. Those who always tell truth or keep to theirpromise not only let others trust them but gain respect from other people as well. Such persons aresure to have a lot of good friends. Because they are trustable and respectable, everyone is eager tomake friends with them. Besides, it is easier for a person with a good record to get a good job.Generally speaking, every employer wants his employees to be honest. So we can say that anyonewho is honest will be paid back later.In a word, honesty wins trust, respect and honor. So it is important that we should be honest.③With the development of modern economic and industry, competitive is becoming moreand more obvious. At the same time, the performance of dishonest is becoming more and moreclearly.Nowadays, there are many dishonest performance in our society. For example, some peoplefound that he saled goods had past the preservation date. Not throw them away, they revised theperservation date, and saled them again after several days. Another case in the point, a pair of shoeswas made from goat. However, in order to sale at a high price, the salers would say they were madefrom cow which has good quality.From the foregoing, we can see that dishonest dose not only harm to yourselves but alsoharm to others. And it is no use only realise the harmness of dishonest. We should be honest fromnow on and be honest in our daily life. It is only that people all over the world are honest them ourcountry will be beautiful and wealthy.④Now in our society, many people are not honest in doing soming. We often can meetwith soming happened cause by people who are not honest. For example, Now we take the busneed carry cents own, and when you upstairs the bus, you should put the cent into the money box.Every people do that, but some of the people put the other things instead the cents. For anotherexample, it is more normal that in the exams we can always find some students see others.I consider that every people should be honest. As a people, honest should be first, because itcan make us to be increase and make our socity develop. In doing every thing we should be honestall, study, word, life and so on. If you are honest, every people will be friend to you, and who willregard you are good people.But if you don't be honest, people must unwilling to trath with you. So if you are want to be agood people, remember honest first.©Nowadays, many people choose not to be honest in our modern society. We almost can findsuch things every day of our life: some students cheat in the exam for higher marks; somecorporations tell wrong data to the public in order to get more investment; and some doctors treattheir patients with unnecessary and expensive medicines in order to make money, sometimesdamaged the patients* health, even their life.Seeing this situation. I think it must be changed. Being honest will benefit not only others, butalso ourselves. First, your honesty will make others willing to trust you. Second, being honest canlead you to face your problem bravely, which helps to solve it. And the last, honest surely helps tomake the society more harmony.So. I think everyone should start to be honest and everyone should have the idea that oursociety can not do without honesty.实例二1999年 6 月真题Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ReadingSelectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人认为读书要有选择2 . 有些人认为应当博览群书3 . 我的看法Reading Selectively Or Extensively?①When it comes to reading, some people think that reading selectively is a good way, butsome other people do not agree with them, they think that reading extensively is better.Those people, who think that reading selectively is better, believe that good books are as manyas bad books. Those good books can give us pleasure and knowledge, while those bad books canonly lead us to the wrong way. So, they suggest that we should only choose the good books to readand never touch the bad books.But, the other people, who hold that reading extensively is better, think that one kind of bookscan only give us one aspect of knowledge. Even the best book only contains one field ofinformation. So, they can easily come to the conclusion that “to know more, to read moren . Sothey believe that reading extensively is better.To my point, we should choose good books to read and read good books as many as possible.By this way, we can increase the quality and quantity of reading.②I think reading not only selectively but also extensively. Because the two sides are notcontradict. Our time is limited. So we can not read every book in the world. However, we will notbe interested in every book. We should read those books may be useful to ours, read those bookswhich we like. But those books which we choose must be extensively so it can give ours all kindsof knowledge, news and so on, it also make ours become a wise man. On the one hand readingselectively let ours not waste our time which it is limitted. Moreover it can emphasis among allbooks that we can read. On the other hand reading extensively can deal with all kinds of need in ourlife. They are all useful to ours.③Most people thought that read books should have been selectived. But others belivedreading extentively was correction.Selective books or reading extensively?Sure, you can choice one from previous ideas,on one hand, There are too book to read for us. We should choose those which we intrested,and it would be helpful for us.on another hand. Someone's intresting was wide. Each book could bring you specific containwe couldn't reading at only one level.I confirmed all of these ideas were good but weren't wise.As a reader, the main task is to discover more and more books the second task is to held somewhich wonderful and helpful for us. Don't treat these books with rackless abandon.The best technology of reading is connect.@How should we read? Should we read selectively or extensively? Everyone has his ownview.Some people think we should read selectively. They argue that with the development ofmodern science and technology, more and more books are published. It is impossible for us to readall the books. What's more, there are many bad books that are poisonous to our mind, and weshouldn't read them. Since we can't read all the books and we shouldnrt read bad books, we mustread selectively.But others may not agree. They emphasize that today's society is not what it was. If one manhas many kinds of knowledge he*ll have more chances to succeed. If a man knows much in onefield but knows nothing in other fields, he may be useless. Since we must have many kinds ofknowledge, we must read extensively.Who's right? I think both of them have something right. But I think we should read extensivelyfirst. We should read books in many fields, and read selectively in one field.⑤Some people think reading shall be choosed. Because some books are good to hummenbeings and some books are harmful to people.Some people think that men shoud read books widely. Because wide reading can help man getmuch knowledge. And man can use it to change the world.It is my point that reading must be selectively. Because reading is important to man. Somebooks can help man but some books can lead some people to crime. It can be seen in thenewspapers and watched on TV. We can make full use of some good books and gain more usefulknowledge. It can make our life more beauiful. We must give up those unhelpful books. They arenot good to us. Reading them is wasting time and money. So reading selectively is an importantpart in reading.二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误( 一) 句子结构错误1 .主从句叠置1) There are more and more students like to use the computer.2) There are still many problems should be noted and resolved.2 .简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, I go to the net bar almost every weekend.3 .从句叠置As is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 .句子成分缺失If work hard, we will surely be successful.5 .语序错误1) Why college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where have they got their money.(-)动词错误1 . 时态错误Many people thought that the Internet will be more useful in the future.2 . 语态错误1) I have excited several days at the news that you will come here.2) Most of the students satisfy with the service in the dining hall.3 . 单复数错误1) Wise man seek opportunities rather than wait for them.2) Someone are afraid that computer may control men in the future.4 . 非谓语动词错误1) Let me to represent everyone to say “hello” to you.2) Do exercise in the morning is good for one's health.3) Having studied in our school for 3 years, the canteen service has changed a lot.( 三) 代词错误1) We can use computers in doing everything you like.2) A college student should be able to do their washing on their own.( 四) 冠词错误1) Horse is an useful animal.2) The exam will be held in the December, 2004.( 五) 词性错误1) I wish you can consider my suggests.2) If a person wants to success, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.二、用词错误1) Students must know how to apply a computer.2) People can touch many new things on the Internet.3) The purpose of this letter is to react some opinions on the service in the dining hall.三、表达习惯错误1) Why generated so large a change?2) Now 6000 yuan can buy a P4 computer.3) A room often lives 6-8 students.4) I think this great change has three reasons.5) The prices of the food are too expensive.6) The reason for this is because some people want to earn plenty of money withoutworking hard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1) However, every coin has two sides, I think the surroundings in our canteen are thebest among all universities.2) The man was racing down the street. Because he was late for the class.3) At last I want to let you know, I love our university very much.4) My favorite sports are swimming> jogging> mountaineering and playing table tennis.5) The best English film in my eyes i s《Forrest Gump》.三、六级写作题型分类(-)对立观点型2000年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Testof Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you.You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on theoutline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是… …2 . 也有人持不同意见，… …3 . 我的看法和打算1999年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ReadingSelectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人认为读书要有选择2 . 有些人认为应当博览群书3 . 我的看法1998年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do“Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 wordsand you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人认为某些数字会带来好运2 . 我认为数字和运气无关… …1997年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Viewon Job-Hopping, You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为. . . . . .2 . 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为… …3 . 我的看法1996年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:Why I Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on thefollowing outline (given in Chinese).1 . 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试2 . 我参加CET-6考试的理由1995年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ShouldFirecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？2 . 有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？3 . 我的看法1993年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic MyView on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):有的人认为机会是极少的， 另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。

你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.(-)解决问题型2003年 12月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled ReduceWaste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline givenbelow:I .有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重2 .浪费的危害3 .杜绝浪费，从我做起2000年 1月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How IFinance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 上大学的费用(tuition and fees)可以通过多种途径解决。

2 . 哪种途径适合我( 说明理由) 1998年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic MyView on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 假冒伪劣商品的危害2 .怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品1995年1月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: MyView on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base yourcomposition on the following outline (given in Chinese).1 . 现在有些不良的商业广告2 .这些广告的副作用和危害性3 .我对这些广告的态度You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheetand remember to write in readable handwriting.1990年6月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How toSolve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problemare listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) andagainst another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You shouldwrite no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a briefconclusion. Write your composition clearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1 .多造高层建筑2 .向地下发展3 .建造卫星城市4 .疏散城市人口1990年1月Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How toSolve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Yourcomposition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of theOUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed totranslate the OUTLINE word for word.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解 决 方 案( solution)1.建造(lay down)更多道路优点：( 1 )降低街道拥挤程度（ 2）加速车流（ flow of traffic）缺点：占地过多2. 开 辟（open up）更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合（ 三）谚语警句型1997年 1月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic HasteMakes Waste, You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline （given in Chinese） below.1 . 为什么“ 欲速则不达” ？2 . 举例说明。

四）图表图画型2003年 9 月2003年 6 月2002年 6 月1996年 6 月1992年 1月1991年 6 月（ 详 见 “ 九、历年写作真题”部分）（ 五）应用写作型2004年 6 月2002年 1月2001年 6 月（ 详 见 “ 九、历年写作真题”部分）四、六级写作分类范文(-)对立观点型1. Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary?A test of spoken English will be included as an optional component of College English Test(CET). Some people argue that it is absolutely necessary to hold a test of spoken English in Chinabecause we have been informed frequently that a Chinese student who has been learning Englishfor over ten years cannot even communicate with a native speaker. A test of spoken English willbring the college students an awareness of the importance of oral English, and will thus help themwith their communicating skills.On the other hand, some others still maintain that a good command of reading and writingskills will be enough for the English learners. To some extent their opinion derives from the factthat students are already under considerable pressure from their coursework. Another required testwill only add to their burden.In my opinion, a test of spoken English will do more good than harm. Since China willcontinue its policy of opening and reform, the ability to speak English fluently is a must for anyonewho wants to surpass others in a highly competitive society. Whether I take the test or not, I shallspare no efforts to practice oral English in the remaining years of my college study.2. Do "Lucky Numbersw Really Bring Good Luck?There are people who believe that some numbers bring good luck, while others bring bad luck.For instance, in China the number eight is thought to be lucky. Turning our attention to the West,we find that the number seven is considered lucky, but the number 13 is avoided like the plague.In spite of all these claims, most people would agree that there is little evidence that numbershave any influence on our lives. In fact, they say, the reverse seems to be the case. For one thing,we might expect calculators to break down every time they note the number 13, and for another,although every week has seven days we know that not every week is lucky for us.Weighing the pros and cons of these arguments, I am inclined to agree with the latter point ofview. It is obvious that there is no scientific basis for the belief that there is a connection betweenluck and numbers. All in all, it seems to me to be superstition.3. My View on Job-HoppingJob-hopping, or frequent change of jobs, is becoming increasingly common in China today. Asthe economy grows, more opportunities for employment are appearing than before. The result isthat people, especially young people, are tempted to change jobs frequently, seeking higher salariesor more interesting positions.Nevertheless, many people prefer to stay in their old jobs. This is partly because they feelloyal to their work units, and partly because they dislike the idea of having to spend much timetraining for a new job. In addition, although a new job may offer higher pay or more opportunitiesfor promotion, it may be located far from home and be inconvenient to reach.I think it is a good thing for the workforce to be flexible, so that new demands for personnelcan be satisfied quickly. However, if a person changes jobs too often, he or she will cause losses tothe employing units. Moreover, frequent job-hopping prevents a person from gaining valuable jobexperience and developing good work habits.4. Why I Take College English Test Band 6(a)Some people consider that it is unnecessary to take College English Test Band 6 (CET-6). Onereason they cite is that most schools set CET4 as the main requirement. Another reason is that theythink that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.I, however, have decided to accept the challenge of CET-6. The preparation for this test willforce me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone tofurther qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.All in all, taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student's studies and his personaldevelopment. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skills in an all-round way. Thesecond is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his English studies when other peoplehave been lazy and stopped.(b)When it comes to College English Test Band 6 (CET-6), opinions differ from person to person.Some hold the positive view. They believe that taking CET-6 is advantageous for both a student'sstudies and his personal development. The first advantage is that he will improve his English skillsin an all-round way. The second is that he will strengthen his character by continuing his Englishstudies when other people have been lazy and stopped.Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that it is unnecessary to take CollegeEnglish Test Band 6 (CET-6). One reason they cite is that most schools set CE「4 as the mainrequirement. Another reason is that they think that CET-6 is simply too difficult for them.Personally, I have decided to accept the challenge of CEP6. The preparation for this test willforce me to raise the level of my English ability. Besides, I regard CET-6 as a stepping-stone tofurther qualifications in English which will help me in my future career.5. Should Firecrackers Be Banned?(a)Some people think that setting off firecrackers is a good thing. They say that it is an ancientChinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers make festivals andholiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children.On the other hand, there are many people who say that firecrackers should be banned. Theypoint out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and for injuries sufferedboth by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also say that firecrackers area waste of money and resources.My own point of view is that we should preserve the old custom of letting off firecrackers,while at the same time making them harmless. We can do this by banning firecrackers from publicplaces. In addition, we should restrict the setting off of firecrackers to festival days.(b)There is no denying \he fact that setting off firecrackers has been a hotly debated topic inChina. People's opinions differ sharply on this issue. Some hold the positive view. They say that itis an ancient Chinese custom which should be preserved. They also claim that firecrackers makefestivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Withoutfirecrackers, festivals would become dull and cheerless.Others, however, hold the opposite view. They maintain that firecrackers should be banned.They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires, which destroy, property, and for injuriessuffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. They also argue thatfirecrackers are a waste of money and resources.Personally, I believe that we should not go to extremes. On the one hand, we should preservethe old custom of letting off firecrackers; on the other hand, we should make it harmless. This canbe done by banning firecrackers from public places. In addition, the setting off of firecrackersshould be restricted to festival days.(c)There has bean much controversy over setting off firecrackers in the past years, with eachparty owning convincing evidences. Those who are in favor of setting firecrackers claim that it isan ancient Chinese custom that should be preserved. They also argue that firecrackers makefestivals and holiday occasions more colorful and entertaining for both adults and children. Withoutfirecrackers, festivals would become cold and cheerless.On the other hand, there are many people who are of the opinion Ihat firecrackers should bebanned. They point out that firecrackers are responsible for fires which destroy property, and forinjuries suffered both by the people who set them off and by innocent bystanders. Besides, theymaintain that firecrackers lead to a waste of money and resources.Personally, I think that both sides have something right. Actually, firecrackers should beviewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with both benefits and troubles. But we should notgive up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, as I see it, is to maximize their advantages andminimize their unhealthy influence, so that they can benefit us in a better way.6. My View on OpportunityThere is no consensus of opinion in society about opportunities. There are some who think thatopportunities come only rarely, and only to lucky people. Others argue that opportunities come toeveryone from time to time.Personally, I agree with the latter opinion. It seems to me that various kinds of opportunitiesare all around us all the time. The secret is to recognize opportunities and to grasp them in time,because they will not come to you of their own accord. For example, my classmates once refused toenter a national chemistry competition, because they thought that they had no chance of winning.But I took this opportunity, and by preparing well I managed to win the first prize.Now my motto is: Watch out for opportunities, and at all times prepare yourself to takeadvantage of them.(-)解决问题型7. Reduce Waste on Campus(a)Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has become a grave problem in manycampuses. In the dining hall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can. In theclassroom, blank or half blank pieces of paper are left on the desks. In the dorm building, taps areleft open and water left running or dripping all the time. And there can be more such examples.In view of the expanding population and the shortage of various resources, wasting is really aharmful habit. It put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like.Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to aluxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.Therefore, it is high time that we take steps to stop wasting. We should start from triflesaround ourselves: remember to turn off the tap when we finish washing; try to order the exactamount of food we can consume; never throw away any blank or half blank pieces of paper. Andalways remember, a penny saved is a penny earned.(b)Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that wasting has been a grave problem with whichwe are confronted. Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list: in the dininghall, much food are left in the plates and dumped into the trash can; in the classroom, blank piecesof paper are left on the desks; in the dorm building, taps are left open and water left running all thetime.Wasting is bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eye to it. Firstand foremost, it put strains on the already short supply of food, water, electricity and the like.Besides, it goes against traditional virtue of hard work and simple living and may leads to aluxurious life style, which is dangerous to the souls of mankind.In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things getworse. First, it is essential that regulations be worked out and enforced to ban wasting. Secondly,students should enhance their awareness of saving resources. With proper laws and an alert public,it will only be a matter of time for wasting to become a thing of the past.8. How I Finance My College Education(a)Nowadays, if we want to go to college, we will have to pay a big sum of money. It's a problemto many students. Many ways can contribute to solve this serious problem. But the following onesmay be the most effective. First, you can ask your parents for help if they have nice careers.Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally, we can find a part time jobto get enough money.As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. Firstof all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time andenergy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that Fil get a nice job aftergraduation. Then Fil be able to pay back the loan.Through the analysis above, I believe that bank loan is my best choice.(b)Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that college tuition and fees are a grave problemwith which many families and students are confronted in China. Taking a look around, we can findmany excellent students are denied the chance to go to college due to lack of money.In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures must be taken before things getworse. Actually, the problem can be dealt with in many ways. First, you can ask your parents forhelp if they have nice careers. Another way to solve this problem is to apply for a bank loan. Finally,we can find a part time job to get enough money.As to me, I'm in favor of the second idea. My reasons of choice can be listed as follows. Firstof all, my parents are not rich enough to afford me. Secondly, you'll not have enough time andenergy to study after finishing the part time job. Finally, I'm sure that Fil get a nice job aftergraduation. Then I'll be able to pay back the loan. Through the analysis above, I believe that bankloan is my best choice.9. My View on Fake CommoditiesNobody could have failed to notice the fact ihat fake commodities have been a grave problemwith which we are confronted. Fake and shoddy goods flood the market. Taking a look around, wecan find examples too numerous to list: pirated editions of books and films, food and drinks of poorquality and the like.Fake and shoddy goods are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blindeye to them. First 0nd foremost, they directly infringe upon consumers' rights, wasting their moneyand threatening their health and even lives. Besides, the production and sale of fake goods causeserious losses on the part of honest and lawful producers. Last but not least, the destruction of fakecommodities means a grievous waste of the nation's resources.In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things getworse. First, it is essential that laws and regulations be worked out and enforced to ban themanufacture and circulation of fake and shoddy goods. Secondly, the public should enhance theirawareness of identifying and refusing sub-standard commodities. With proper laws and an alertpublic, it will only be a matter of time for fake and shoddy goods to become things of the past. /With these measures taken, it is reasonable for us to believe that the problem will be solved in thenear future.10. My View on the Negative Effects of Some AdvertisementsThere is no denying the fact that many commercial advertisements carry undesirable messages.They advertise luxury goods, unhealthy foodstuffs and drinks, and sometimes even dangerous orenvironmentally harmful products such as motor cars. In addition, they may advertise spirituallyharmful publications or entertainment.Such advertisements are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blind eyeto them. First, they encourage people to waste money and resources. Moreover, they set a badexample to youngsters, arousing in them the desire for luxuries instead of teaching them the goodhabit of leading a simple life-style.In view of the seriousness of the situation, effective measures should be taken before thingsget worse. For one thing, proper laws and regulations should be worked out and enforced to banthese ads. For another, the pubic should be educated to identify these ads and refuse to buy theproducts recommended by them. With these measures taken, it will be a matter of time before theseads to become things of the past.11. How to Solve the Housing Problem in Big CitiesThe shortage of housing in big cities is one of the most serious problems of modern living.Increasing numbers of people are finding it difficult to conduct normal family and work dutiesbecause they either have nowhere to live or their houses are inadequate. This is a problem thatrequires an urgent solution because it leads to social unrest and economic inefficiency.Some people suggest that the solution to the problem is to build more high-rise apartments,others are in favor of underground housing areas. I prefer the first idea, because it is cheaper tobuild above ground than below. Besides, people prefer to live in the open air and see the sunshine.The second idea is not practical. One reason for this is that it is dangerous to construct livingplaces under streets and buildings. Another reason is that it would take too much time to carry out,and in the meantime the number of people waiting for houses would increase, thus making theproblem worse.12. How to Solve the Problem of Heavy TrafficNowadays, China's cities are getting increasingly crowded. The rapid increase in population isbeing made worse by the steady influx of people from the rural areas seeking employment. As aresult, heavy traffic is a big headache, with all the roads packed with cars, bicycles and pedestrians.In my opinion, there are two ways to solve the problem. One is to build more and wider roadsto make the public highways less crowded and speed up the flow of traffic. The other is to expandthe number of public bus routes, so that more people can be transported and fewer people will haveto travel by car or bicycle.However, each of these solutions brings problems with it. The former may occupy too muchland that could be used for farms or houses; the latter may cause inconvenience for long periods inbus lines. I think the best answer to the problem of heavy traffic is a combination of the two: buildmore roads in places where land is less useful, and at the same time increase the number of publicbus routes.（ 三）谚语警句型13. Haste Makes WasteA famous saying goes "Haste makes waste”, which means that one should do everything stepby step. Even simple operations can easily be spoiled if we rush to complete them, neglectingimportant stages in the process. One should make full preparations before beginning any task.Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The best illustration mightbe English study. Without a good command of pronunciation, we can never hope to speak in anunderstandable way. Similarly, if we do not learn to spell properly and to acquire a basic grasp ofgrammar, we will never succeed in writing good compositions.( 或 Actually, history abounds with examples of haste making waste. A well-known Chinesefable goes that a farm tried to help the shoots grow by pulling them upward, only to find that theydied soon. Another case in point is the so-called Great Leap Forward movement in China in 1950*8and 1960's. At that time, the Chinese people were so eager to develop their economy that they tooksome improper measures, only to hinder the expansion of economy.)( 或 Here I can think of no better iHustration of ihe proverb than Ihe experience of my own. Atthe age of 11 or 12, I began to learn to ride. Eager to ride as well as others, I started by sitting onthe saddle at the very beginning. Predictably, I often fell from over the bike. Lots of time had beenwasted before I realized that I should do it step by step. I tried to slide by standing on one pedal.Then I began to ride the bike from under the cross bar. Finally, I succeeded.)In short, laying a solid foundation is essential if we want to make achievements in our studiesor work, or indeed in any other aspect of our lives. At every step, review what has been achievedand assess the problems ahead before moving to the next step. And remember, Rome was not builtin a day.( 四) 图表图画型14. Reading PreferencesIt can be seen from the table that popular fiction is most popular with American students,accounting for 65.9% of book circulation in the library. General nonfiction comes next, taking up18.2%, while books concerning science, technology and education take up only 10.8%. The leastpreferred category is that of art, literature and poetry, with a circulation rate of merely 5.1%.A number of factors could account for the reading preferences, but the following are the mostcritical ones. Firstly, popular fiction is fascinating to the young students. Secondly, books aboutscience and technology are usually too complex and difficult to read. They often contain manyspecial terms which most students can't understand. Finally, in today's market economy, muchmore emphasis is laid on practical and vocational books rather than arts or poetry.When it comes to me, poetry and art are my favorites. Such kind of books can nourish mymind, broaden my horizons and render me a fresh feeling. Reading a piece of good poetry tends torelieve my burden and lessen my tension, making me more creative and dynamic. It gets me into animaginary world, fresh and beautiful. I just love it!15. Changes in the Ownership of Houses in ChinaIt can be seen from the chart that there have baee dramatic changes in the ownership of housesin China in the past 50 years. While the percentage of state-owned houses has dropped from 70% in1950's to 20% in 1990's, that of private houses has soared from 30% to 80% during the sameperiod of time.A number of factors could account for [he change in the chart, but the following are the mostcritical ones. First, thanks to the [olicy of reform and opening-u“ the nation's economy has beendeveloping at a considerably high speed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extramoney to improve their housing. Secondly, other relevanl slats policies and the boom of real estateindustry provide citizens with more opportunities to choose their own dwelling places. Last but notleasl, people have atlached greater importance lo their quality of life. Thus, more of them havepurchased houses in their own favor.In a word, Ihis chart is a perfect indicator of China's fast expanding economy and people'srising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it is reasonable forus to believe ihal ihey can be solved in ihc near fulure wilh effective measures laken by bolh thegovernment and the public.16. Student Use of ComputerStudents tend to use computers more and more frequently nowadays. Reading this chart, wecan find that the average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week has increasedsharply. In 1990, it was less than 2 hours; and in 1995, it increased to almost 4 hours, and in 2000,the number soared to 20 hours.Obviously computers are becoming increasingly popular. There are several reasons for thischange. First, computers facilitate us in more aspects of life. Also, the fast development of theInternet enlarges our demands for using computers. We can easily contact with friends in remoteplaces through the Internet. Besides, the prices of computers are getting lower and lower, whichenables more students to purchase them.However, there still exist some problems, such as poor quality, out-of-date designs and so on.And how to balance the time between using computers and studying is also a serious problem.Anyhow, we will benefit a lot from computers as long as we use them properly.17. Health Gains in Developing CountriesIt can be seen from the chart that there have been dramatic changes in life expectancy andinfant mortality in developing countries in the past decades. As the chart shows, people's lifeexpectancy soared from 40 years old to 60 years old from 1960 to 1990. Meanwhile, infantmortality declined from 200 to 150 deaths per thousand births.The change in the chart may be attributed to a number of factors, but the following are themost critical ones. First, developing countries' economy has been developing at a considerably highspeed in the past decades. Therefore, people have more extra money to improve their health.Secondly, the advances in medical sciences and boom of medical industry provide citizens withmore opportunities to cure their diseases. Last but not least, people have attached greaterimportance to their quality of life, thus they have spent more money and time to build up theirbodies.In a word, this chart is a perfect indicator of developing nations' fast expanding economy andpeople's rising standard of life. Although a series of problems have arisen in the process, it isreasonable for us to believe that they can be solved in the near future with effective measures takenby both the government and the public.（ 或 If this trend continues, developing countries will soon approach the developed countries interms of health care. People will live longer and healthier lives. The result of this will be happierand more productive populations.)18. Film Is Giving Way to TV(a)The latest statistics show that the number of people attending cinemas is getting steadilysmaller. At the same time, the number of television viewers is growing at almost the same rate.Experts say that these two trends are connected in three ways. First, over the past few decadestelevision sets have appeared in almost every home. Second, films very quickly become availableon video, and can be shown on the TV screen. Third, it is becoming more expensive to make films,and so the prices of cinema seats are rising.However, this does not mean the death of the movie industry. There will always be peoplewho prefer to go out to see a film. This is because no matter how good a TV film or video is, it cannever be as entertaining as a film shown on the ,big screen.”(b)Film is giving way to TV. According to an investigation made on the number of film-goersand TV-watchers in a ten-year period (1975-1985), at the end of 1985, the number of film-goersdeclined sharply to about 15 thousand which accounts for only some 20 percent of what in 1975,the heyday of films. This decline, no doubt, owes to the steadily increasing number of TV-watchersin the same decade.This, I think, indicates the changing pace in our society. Nowadays, people prefer TV to filmlargely because they have less chance than their older generation to spend two or three hours in acinema; they prefer a kind of entertainment which is freer, less time-consuming and thus moreefficient. TV just meets their need. This is at least partly if not wholly the reason that attributes tothe boom of TV in our generation.Nevertheless, there are still a number of film-fans nowadays. They claim that as a classical art,film is far more enjoyable than TV. Some of them also want to recall the “true-life“ which existedin the “good-past”. All in all, film is still a charming kind of art as it used to be.19. Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityIt can be seen from the graph that the rate of car accidents in Walton City experienced risesand falls in 1990. From January to March last year it increased by 45%. From March to June itdropped by about half the previous rate. From June to August there was a steep rise of 50%. Afterthat, however, there was a steady decrease.There are several reasons for this improvement, but the following are the most critical ones.First, new traffic regulations have made drivers more careful. Second, more people are usingbicycles for transportation. Finally, in the later part of the year good weather made the roads saferto drive on.I am confident that there will be even fewer car accidents in Walton in the future. First, majorroads have been repaired and the number of public buses has been increased in the past few months.Moreover, a traffic safety campaign has made all the local people more aware of the dangers ofunsafe driving.（ 五）应用写作型20. A Letter to the Editor of a NewspaperJune 20lh, 2004Dear Mr. / Miss Editor,I am a student from Tsinghua University and I am writing to you about my experience ofbuying a dictionary and my complaint about the service of a bookstore.It was about a month ago. I went to a bookstore nearby the university to buy an Englishdictionary. It was only after I paid for the dictionary and returned to school that I found some pageswere missing. But when I went back to the bookstore to tell them about the matter, they said that Ishould have checked the dictionary before I left the store. According to them, it was my fault andthey hold no responsibility for the whole matter.What I want to say is that sincerity and enthusiasm are vital to the survival of serviceindustries in such a market economy featured by fierce competition. It was quite easy for them tochange the dictionary for me but they refused to do so. They will lose all customers if they persistin doing so. I hope that this letter can draw the attention of the whole society and that the problemcan be solved as soon as possible.Best regards.Yours sincerelyLi Ming21. A Letter to the University President about the Canteen Service on CampusJanuary 12th, 2002Dear Mr. President,I am a sophomore from Department 3 and I am writing tn you about the food and service inthe canteen on campus.To be frank, I am rather disappointed at the food quality, price and service in the canteen. First,the dishes are scarcely well cooked and most of them taste the same. Secondly, most of the dishesthere are priced so high that some students cannot even afford them. Thirdly, the service in thecanteen is far from satisfying and the inside of the canteen always seem untidy.To solve the problem, I suggest that another canteen be built and a mechanism of competitionbe introduced between the old and the new. Besides, both the canteens should be subject to thestudents* supervision.Dining is an everyday issue for students. It may affect their academic performance. Therefore,I sincerely hope this letter can draw your attention to the matter and I hope [he problems mentionedabove can be solved as soon as possible.Best regards.Yours sincerelyLi Ming22.June 28, 2001Dear Xiao Wang,Fm thrilled to receive your letter on May 10th, in which you suggested our spending a weektogether here in Beijing. I do think it's a fantastic idea and I believe we'll have a good timetogether.As to the arrangement of the holiday, I suggest the following activities. For the first three daysI will show you around our campus and some places of interest downtown Beijing, such as theForbidden City, the Temple of Heaven and the Summer Palace. For the following two days, we willvisit the Great Wall, the Ming Tombs and other historic sites around the city. In the last two days,we will be back in the city and tour some famous business streets, where you can do some shopping.What do you say?It will be quite hot here in Beijing, so remember to get prepared for the weather. And, last butnot least, don't forget to bring your camera with you, for you will find so many scenes worthphotographing here. I will be longing for your arrival.Best wishes.Yours truly,Zhang Ying（ 六）其他范文23. Don't Hesitate to Say NoAs a general rule, people like to help others, but there are occasions when you should say noto requests for favors. For instance, it is better to refuse when a child pesters you for sweet food anddrinks or for too many toys. Another example is when a relative asks you to use your influence toget him or her a bank loan or a work promotion.However, we cannot ignore the fact that many people are reluctant to say no. They feel that ifthey turn down a request from a relative or friend, they will cause ill-feeling within the family orbecome unpopular with their acquaintances. A notable case in point is when the boss asks them todo something which they feel is unreasonable.It is important to keep in mind that not saying no when you should say no can sometimes haveharmful consequences. If children are given everything they ask for, not only may their health bedamaged, but they may grow up selfish and spoilt. Again, in the long run it is kinder to refuse tolend money to a person who has a gambling or alcoholism problem.24. The Career I PursueUnlike many other college students, I thought long and hard about my future beforeembarking on my studies. I then sought advice from my teachers and my parents about the best lifepath for me to choose. Finally, I settled on journalism as the career which would best suit mytemperament.Although the financial rewards has two particular attractions for me. First, by supplyingpeople with the information they need every day, it fulfills a socially useful function. Second, it is ajob full of novelty, unlike most occupations, which involve simply routine work.In order to prepare myself for my future career in the world of the media—whether it beworking for a newspaper or a magazine, or in the sphere of radio and television- I have carefullyselected my college course. My basic fields of study are Mass Communications and Economics. Atthe same time, having an eye to reporting events worldwide, I am taking extra classes to improvemy English and reading widely to increase my general knowledge.25. Motorcycles and City TrafficIn recent years, the number of motorcycles on city roads in china has been increasing. This isbecause they are a cheap of transportation for people in a country where motor cars are expensivefor most families. In addition, motorcycles are convenient for driving and parking on crowded citystreets.However, motorcycles have disadvantages too. They pollute the atmosphere with smoke andnoise. They are also a more dangerous from of transportation than motor cars, because themotorcycle is less stable and there is little protection for the driver in the case of an accident.It seems to me that city governments should restrict the number of motorcycles allowed on theroads. This would limit the pollution they cause, but at the same time help to relieve trafficcongestion. There should be a balance between the advantages and disadvantages of the motorcycleas a form of city transport.26. Looking Forward to the 21st CenturyI am eagerly waiting the arrival of the 21st century, because it promises exciting newdevelopments in science and technology. First of all, it is likely that telecommunications willexpand by leaps and bounds. Secondly, more progress will be made in medicine, and thirdly thecoming century will see mankind really come to grips with environmental pollution.As far as communications is concerned, e-mail and the Internet will probably becomeavailable all over the globe, enhancing mutual understanding and making wars less frequent.Advances in medicine will enable us to live longer and healthier lives, and science and technologywill provide more tools for tackling the pollution problem.However, there will be new challenges to face in the new century. Population will continue togrow, putting pressure on the food supply. Moreover, there is a danger that people will become toodependent on machines to look after them, leading to a weakening of their spiritual lives.I intend to prepare myself for the 21sl century by keeping abreast of the latest developments inscience and technology. But at the same time, I will not neglect cultural pursuits.27. Man Is to SurviveThe human race is facing problems which are getting more acute as time goes on. The mostserious are shortages of resources, environmental pollution, and the pressure of population growth.In turn, these problems cause poverty, disease and wars.Pessimists say that the human race is facing extinction. This is because it is now too late tosolve these problems, according to them. They predict that resources will become exhausted sooneror later, that pollution will eventually poison the planet, and that unchecked population growth willcause mass starvation.But I do not agree that mankind is doomed. In the past, the human race has always shown thatit has the wisdom to overcome any threat to its survival. In the future, too, mankind will survive byusing its wisdom to find a way out of its problems.28. How to Succeed in a Job Interview?It is undeniable that an interview plays a critical role in job-hunting. Through the interview, anemployer can meet their future employees in person and know them more thoroughly. Sometimesthe written form of examination cannot reveal candidates* real talents or problems. Besides, it isalso beneficial for candidates to take an interview. They will have a chance to make their employersunderstand them better.A number of factors contribute to the success in a job interview. Personally, I think job-huntersshould pay attention to the following points. First, they should be well prepared professionally. Thatmeans they should be ready to answer all the important questions concerning their future job.Secondly, they should express themselves confidently and honestly. Last but not least, they shouldpay enough attention to their appearances, that is, they should be properly dressed.As far as I am concerned, I will get academically ready first, and then be relaxed to answer allthe questions. I will also dress up and behave properly. I do believe that so long as I make goodpreparations, I will perform well in the interview.五、冠词用法讲练（ -）冠词的位置1）在名词词组中，冠词一般放在最前面。

例如：the last few days a really good concert2）名词词组里如果有all, both, exactly, just, many, quite, rather, such, what等词, 这类词可以放在冠词之前例如：all the time both （the） brothersexactly the wrong colour just the right placequite a nice day rather a messsuch a funny story3）和as, how / however, so, too连用时， 形容词放在冠词之前例如：He's not so big a fool as you think.She's as clever a girl as you're ever likely to meet.This is too heavy a bag for me to carry.How large an armchair did he have?However tiring a day she may have, she never loses her good humour.（ 二）不定冠词（ Indefinite Article）1） @/@1） 表 示 “ 任何一个（ 类） ”，只能用于单数可数名词前。

例如：We are having a committee meeting this afternoon.a /a n 不用于不可数名词前例如：There will be discussion and argument at the meeting.He drinks milk every day.2）不可数名词用作可数名词时，可用a /a n 例如：_T Eve just bought a lovely big Danish cheese.L I don?t like cheese.r She was inspired with a new courage.L She showed great courage.3）用于表示价格、速度、比率等名词前，如five pence a kilo, sixty kilometers an hour, fourtimes a day等4）用于下列这样的固定短语中如 la couple, a dozen, half a dozen, a hundred, a lot of, agreat many, a great deal of, a large amount / quantity of, a good number of 等。

Fve done a great deal of work loday.（ 不可数）What a large number of books you have!（ 可数）It's a good five miles（ =at least five miles, perhaps mote） to the station.5）以元音开头的单词前不定冠词用a n ,如：an apple, an egg, an item, an old man, anumbrella, an hour;以辅音开头的单词前不定冠词用a university student, a humorousmanEXERCISE 1A. Put a or an before each of the following:1.motel （ 汽车游客旅馆） 2. unusual approach3. honest boy 4. awkward situation5. exit （ 出 口）7. unique opportunityB. Translate the following into English：L一座新办公楼3. 一位美国科学家5. 一张印度邮票7. 一个先进国家6. urgent message8. extremely exciting film2. 一位旅行社代理人4. 一天的郊游6. 一次心脏病发作8. 一个有意思的剧本EXERCISE 2Fill in the blanks with a or an where necessary:1. Telephone is very important means of communication.2. Mothers often tell small children stories before bedtime.3. Hl pay you thousand year. It's not enormous salary but afterall you are completely unskilled worker.4. 一You' 11 get shock if you touch live wire with that screwdriver（ 螺丝起子）・ Why don't you get screwdriver with insulated（ 绝缘的） handle?5. — Pm not wage-earner; Fm self-employed man. I havebusiness of my own.—Then you're not worker; You're capitalist!6. 一I have hour and half for lunch.一I only have hal f hour - barely time for smokeand cup of coffee.7. It travels at just under thousand miles hour.8 . 1 have never known such hot weather.EXERCISE 3Insert a or an where necessary:A.1.1 had very bad night; I didn't sleep wink （ 眨眼; 打盹） .2. This man has honesty that we all appreciated.3. Mr. Brown had vision of new and happier Europe.4. Ifs time you had holiday. You haven't had day off for month.5. There is hourly service of buses in this route.6. It is great honour to be invited to such gathering.7. 1 wouldn't climb mountain for $ 1, 000! I have horror of heights.8. Children usually learn the difference between right and wrong at early age.9 .1 can't tell you definitely yet. Til have word with my wife about it and tell you ourdecision tomorrow.10. If boy is not making satisfactory progress at school, his parents should seek advicefrom his teacher.B.1. This is big problem, but not too big problem for us to solve.2. He had square nose, grey hair and brown skin. She had never seen so handsome man.3. However great disaster he suffered, John never gave up.4. Many shipwrecked sailor has been rescued by our brave coastguards（ 海岸警卫队） .5. Such urgent need requires prompt action.6. So urgent need requires prompt action.7. This is as lovely picture as I have ever seen.8.1 don't think you realize what serious crisis this is.9. You can hardly hope to succeed where many greater man has failed.10. How serious crime had been committed was not realized until much later.（ 三）定冠词（ Definite Article）1）定冠词的基本特性实际上所有名词（ 专有名词将另行讨论）前都可能用定冠词the。

究竟用不用定冠词，主要取决于我们所表达的思想如果我们要给予某个名词以明确的、限定的、 特指的意义，就用the；反之，就不用the请看下列句子：12I love books.Put the books on the shelf.Butter is not cheap.The butter I bought is not cheap.He went to work by car.He rode to work in the new car.He has gained strength.He has regained the strength he lost.I like music.I like the music composed by the young man.a） 一般用于带有修饰语的名词词组前，但并非所有带修饰语的名词都需要the例如：Don't you think Georgian houses are absolutely lovely?Stainless $ 加标（ 不锈钢器皿） has many uses.I can't say I care for modem art.上面三句中斜体部分的名词虽然都有修饰语， 因没有明确限定而是泛指一类事物， 故不用the。

下面三句斜体部分的名词则表示提到过的，特指的事物，要用the：The Georgian houses have been sold.The stainless steel was beautiful, but I thought most of the glass （ 玻璃器皿） theyexhibited was rather unimaginative.They showed a wonderful selection of the impressionists, but the modern art was toolimited in its range.b）也用于有后置修饰语的名词词组前例如：The old houses which are most worth visiting are in the Imperial City.The steel of the gun barrels has gone rusty.The art of the eighteenth century' has never been surpassed （ 超过）.上面三句中的形容词从句和介词短语明确了是什么样的房子（ whathouses）, 什么样的 钢 （ what steel）和什么样的艺术（ what art）, 故用the。

下面三句同样有形容词从句和介词短语修饰名词， 但是它们只指这些名词属于某一类事物，并非特指， 故不用the例如：Houses which fail to satisfy these minimum requirements are to be pulled down.Steel of great strength is needed for the manufacture of guns.Art in the eighteenth century probably played a more important part in people's lives thanit does today.EXERCISE 4Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:1. The engineers found that steel was of insufficiently high quality.Steel, I suppose, is the most important single product of the modern industrial world.2. Large forests can have an important influence on climate.Forests have all been cut down.3. Nature was probably his chief source of inspiration （ 灵感，鼓舞）.Nature of the problem was such as to arouse his interest.4. Education of little children has been greatly neglected.Public education must be greatly extended.5. The exploration （ 探索）of space has become one of the chief topics of sciencefiction （ 科幻小说）.Space between the table and the wall was just big enough for a small bed.6 .1 prefer classical music to pop music.Film wasn't very good but I liked music.7. My favourite subject at school was history.All students should know something about history of their own country.8 .1 cannot judge accuracy of your calculations （ 计算）.In mathematics accuracy is essential.2）定冠词的主要用法a）用于单数名词前，表 示 “ 某一类人或物”，以区别于其他人或物。

例如：The tiger is a fierce（ 凶猛的）animal.（ 相当于A tiger is a fierce animal.或Tigers are fierceanimals.）In this tribe the woman goes out hunting and the man stays at home to look after thechildren.下面三句中的斜体部分不能互换：Who invented the ra d io ? （ 指类别）Who had a ra d io ? （ 指同类中的任何一个）Who manufactured radios!（ 指这一类中的所有个体）m an指 “ 人类”时，不用the例如：Man will conquer nature.b）用于指世上独一无二的东西，如 the moon, the sun, the world等c）用于表示“ 乐器”的名词前，但一般不用于表示“ 体育运动”的名词前例如：Can you play the guitar?I play football every day.d）用于某些形容词前，可表示“ 一类人”。

例如：The young are impatient； they want changes.e） 一般不用于表示“ 疾病”的名词前例如：Fm just recovering from rheumatism （ 风湿病）.下列病名前一般用a /a n ：I have an ache in my head （ 〃 pain in the neck） .He has a cold / a fever.特指时需要用the例如：Jim has never really got over the malaria （ 疟疾）he caught in the East.D 一般不用于表示“ 膳食”的名词前，但有形容词修饰时用the例如：Breakfast is served at eight.The wedding breakfast was held in her father's house.如果泛指，用a /a n 例如：He gave us a good breakfast.g) bed, church, college, court, hospital, market, prison, school, sea和work等名词用来指有关活动时，一般不用冠词。

例如：It's time for children to go to b e d .( 指to sleep)He goes to church every S unday.( 指to pray)After the crash, seven people were taken to hospital.( 指to be cured)He spent six months in prison. ( 指to be punished)After I leave school, I want to go to (a) university.( 指to study)Ken is a seaman. He spends most of his life at sea. ( 指 to sail)注：在美国英语中, 通常用a / the hospital, a universityo出于其他目的，如去参观、访问这些地方或谈到这些地方时，根据情况用a或the例如：There is a bed in the room.She was putting clean sheets on the bed.The workmen went to the church to repair the roof.Tom went to the prison to visit his brother.I would love to live near the sea.hom e单独使用时，无冠词；有修饰语时，用th e或a。

例如：She left home.We went to the bride's home.I don't have a home to go to in this city.h ) 当cinema, theatre, radio等名词用于表示“ 看电影、看戏、听无线电” 时，一般 要 用 the例如：We went to the cinema last night.Do you often go to the theatre!I heard the news on the radio.television用于表示“ 看电视”时 不 用 the例如：I watched the news on television.指 “ 电视机”时用the例如：Can you turn off the television, please?(=the television set)注： 许多固定词组中的名词前通常没有冠词， 需要熟记，ill day after day, husband and wife, father andson, lock and key, heaven and hell等EXERCISE 5A. Fill in the blanks with a or the where necessary:1. Af t er lunch, we went for walk by sea.2. Steam-engine was invented before internal combustion engine ( 内燃机) .3. Bat, they say, judges distances by kind of echo-location.4. He goes to church every Sunday； church he usually goes to hasseats for over thousand.5. This is most useful reference book I have on this subject.6. We have good market in town where we buy our fruit andvegetables.7. Prison in this town is grim-looking building.8. Youngest boy has just started going to school； eldestboy is at college.9. Dead no longer need help. We must concern ourselves withliving.10. John became manager and secretary of the companysame time.B. Insert a or the where necessary:1. Horse is noble animal and faithful servant of man.2. Chess is game which requires great skill and patience.3. The stranger went to school to complain about behaviour （ 行为）of one of pupils.4. Dinner was good, but I did not enjoy speeches that came after it.5. An important aspect in developing motivation （ 动力，促动因素）is setting of goals.6. —He got bronchitis （ 支气管炎） and was taken to hospital. I expect they'll send himhome at end of week.—Have you rung hospital to ask how he is?7. Didn't you hear that news over radio this morning?8. Flute （ 长笛） is my favourite instrument.9. We have very good train service from here to city center and most people go to work bytrain. You can go by bus, too, of course, but you can't get season ticket on bus.10. Everywhere man has cut down forests in order to cultivate ground, or to use wood asfuel or as building material.3）专用名词前定冠词的主要用法a） 一般不用于单数人名前，但特指或强调时需用the。

例如：He's the Mr. Smith I saw yesterday.也可说：A Mr. Smith has come here. （ =A man called Smith has come here.）复数人名前需用th e ,如Johnsons, the Coopersob）不用于“ 头衔+ 人名”前，但有头衔无人名时需用th e ,以表示特指例如：I saw Queen Elizabeth when 1 was in LondonoI saw the Queen when I was in London.c）不用于国家、省市等名词前， 但由短语组成的国名， 或以s结尾的国名前需要用the例如：the Philippines the Netherlandsthe United States the United Kingdom注：the Ukraine, the Congo, the Sudan, the Hague为例外d）用于表示国籍、民族的名词前例如：the British the Chinesethe Dutch the English下列名词常用复数形式：(the) Russians (the) Italians(the) Arabs (the) Scotsc ) 用于表示地区的名词前。

例如：the Middle East the Far Eastthe north of England ( 但是：northern England)f ) 不用于街道、建筑等名词前，但 有 o f 介词短语修饰时，需用the例如:Broadway Red Squarethe Tower of London the Great Wall of ChinaSam lives on 12th Street.g)They changed the name of Sixth Avenue to the Avenue of Americas.用于河流、海洋、群岛、山脉、海峡、海湾名词前例如：the Mississippithe Philippine Islandsthe English Channel但不用于单个岛屿、the Atlanticthe Andesthe Persian Gulf山峰前例如：Sicily (Mount)Etnah ) 不用于大学名称前，但 有 o f 介词短语修饰时，需用the例如:Yale University Oxford Universitythe University of North Carolinai ) 不用于杂志名词前，但用于报纸名词前。

例如：NewsweekNatural Historythe Daily Newsthe Washington PostEXERCISE 6A. Fill in the blanks with the where necessary:1. Thames, Seine and Rhine are famous rivers.2. Samuel Johnson who was a professor of Columbia University was notSamuel Johnson who was a famous English writer.3. Andes are in South America, and Alps are in Europe.4. Wool of which this suit is made comes from Australian sheep.5. Wool is one of chief exports from Australia.6. He remembers London of past and says it was gayer thanLondon of today.7. Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea are really part ofAtlantic Ocean.8. Macy飞( 商店名) is on 34th Street between Broadway andSeventh Avenue.9. Mr Jenkins reads Daily Telegraph but his wife reads Times.10. Frank is a student at Liverpool University.B. Translate the following into English:1 . 大英博物馆 2 . 苏伊士运河 3 . 这两个词的区别4 . 威尔逊一家 5 . 在第一排 6 . 1949年 7 . 在1935年秋天EXERCISE 7Cross out articles that are unnecessary in the following passage:The people everywhere in the world might say, “When the strangers do not understand thecustoms that we follow, they are confused and do not understand what is happening/* The goodmanners are different in the different parts of the world. In many places, for example, acceptingthe gifts or anything important with the left hand shows the bad manners and even the rudeness.People with the good manners accept the important things with the both hands or at least withthe right hand. Using the left hand to accept the important things shows not only the discourtesy（ 无礼， 失礼） but also shows that the person who is accepting thinks the thing being given isworthless. In the Europe and the North America, however, the people do not follow this customand give and receive with either hand without thinking about the meaning of what they aredoing.六、标点符号用法讲练标点符号（ Punctuation Marks）主要用来明确语句的含义， 标示•个句子或句子中各个成分的起止，以及彼此间的语法或语义上的关系。

常用的标点符号有：i）句 号 （ . ） （ Period, Full Stop）ii）问 号 （ ？ ） （ Interrogation Mark）iii）感 叹 号 （ ! ） （ Exclamation Mark）iv）逗号（ ， ） （ Comma）v）分号（ ; ） （ Semicolon）vi）冒号（ ： ） （ Colon）vii）破 折 号 （一 ） （ Dash）viii）括号（ ［ ］ ） （ Parentheses）ix）引 号 （ "" /Quotation Marks）x）连 字 号 （ - ） （ Hyphen）xi）撇号（ ' ） （ Apostrophe）xii）删 节 号 （ ...） （ Ellipsis）上列标点符号，可归纳为三种情况：i） — iii）用于句尾；iv） — ix）用于句中；x） —xi）用于词内最后一个符号常用于引文中，表示删掉一些文字 -）主要标点符号的用法1）逗 号 （ Comma）主要用于：a）并列的词或句子例如：Solids 2 liquids and gases can be changed from one to another.From 1926 until his death in 1953, Thorpe lived a poor , lonely, unhappy life.There's only enough room for people to walk in 1 take one of the eleven inserts A roll themtogether & slip a rubber band around them and slide them into a plastic bag.The present is living 工 the past dead 2 and the future unknowable.b）状语（ 包括从句，动词・ing形式，独立结构，不定式短语，介词短语等） 。

例如：When water is heated 2 it will be changed into vapour.John , seeing that his brother was hurt, ran to help him. 或Seeing that his brother was hurt 2John ran to help him.Work is done, even by a force acting at a distance.To make the trip more exciting for the kids 2 Oscar kept the destination a secret.After the heartbreaking experience， Thorpe turned to professional sports.C）非限定形容词从句或插入语例如：At 10 a.m.we arrived at the railway station , where Jane was waiting for us.You know a of course what a phrasal verb is. I needn't 二 therefore explain it now.d）呼语、同位语。

例如：George 匚 tell Dick the answer to the question.He was a direct descendant of the famous warrior chief. Black Hawk.e）日期、数字、地址例如：Chichester began the greatest voyage of his life in August 工 1966.The voyage from England and back covered 28=2500 miles.Please send it to 1932 Hill Road a London S.E. 1 8 .（ 门牌号和街名间无标点）f）姓 名 （ 姓在名前面时） ，非正式信件的抬头或信末署名前的客套语例如：Shakespeare , WilliamEinstein a AlbertDear Philip,Sincerely yours 工2）分号（ Semicolon）主要用于：a）两个或两个以上意义有联系的分句中间例如：Understanding is a two-way operation; learning doesn't consist in being an empty receptacle.Work is more than a necessity for most human beings ; it is the focus of their lives, the source oftheir identity and creativity.Some farmers were hauling water out to their thirsty stock daily; others were trying to drill deepwells.Not only do lies provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; they invadethe autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning theirown health.b）列举事物，尤其是其间有逗号时。

例如：There will be three foreign teachers next term: Miss Ann Smith from Boston, America; Mr. JohnBaker from London, England; and Ms Mary Blake from Sydney, Australia.3）冒号（ Colon）主要用于：a）列举事物例如：That was a tale of two cities : London and Paris.It may also be said that rational, industrious, useful human beings are divided into two classes;first, those whose work is work and whose pleasure is pleasure; and second, those whose workand pleasure are one.b）注释句之前例如:Pve just had some good news J ve been offered a part-time job in the computer center.These seat covers are the most durable kind ; they are reinforced with double stitching andcovered with a heavy plastic coating.4）破折号（ Dash）主要用于：a）注释性的词语或句子前；如用于句子中间，前后都要有破折号。

例如：There is a way to decide any question - experiment.Somewhere or other 一 I think it is in the preface to Saint Joan 一 Bernard Shaw remarks thatwe are more gullible and superstitious today than we were in the Middle Ages.b）补充性的成分例如：Life - and death, too - is a cycle that goes round and round. I teach because teaching is aprofession built on change. When the material is the same, I change 一 and more important, mystudents change.c）总括所列举的事物例如：The complex operation required new methods for directing the combined endeavors ofthousands and thousands of minds, some in government, some in universities, some in privateindustry — all working together for a common purpose.d）突然转折。

例如：One little problem is that a computer can't laugh yet —— but the scientists are working on it.5）撇号a）用作省略号例如：o'er （ = over） , it's = （ it is） .b）用作所有格符号例如：Mary's handbag, the 1990'sc）构成字母、数字或缩写的复数形式例如：the four a， sEXERCISE 1Capitalize and punctuate the following:1. the man's papers Betty found in the attic established his identity It henry bedell companyD 11th Vermont volunteers 30 years old2. it was clear that dad could do no more than he was doing already farming 80 acres inaddition to holding a fulltime job3. now i'm coming to the most important point but what are you doing over there4. rain snow sleet fog would not trouble the underground world5. during the summer the resort is crowded with tourists during the winter only sea gullswalk the beach6. to a certain extent mankind encumbers the earth7. like most wild life deer reproduce grow and store fat in the summer and fall8. the big fellow was jim thorpe the greatest american athlete of modern times9. the asparagus were enormous juicy and appetising10. i was sure our four kids educated about the west through movies would bedisappointed11. i wouldn't mark a painting or a statue its soul so to speak is inseparable from its beauty12. the participants of the singing contest included students teachers doctors businessmenfactory workers people from all walks of life13. is it possible that someday we may seek to add further to our comfort and security bybuilding our houses underground in new man-made caves14. i answered by correspondence that i would meet her at beijing hotel on thursday15. passengers may have one of the four beverages coffee tea milk or soda16. present at the meeting were mr ho chairman of the english department mr brown avisiting scholar from denmark and all the professors and lecturers who had taught us17. the suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of many doctors who arescrupulously honest with their patients it contributes to the spiral of law suits and ofdefensive medicine1 8. his slight acquaintance with them he had met them only once made him hesitateto ask them for help（ 二）并列句中的标点用法1）逗号+ 并列连词The clock was old zyet it was in excellent condition.There was little formality in class, but Mr Stone never had to discipline us.注：i ）在较短的句子中，逗号可以省略。

例如：Many are called but few are chosen.然而有时单个词后面也需用标点，否则表示不同的句意例如：Again a we lost our w a y .（ 而且我们迷路了 ）Again we lost our w a y .（ 我们又一次迷路 ）i i ）有两个以上分句时，前几个分句之间用逗号，最后两个分句之间用逗号加连词例如：The night wind died down 工 night closed in , the moon came out a and lights came on in the scatteredhouses.2）分号They live on the first floor; we live on the second.（ 对比）Everyone was late ; the snow had caused a traffic jam.（ 补充说明）3）分号+ 连接性副词+ 逗号We didn't like the choice; however 2 we had to accept it.We didn't know what to do; therefore , we did nothing.适用于这种情况的连接性副词还有：consequently, furthermore, moreover, nevertheless等。

注：i ）连接性副词位于句末时，前面•般用逗号，后面用句号例如：The new seats in the auditorium are more comfortable; the acoustics are worse a however.ii）连接性副词也放在句首，后面用逗号例如：I hadn't read the test very carefully. Therefore . I was surprised that 1 had done so well.I hadn't read the test very carefully; therefore 二 I was surprised that I had done so well,iii） then和thus后面不用逗号例如：The ice cracked and split; then that boy sank into the bone-chilling water.EXERCISE 2Punctuate the following sentences:1. The plan won't work for there are too many things wrong with it.2. The bus broke down as a result we were late for work.3. Martin left a note it said he would be late.4. This is a new watch yet it doesn't work.5. Jim was very tired so he went right off to sleep.6. Business was booming consequently the company needed more workers.7. The sky was bright blue with a few white clouds in it and it was a beautiful day for thepicnic.8. The dining hall is nice looking the food however is terrible.9. Attendance is compulsory the students have no choice therefore.10. Some people put cream and sugar in their coffee others prefer it black.11. Space exploration is costly nevertheless we must continue to spend money on space travelif we are to learn about our universe.12. Astronauts are affected by weightlessness moreover they are also affected by boredom andloneliness.EXERCISE 3Correct punctuation mistakes in each sentence by adding a semicolon or a full stop, or acomma plus a suitable coordinating conjunction:1. Unmanned space probes （ 探测器） eliminate the risk of death, furthermore, they cost muchless than manned space flight.2. Praise is like sunlight, we cannot flower or grow without it.3. It was May, snow still lay under the branches of the thick pines.4. The price of serious illness has risen drastically（ 大幅度地） ie recent years, for examplesome hospital rooms now cost a hundred pounds a day.5. John is short and quiet, his roommate is tall and talkative.6. The window kept banging all night, I couldn't sleep a wink.7. Reckless （ 鲁莽的） drivers would be severely punished, in fact they should lose theirdrivers' permits for at least six months.8. Jim liked to sample different kinds of food, I fixed some Chinese food for him.9. Methods of studying vary, what works well for some students doesn't work at all for others.10. Philip was watching TV, Marie was upstairs on the phone.（ 三）直接引语句的标点用法1）引述动词位于句首引述动词+ 逗号/ 冒号+ 引语。

例如：Jim said: "I swim for an hour every day.”Tom said to his brother, "Put your toys away. Mom will be back soon.”2）引述动词位于句中引语+ 逗号/ 惊叹号/ 问号+ 引述动词+ 逗号/ 句号+ 引语引语的第一部分若是一个完整句子，引语第二部分句首用大写字母，引述动词后用句号例如：“Just tell the boys to get busy,their father instructed. 'They're college men. They'll do whatthey have to do.”“No! No!" I cried. **You can't sell my books."如果引语的第一部分不是完整句子， 则引语的第二部分以小写字母开始， 引述动词后用逗号例如：“You sir, “ King Gustav of Sweden told Thorpe, “are the greatest athlete in the world."3）引述动词位于句末引语+ 逗号/ 问号/ 惊叹号+ 引述动词。

例如：{ 一"What offence?^^ I asked.一"Theft, “ the policeman said.“What a beautiful view!" she exclaimed.4）引语句子在句末引语句子位于句末，其标点即为全句标点例如：All he can say in English is "How do you do?”Did you see the words “Are you happy?”上面两句不能写成：* All he can say in English is "How do you do?^^.* Did you see the words t4Are you happy?,??EXERCISE 4Correct the punctuation mistakes in the following sentences. If a sentence is correct as itstands, write C at its end:1. “On Friday^^ the teacher announced: "we'll take up a new lesson.M2. “What?” he asked? < 4do we have to prepare for the camping Irip”?3. “How was your day?” I enquired. ttGreat!^^ I enthused.4. He greets everyone with "Hi”.5. “You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags." One shopping-bag lady volunteeredin a church soup kitchen, "but it's everything I need.,,6. Who wrote “You fools!” on the blackboard?7. “It pains me,^^ I said. "To find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longerembarrasses you.”8. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself,question? even though there may be no financial worries.EXERCISE 5Capitalize and punctuate the following passages:1. London Fireat one o'clock on September 2 1666 the great fire of London started in side a bakers shop inpudding lane it lasted five days and nearly 80 % of all the buildings within the London wall wererazed according to the official report 13200 houses 87 parish churches over 400 streets and theenormous old st pauls cathedral one of the wonders of the medieval world were in ruins out ofLondons 450 acres only 75 remained untouched.robert hubert a French watchmaker from rouen was accused of the fire the sentence said hehad deliberately started the fire after he was hanged it was conclusively proved that he had not evenarrived in London until two days after the fire broke out2. Mountain-Climbing and Sight-Seeingmr jones was very fond ofclimbing mountains so one year he went to Switzerland for hisholidays after he had climbed some easy mountains he decided one day to climb a more difficultone but he did not want to go up it alone so he found a good swiss guide who had often climbedthat mountainat first it was not a difficult climb but then they came to a place which was not so easy theguide stopped turned round and warned mr jones be careful here he said this is a dangerous placeyou can easily fall and if you do you will fall straight down a very long way but he continuedcalmly if you do fall here don't forget to look to the right while you are going down there is a quiteextraordinarily beautiful view there much more beautiful than the one you can see from here3. The Road to Happinessit is the simple things that really matter if a man delights in his wife and children has successin work and finds pleasure in the alternation of day and night spring and autumn he will be happywhatever his philosophy may be if on the other hand he finds his wife hateful his childrens noiseunendurable and the office a nightmare if in the daytime he longs for night and al night hesighs for the light of day then what he needs is not a new philosophy but a new pattern of life adifferent diet or more exercise man is an animal and his happiness depends on his physiology morethan he likes to think unhappy business men I am convinced would increase their happiness moreby walking six miles every day than by any conceivable change of philosophy七、句型写作练习( 一) 并列句两个或两个以上的简单句用等立连词或用分号、冒号、逗号等连在一起构成的句子叫并列句。

常用的等立连词有 and, or, but, so, for, neither, nor, while, whereas 等用括号中的连接词连接下面各组句子1) It was a cold snowy day.He had no money left for food. (and)2) Hurry up.You'll be late. (or)3) It rained heavily last night.I went to the show anyway. (but)4) I enjoy classical music.She enjoys classical music, too. (so)5) He must be ill.He is absent today. (for)6) Some people waste food.Others haven't enough. (while)7) She is fat.Her husband is thin. (whereas)8) She cannot read.She cannot write, either. (neither)(-)复合句由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句所构成的句子结构叫做复合句，也叫主从复合句。

从句由关联词引导，关联词将从句与主句联系在一起根据其在复合句中的作用，从句可以分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、定语从句、状语从句和同位语从句> 名词从句主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句在句子中的作用相当于名词通常在句中所起的作用，因此统称为名词从句引导名词从句的关联词，主要有三类：1 .主从连同：that ( 无词义) ，whether ( 是否) ，if ( 是否)2 .连接代词：who ( 谁) ，whom ( 谁) ，whose ( 谁的) ，what ( 什么) ，which ( 哪一个，哪一些)3 .连接副词：when ( 什么时候) ，where ( 什么地方) ，why ( 为什么) ，how ( 怎样)主从连词只起连接作用；连接代词和连接副词除了起连接作用外，还充当句中某一个成分1.将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为主语从句1) They need more help in English.That is quite obvious.2) She is still alive.That is good news.3) She will come here.It doesn't seem likely.4) The children came to the zoo.They like the pandas best.5) We are badly in need of something.It is raw material.2. 将下面每组中的词连成句子，使其中包含主语从句。

1) did not, a pity, he, come earlier, it's, that2) smoking, it is, cause, a well-known fact, lung cancer, can, that3) encouraged him, it is, but, help him, true, actually, I, that, didn't4) they, keep their promise, didn't, seem, it, likely, that, would ever5) why, for criticism, hard to understand, had singled out, Mary, it was, Prof. Hardy3. 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句1) What kind of show are they putting on?Can you tell me?2) Is the letter overweight?Fm wondering.3) How can we improve our study habits?I am thinking of that.4) Is Henry the right person for the job?We are still uncertain as to that.5) Peter has a slight headache sometimes.He has always been in good health except that.6) He had forgotten to take his notebook with him.He suddenly remembered that.4 . 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为宾语从句，并且用it作形式宾语。

1) I was far more intelligent than he was.I always took that for granted.2) You were unable to attend our meeting.We all thought that was a pity.3) You should mind your manners.We consider that is important.4) He was too ill to go on working.He didn't want that to be known.5) Every one of you should finish your homework on time.I regard that as important.6) His father would come to his help if he got into trouble.He took that for granted.7) He might change his mind at the last minute.We thought that was highly probable.8) The train will be delayed by the dense fog.I think that is likely.9) You should stop smoking.The doctor thinks that is advisable.5 .用 “what” 从句将下列句子补充完整。

1) Could you show me ( y o u , write)?2) This i s ( we, should always, keep in mind).3) (they, s ee ) i n China made a deep impression on them.4) We must not put off till to m o r r o w ( w e , can, do , today).6 . 将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为同位语从句1) He is growing old.Nothing could hide the fact.2) He works hard.The fact does not necessarily mean that he is a competent leader.3) I have a complacent feeling.I feel that Fm highly intelligent.4) He explained that he didn't see the notice.The explanation is unsatisfactory.5) He holds that there is no advantage in introducing the new method.Most of us don't agree with his view.6) He won the first gold medal at the 23rd Olympic Games.The news soon spread throughout the country.7) He has suggested that intelligence is a relative matter.His suggestion is not universally accepted.8) I moved that the vote be postponed.He seconded my motion.9) He feared that he might not be able to finish the work.The fear disturbed him greatly.10) We expressed a hope.That hope was that Mr. and Mrs. Morrison would come and visit China again.11) I've come from Mr. Lin with a message.It says that he won't be able to see you this afternoon.12) Suzy is the right person for the job.There can be no doubt about it.＞定语从句在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句是定语从句。

被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词定语从句必须放在先行词的后面 定语从句•般由关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose和关系副词 when, where, why 引出关系代词和关系副词有两个作用：1、把主句和从句连接起来；2、在从句中作一个成分which, that, who在从句中作主语或宾语；whom作宾语；whose作定语when, where, why在从句中作状语关系代词that, which, who, whom如果在从句中作宾语，也可以省略另外，如果which或 whom在定语从句中原为介词的宾语，则这个介词可以提到从句前，构成介词+which或 whom引出的定语从句定语从句根据与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，去掉之后句子的意思就不完整， 不明确， 从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系比较松散,从句只是对先行词的附加说明，去掉之后句子的意思仍然很清楚，从句与主句之间常用逗号隔开将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为定语从句1) I went to visit the American author.He wrote a number of books about China.2) My aunt prepared the soup.I ate the soup.3) I have an arrangement with my bank.By the arrangement they let me use their money and repay them next month.4) He sent her a letter.In the letter he said that he was sorry for what he had done to her.5) Mr. Brown just came from Britain yesterday.He will teach us accounting this term.6) She is going to spend the winter holidays in Hainan.She has some relatives there.7) The United States is known for its supermarkets.In these supermarkets, huge quantities of all kinds of food and household articles aresold.8) The story happened in late 19th century.At that time, China is suffering from the invasion of western powers.＞状语从句状语从句按其意义可以分为时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、让步等类别。

其引导词分别如下：时间状语从句： when, after, before, as, while, whenever, since, once, until, as soon as地点状语从句：where, wherever原因状语从句：because, as, since, now that目的状语从句：so that, in order that, lest结果状语从句：so that, so...that, such...that条件状语从句：if, unless, suppose (supposing), provided (that), providing (that), on condition(that), in case, as (so) long as方式状语从句：as, as if (though)让步状语从句：though, although, even if (though), however, whatever, no matter how (what,where, when), whether...or将下面每组中的两个句子合并，将其中一个改为状语从句as long as, on condition that, lest, so...that, such...that,in case, as if, now that, whether.. .or,however,)1) You've bought a new car.What are you going to do with the old one?2) We'd better take the telescope with us.Perhaps it is needed.3) We must hurry off.Otherwise, we might miss the bus.4) The problem was very complicated.It took us nearly two weeks to solve it.5) The aircraft was flying at a very high altitude.We could hardly see it.6) I'll lend you my computer.The condition is that you keep it in good shape.7) You can go out.But you should promise to be back before 11 at night.8) I remember the whole thing.It seems that it happened yesterday.9) He tried very hard.But he could not do the job satisfactorily.10) It may take an hour or even a whole day.But I shall find out the answer.( 三) 复杂的简单句并列句和复合句往往可以浓缩成复杂的简单句，使语言更为紧凑、多样。

1.表示时间、让步或条件的状语从句往往可以改写为介词词组作状语1) They looked both ways before they crossed the street.2) I made my decision after I talked to Sir Francis.3) Although he was ill, he was determined to carry out his plan.4) Although they're intelligent, they aren't doing well in school.5) Although he's rich, he isn't very happy.6) Although he's tall, he isn't a very good basketball player.7) If we had your support, we might succeed in performing our task.8) Even if there were air and water, plants still couldn't grow on the moon.9) If you don't work hard, you will accomplish nothing.10) If it had not been for their assistance, he would have found himself in trouble.2 .起伴随或补充说明作用的从句、简单句或并列谓语往往可以改写为“ with +名词+ 分词/形容词/ 介词词组”的结构作状语。

1) They wear layers of clothes even in summer time. Newspapers are stuffed between thelayers as further protection against bad weather.2) If more people help them, they probably will be able to accomplish the task ahead of time.3) As all his savings were gone, he started to look for a job.4) In the comer there is a table. One of its legs is shorter than the others.5) When the job was finished, we went to the seaside for a holiday.6) As the pace of change is quickening, more and more scientists find it hard to keep up with thelatest developments even in their own disciplines.7) She looked in my face and tears streamed down her cheeks.3 .还有另外一些从句或简单句也可以改写为介词词组作状语。

1) She won't go home until she has taken the exam.2) Because he had a bad leg, he couldn't walk as fast as the others.3) We are full aware that the situation is serious.4) She hurried back to school for fear that she miss too many lessons.5) We should not criticize Susan for what she has done. Instead, we ought to praise her for it.6) Helen did not go straight home after school. She went to work as a waitress in a restaurant.7) I am not going to send the book to Allan by post. I am going to take it to him myself.8) Dr. Wilson did not go to New York yesterday to attend his daughter's wedding. He flew toFlorida for an emergency case.4 .系表结构的定语从句往往可以改写为直接用形容词、介词词组或分词结构作定语。

1) I love girls who are intelligent2) At the party, I got to know a professor who is in his thirties.3) I hate to see letters that are written in pencil.4) The substance, which was discovered almost by accident, has revolutionized medicine.5) Among those who are taking part in the work, he is probably the most active.5 .两个句子的主语一致时，其中一个往往可以改写成分词结构作状语1) Every one of us had been convinced that the project was feasible by the time we left themeeting.2) As Peter got home from the three-month-long journey to the Antarctic he looked tiredout.3) They went hunting for hours, but when they returned they were empty-handed.4) When he entered the office he was still annoyed by the way she spoke to him.5) Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by their peers.Under such circumstances, they resort to smoking.6) College students now are primarily interested in grades and economic success. Theycheat on exams more frequently.6 .两个句子的主语相关但不一致时，其中一个句子往往可以改写成分词的独立结构作状语。

1) He sat in front of them. And his dusty face masked his age.2) She heard a continual strange noise coming from the next room. Her heart beat fast.3) The old beggar sat at the comer. Tears welled up in his eyes.4) Jim continued on his way. The dog was jumping about in front of him.5) The girl in the snapshot wore a broad smile. Her long hair flowed in the breeze.7 .解释性的语句往往可以改写成同位语1) This is Mr. Black. He is director of our hospital.2) “Leave it to me,“ said Peter. Peter was the man on duty.3) Qinghai Lake is the largest inland body of salt water in China. It lies 3195 meters abovesea level.4) The whole plan was completed within three months. That is half the usual time.5) He read all kinds of books. They were ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign.6) He was formerly a worker himself. He is now an engineer.7) She is a mother of three children. She has now entered a college again for furthereducation.( 四) 倒装句英语的句子在以下几种情况下可以倒装。

1 . 否定词位于句首时1) I have never been to Europe.2) He had hardly eaten anything before the dinner was over.3) She had scarcely fallen asleep when a knock at the door awakened her.4) Anne had arrived no sooner than she fell ill.5) She cares little about what others say about her.2 . so, nor, neither等词位于句首，表明前句说明的情况也适用于本句时1) Richard can speak Japanese. His sister can speak Japanese, too.2) Copper is a good conductor. Many other metals are good conductors, too.3) Paul could not dance, and he could not sing either.4) The husband was not hospitable to the visitor. And the wife did not say a word ofwelcome either.3 . 含有so...that结构的句子将so 引导的部分位于句首时1) He was so excited that he could not go to sleep.2) He spoke so forcefully at the meeting that everyone present was convinced.3) He worked so hard that he obtained his Ph. D. degree one year ahead of schedule.4. only引出的状语位于句首时1) His father called his name only once.2) The doctor realized only then that his patient needed surgery.3) We can conclude the business only when you adjust down your price.5 . 主语部分过长或上下文需要衔接时1) The young father who wished to purchase a life insurance policy and agreed to pay a sumof $200 per year for 40 years was sitting in front of the counter.2) The question of how to face the possibilities of illness, injury, death and financial loss ismoreimportant.3) The writing of a dictionary involves a number of tasks. The reading of literature, thecopyingof words on cards, the sorting of the cards and the writing of definitions are among them.( 五) 被动句英语中被动句的使用远远多于汉语。

以下几种情况英语都用被动语态：( 1 ) 不知道动作的执行者；( 2 ) 没有必要指出或不想指出动作的执行者；( 3 ) 虽然需要同时指出动作的执行者但更强调动作的承受者将下列句子改为被动形式1) They saw Joe's father return after dark.2) They do not allow you to smoke in the laboratory.3) We should take effective measures to stop various forms of pollution.4) When she was in Shanghai we heard the actress say she had long thought of the city asher second home.5) People saw the young man enter the building next to the bank.6) After the minister of education had finished speaking at the press conference, peoplemade him answer all sorts of questions.7) I don't think anyone can make Tom do what he dislikes.8) I heard the wind roar through the trees.9) What should one do in a case like this?( 六) 强调句改写下列句子，强调划线部分。

1) Jefferson wrote the Declaration of Independence.2) The author praises all that is progressive with genuine( 真实的) feeling.3) We could not cross the river because the water had risen.4) Jim, a heartless fellow, was heard shouting at his mother in the dead of night( 在深夜) .5) Mrs. Williams didn't know anything about it unlil I lold her.八、段落写作练习( 一) 段落的展开PRACTICE WITH TOPIC SENTENCESThe topic sentence states the topic and a controlling idea concerning that topic. Look at thefollowing example.People give many reasons for owning a car.The topic of the sentence is “owning a car.v The controlling idea is “reasons." All thesupporting ideas in the paragraph should be “reasons for owning a car. ”The following phrases or ones similar to these can be used in your topic sentence to expressthe controlling idea:the reasons forthe causes of (the effects of)the steps for (the procedure for)the advantages of (the disadvantages of)the ways to (the methods of)the different sections (parts, kinds, types) ofthe characteristics (traits, qualities) ofthe problems ofthe precautions forthe changes toExercise W1Looking at topic sentencesWrite a topic sentence for each of the following topics. Use one of the phrases above or one of yourown for your controlling idea.Example catching coldsPeople can avoid catching a cold by lakin父 cemain precaiuions.This topic sentence includes the topic ucatching colds“ and the controlling idea atakingprecautions.,,1. owning a car2. living in a remote area3. studying abroad4. accidents5. airports6. absenteeism7. taking exams8. computers9. rice10. campingExercise W2Checking topic sentencesYour topic sentence should tell the person who is reading your paragraph what the paragraph isabout. Read the following paragraph and decide whether the topic sentence is strong or weak. (Thetopic sentence is underlined.)Baseball is a popular sport in the United States. There are two teams of nine players each.Players on one team take turns batting, and the other team tries to put the batters out. Thebatter hits the ball and then tries to run around the bases and get “home" safely. The otherteam tries to put the batter out by catching the ball before it hits the ground, throwing the ballto the base before the batter gets there or by tagging the batter with the ball. The batter canstop at any one of the three bases if it is impossible to make it “home. ”The topic sentence in the paragraph is weak because it tells us that “baseball is a popular s p o rt,but the rest of the paragraph tells us how baseball is played. A stronger topic sentence would tell us,the readers that the paragraph is going to describe how baseball is played. Here is a stronger topicsentence.Baseball, a popular game in the United States, is played in the following way. Now the readerknows that the paragraph will describe how baseball is played instead of where it is played or whoplays it, or why it is popular.Read the following paragraphs. The topic sentences are underlined. If the topic sentence isweak, rewrite it in the space provided.1. Even though >he procedures followed lo enroll ir an American university vary according C oeach university, some steps are the same. First, you should contact the registration office of theuniversity you want to attend to get the necessary forms and information concerning thatparticular university's entrance requirements. Then you must follow the steps outlined in theirresponse. You will probably have to send copies of your high school diploma, get letters ofrecommendation, and write an essay on why you want to study there. You may have to achievea certain score on the TOEFL test and have your scores forwarded to the university. Finally,you will have to contact the American embassy to start the procedures to obtain a student visa.2. I like to go to the beach whenever I have the opportunity. I start the day by enjoying arefreshing swim. Then I walk along the beach and collect shells. Later you'll find me relaxingin the warm sunshine and making sand castles. Then I sleep for a while before I open thebasket of food and drinks that I always pack to take.3. Many students cannot afford a car. The city bus service usually passes the university, so thosestudents can get to class on the bus. Many universities have a special shuttle bus that isprovided for student transportation. Some students like to ride to class on bicycles. This isgood exercise. Also, it is easier to find a space to leave a bicycle than to find a parking spacefor a car on a crowded university campus. Those students who live close to campus or oncampus can enjoy a leisurely walk to their classes.Exercise W3Writing topic sentencesThe following paragraphs consist of supporting ideas. Read each paragraph and ask yourself whatis being discussed or described (the topic) and how the topic is approached (the controlling idea).Then write a topic sentence for each paragraph.1.Pictures or posters on the wall make a dormitory room feel more like home. A rug on the floorbeside the bed is a nice addition to an otherwise cold and hard floor. Besides textbooks, favoritebooks from home on the bookshelf and a photograph or two of the family on the desk also add acomforting touch to the impersonal dormitory room.2. _______________________________________________________________________________The white pages of an American telephone book give the phone numbers of residences. The bluepages contain the numbers of government offices, and the yellow pages have advertisements andbusiness numbers. There are maps as well as indexes at the back of the book. The telephone booksof larger cities may provide separate books for different sections of the city, while those of smalltowns may have room to include the numbers from several towns all in one book.3. _______________________________________________________________________________First, the fast-food restaurant is good for people who must have a quick bite because of a busyschedule. Second, the food is inexpensive yet tasty. A person can eat an enjoyable meal out and staywithin a limited budget. Finally, the food is usually consistent. For example, a cheeseburger from awell-known fast-food restaurant looks and tastes about the same no matter where in the world it ispurchased. Consequently, buyers know exactly what they are getting.PRACTICE WITH SUPPORTING IDEASYour topic sentence tells the reader what the paragraph will be about. The ideas stated in the rest ofthe paragraph should all refer to the given topic and the controlling idea. Look at the followingexample.There are many ways to eat peanut butter. You can spread it on a slice of bread like butter, oryou can make it into a sandwich with jam. Peanut butter can be a major ingredient of verytasty cookies as well as cakes and candies. It is delicious in ice cream. Peanut butter wasinvented by George Washington Carver. My favorite way to eat peanut butter is to lick it off aspoon.Our topic sentence tells the reader that we are discussing peanut butte匚 The controlling idea is“ways of eating it. " All of the sentences should be about ways of eating peanut butter. Are they?No. The sentence uPeanut butter was invented by George Washington Carver“ does not refer toways of eating peanut butter.Exercise W4Checking supporting ideasLook at the following outlines. Circle the letter of the idea that does not support the topic.1. I . Ways to get rid of hiccupsA. breathe into a paper bagB. hold your breath to the count of 10C. have someone frighten youD. make an appointment with your doctor2. I . Steps for planning a tripA. purchasing a mapB. working lateC. making an itineraryD. reserving a ticket3. I . Reasons for car accidentsA. fast drivingB. drinking and drivingC. not following traffic regulationsD. giving signals4. I . Advantages off small apartmentsA. good school facilitiesB. easy to cleanC. cheaper to furnishD. relatively inexpensive5. I . Characteristics of a good restaurantA. efficient waitersB. tasty foodC. jacket and tie requiredD. pleasant atmosphereExercise W5Checking paragraphs for supporting ideasRead these paragraphs and cross out the one idea that doesn*t support the topic sentence.1. Working at a part-time job while studying at a university has many advantages. If students canget a job in their area of study, they are gaining valuable experience and putting theirknowledge to use immediately. The extra money they can earn will be useful for meetingtuition fees and enjoying university activities. Also, they will have the personal satisfaction ofhaving contributed to their own education. Students who need extra money can hold down afull-time temporary job during their summer vacation.2. Hobbies are important for many reasons. First, a hobby can be educational. For example, if thehobby is stamp collecting, the person can learn about the countries of the world and even someof their history. Second, engaging in the hobby can lead to meeting other people with the sameinterests. A person can also meet other people by going to parties. Third, a person's free time isbeing used in a positive way. The person has no time to be bored or get into mischief whileengaged in the hobby. Finally, some hobbies can lead to a future job. A person who enjoys ahobby-related job is more satisfied with life.3. There are several features of spoken English that make it difficult for me to understand. First,many words are not pronounced as they are spelled, so when I learn new words throughreading, I sometimes don't understand them when they are spoken. Second, native speakerscontract words and phrases. uWhat are you doing?” becomes uWhacha doin^?,, In myopinion, people should write clearly. Third, native speakers have a wide range of accents. ABritish accent is very different from a Texas one. Fourth, there are lots of idioms and slangexpressions. These expressions also differ depending on the area a speaker is from. Finally,there are sounds that don't exist in my language but do exist in English and vice versa. Thesesounds are difficult for me to distinguish.Exercise W6Writing supporting ideasUse the topic sentences that you wrote for Exercise Wl. Outline four supporting ideas.Example catching coldsI . People can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions.A. avoid people with coldsB. get plenty of sleepC. eat nutritious foodD. take vitamin C1. I . _________________________________________________________________________A._____________________________________________________________________B._____________________________________________________________________C._____________________________________________________________________D._____________________________________________________________________2. I . _________________________________________________________________________A._____________________________________________________________________B._____________________________________________________________________C._____________________________________________________________________D._____________________________________________________________________3. I . _________________________________________________________________________A._____________________________________________________________________B._____________________________________________________________________C._____________________________________________________________________D.4. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.5. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.6. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.7. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.8. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.9. I . _________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.10. I . ________________________________________________________________________A.B.C.D.Exercise W7Writing supporting ideas in a paragraphOn your own paper, write out the paragraphs you outlined in Exercise W6 by expanding yoursupporting ideas into complete sentences.ExampleCatching ColdsPeople can avoid catching a cold by taking certain precautions. Perhaps the mostimportant precaution is to avoid people who already have colds so that you are not exposed tocold germs. You should also get plenty of sleep so that your resistance is strong. Eatingnutritious food will ensure that you have the vitamins that can help fight cold germs. Finally,you could try taking vitamin C supplements, which may help prevent your catching a cold.Extended practice: Use the sample outlines in the Answer Key for Exercise W6 to practice writingmore paragraphs.（ 二）段落的衔接Connective words or phrases can be used point out the thought relationship betweensentences. Here is a list of some commonly used connectives:1） 表示列举或次序： first, firstly, first of all, above all, to begin with, in the first place, forone thing; second, secondly, in the second place, for another; finally, last but not least2） 表示递进：besides, plus, moreover, furthermore, in addition, additionally, moreimportant, most important3） 表示举例：for example, for instance, as an example, as an illustration, to illustrate,such as（ 介）・ ・ ・4） 表示对比：similarly, likewise, in the same way, equally important; on the contrary,conversely, in contrast, by contrast, on the other hand, otherwise, whereas （ 连）5） 表示让步：though/although （ 连） , even though （ 连） ， in spite of （ 介） , despite （ 介） ,it is true that （ 连）,admittedly,6） 表示转折：but, yet, however, nevertheless, instead7） 表示原因：because （ 连） , as （ 连） , since （ 连） ， for （ 连） , because of （ 介） , owing to（ 介） ， due to （ 介） , on account of （ 介）, as a result of （ 介）8） 表示结果：so （ 连） , thus, consequently, hence, therefore, accordingly, as a result, as aconsequence, on that account9） 表示强调：in fact, actually, indeed, certainly, chiefly, especially, particularly,10） 表示总结：in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, on the whole, to sum up, toconcludeExercises1. Choose proper connective expressions from the list given below to fill in the blanks inthe following paragraphs:although butinsteadthen first （ of all）second thirdfourthfinally furthermoreconsequently oncesometimesat other times in contrastfor examplein addition1） European universities and universities in the United States are different in many ways., European students enroll in fewer courses each term than United States students do., European students seldom live at a university. , they live at home and travel toclasses. , most European courses are given by professors who lecture to their classes., United States professors often ask their students questions or allow their students toform discussion groups. , European professors ask students to write fewer papers thanUnited States professors do. , European students* final examinations are usually oral,whereas American students take written final examinations. , a European university ismainly a place to study. At most United States universities, social activities takeup a large part of the students, time.2) Perhaps the most unforgettable person I have ever met is 2Prof. Smith who taught usphilosophy at university. I last met him eight years ago, I still remember his specialqualities most distinctively. , I was impressed by his devotion to teaching. Because hislectures were always well-prepared and clearly delivered, students swarmed into his classroom.His followers appreciate the fact that he believed in what he taught and that he was intellectuallystimulating. , he could be counted on to explain his ideas in an imaginative way,introducing such aids to understanding as paintings, recordings, pieces of sculpture and guestlecturers. He even sang a song in class to illustrate a point. , I admired thefact that he would meet with students outside of the classroom or talk to them on the telephone.He would challenge a student to a game of chess. , he would join groups todiscuss subjects ranging from astronomy to pop music. , I was attracted by his lively wit.He believed that no class hour is a success unless the students and the professor share severalchuckles and at least one loud laugh. Through his sense of humor, he made learning moreenjoyable and more lasting. If it is true that life makes a wise man smile and a foolish man cry,Prof. Smith is truly a wise man.2. Now fill in the blanks with coordinating conjunctions or conjunctive adverbs:My friend Jones is not a practical person. One evening, when he was driving along a mainroad, he suddenly had a flat tyre. He was very worried, he did not have a spare wheel inthe back of his car. He had to ask for help, he waved to passing cars and lorries.Dozens of cars and lorries passed, not one of them stopped. He had covered only ahundred miles or so, he still had more than three hundred miles to go. It was gettingdarker and darker, he was almost in despair. He waved for an hour. At last, he waved to acar just like his own. To his surprise, the car actually stopped a well-dressed youngwoman got out. Jones was disappointed. How could a person like this possibly help him? Thelady, , offered him her own spare wheel, Jones had to explain that he had neverchanged a car in his life. She set to work at once fitted the wheel in a few minuteswhile Jones looked on in admiration.3. Rewrite the following passage by adding connective words where necessary. Manystructures will have to be changed and you will probably not keep the same number ofsentences. Here are some of the connective words you may find useful:thenhoweverthe only resultandbutalthoughwhenyetsoThat's howinsteadTelevision was invented by John Logie Baird. When he was young he built an aeroplane. Hetried to fly in it. It crashed down below. Baird was fortunate not to be killed. It did not discouragehim. When he was older he tried to make diamonds from coal. There was an enormous explosion.He was not injured. He became a businessman. His business failed. He thought of working attelevision. His family advised him not to. He did not listen to them. He rented an attic. He boughtthe apparatus he needed. He started working. He worked for a long time. He was not successful.One day he saw a picture on his screen. He rushed out to get someone he could “televise”. Hefound an office boy. He took him back to his room. No image of the boy appeared on his screen.The boy, terrified, had put his head down. He put it up again. His picture appeared on the screen.Television had been discovered.4. Combining sentences with subordinating conjunctions or relative pronounsIn the United Stated there is a belief. It goes that people are rewarded for working, producing,and achieving. Many people believe that there is equality of opportunity. It allows anyone tobecome successful. This belief is illustrated by stories written by a nineteenth-century Americannovelist, Horatio Alger. He wrote about the "American Dream”. In his stories he described poorpeople. They became rich because of their hard work, honesty, and luck. The stories reinforced theidea. The idea is that all individuals, no matter how poor, were capable of becoming wealthy aslong as they were honest and hard-working. For many Americans, however, Horatio Alger's“rags-to-riches” stories do not represent the reality of opportunity. Many poor immigrants were ableto become rich. They came to the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Today,however, the poor generally do not rise to the middle and upper classes. That is why the "AmericanDream^^ is now described as a myth.5. Rewrite the passage to make it book more natural. This will mean adding or removingwords and putting some of the sentences together.1. There were once a dog and a cat sitting by a kitchen doo匚 The cook came out and threwseveral pieces of meat to them. They both sprang to get the meat. The dog was the stronger. Heate it all himself.2. This was selfishness. By this I mean that the dog cared only for himself. Was this wrong? No,the dog knew no better.3. Men are different from dogs. They follow a different rule of conduct. How miserable weshould all be! Every person were to care only for himself. We ought to be thankful. We have ahigher nature than that of beasts. We are able to see and feel the duty of being kind andaffectionate to one another. We can see and feel this duty. We ought to be very careful alwaysto observe it.九、历年六级写作真题( 1990.1-2004.6)2004年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a letter to the editor of anewspaper complaining about the poor service of a bookstore. You should write at least150 words following the outline given below:设想你买了一本英文字典， 发现有这样那样的质量问题， 书店的服务态度又不好，因此给报社编辑写信。

信中必须包含以下内容：1 .事情的起因2 .与书店交涉的经过3 .呼吁服务行业必须提高服务质量2003年 12月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled ReduceWaste on Campus. You should write at least 150 words following the outline givenbelow:1 .有些大学校园浪费的现象日益严重2 .浪费的危害3 .杜绝浪费，从我做起2003年 9 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a short essay entitled ReadingPreferences. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below:Reading preferences of students in an American university in 2002Categories of booksPercentage of book circulation in the libraryPopular Fiction65.9%General Nonfiction18.2%Science/Technology/Education10.8%Art/Literature/Poetry5.1%1 .根据上表，简要叙述美国某大学学生借阅图书的分布情况;2 .你对于这些学生阅读偏爱的评论3 .你通常喜欢阅读哪一类书籍？说明理由。

2003年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Changesin the Ownership of Houses in China. You should write at least 150 words and youshould base your composition on the graph and outline below.1. Describe the changes as indicated by the graph2. Give possible reasons for the changes2003年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic ItPays to Be Honest. You should write at least 150 words and base your composition onthe outline (given in Chinese) below:1 .当今社会上存在着很多不诚实的现象。

2 .诚实利人利己，做人应该诚实2002年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topicStudent Use of Computers. You should write at least 150 words, and base yourcomposition on the chart and the outline given below:Average number of hours a student spends on the computer per week1 . 上图所示为1990年、1995年、 2000年某校大学生使用计算机的情况， 请描述其变化;2 . 请说明发生这些变化的原因（ 可从计算机的用途、价格或社会发展等方面加以说明） :3 . 你 认为目前大学生在计算机使用中有什么困难或问题2002年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic ALetter to the University President about the Canteen Service on Campus. You shouldwrite at least 120 words, and base your composition on the outline given in Chinesebelow:假设你是李明， 请你就本校食堂的状况给校长写一封信， 内容应涉及食堂的饭菜质量、价格、环境、服务等，可以是表扬，可以是批评建议，也可以兼而有之。

2001年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty^ minutes to write a letter. Suppose you are ZhangYing. Write a letter to Xiao Wang, a schoolmate of yours who is going to visit youduring a weeklong holiday. You should write at least 120 words according to thesuggestions given below in Chinese.1 . 表示欢迎2 . 提出对度假安排的建议3 . 提醒应注意的事项2000年 12月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Howto Succeed in a Job Interview? You should write at least 120 words and you shouldbase your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 面试在求职过程中的作用2 . 取得面试成功的因素： 仪表、 举止谈吐、 能力、 专业知识、自信、 实事求是……2000年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Is a Testof Spoken English Necessary? The First sentence has already been written for you.You should write at least 120 words, and you should base your composition on theoutline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 很多人认为有必要举行英语口语考试，理由是. . . . . .2 . 也有人持不同意见，. . . . . .3 . 我的看法和打算2000年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic How IFinance My College Education. You should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 上大学的费用(tuition and fee s)可以通过多种途径解决。

2 . 哪种途径适合我(说明理由) 1999年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ReadingSelectively or Extensively? You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人认为读书要有选择2 . 有些人认为应当博览群书3 . 我的看法1999年 1月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic: Don 7Hesitate to say "No ” . You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 别人请求帮助时，在什么情况下我们会说“ 不，2 . 为什么有些人在该说“ 不”的时候不说“ 不二3 . 该 说 “ 不”时不说“ 不”的坏处。

1998年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Do“Lucky Numbers" Really Bring Good Luck? You should write at least 120 wordsand you should base your composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 .有些人认为某些数字会带来好运2 . 我认为数字和运气无关. . . . . .1998年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic MyView on Fake Commodities. You should write at least 120 words, and base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 .假冒伪劣商品的危害2 . 怎样杜绝假冒伪劣商品1997年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic My Viewon job-hopping. You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 .有些人喜欢始终从事一种工作，因为… …2 . 有些人喜欢经常更换工作，因为……3 . 我的看法1997年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic HasteMakes Waste. You should write at least 120 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below.1 . 为什么“ 欲速则不达”？2 . 举例说明。

1996年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graphsbelow.Health Gains in Developing CountriesLife Expectancy Infant Mortality此处插入图表16-2Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic HealthGains in Developing Countries. You must base pour composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):1 . 上图为依据描述发展中国家的期望寿命(life expectancy)和婴儿死亡率(infant mortality)的变化情况.2 . 说明引起变化的各种原因.1996年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:Why / Take College English Test Band 6. You should base your composition on thefollowing outline (given in Chinese).1 . 有些人认为没有必要参加大学英语六级考试2 . 我参加CET-6考试的理由1995年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ShouldFirecrackers Be Banned? You should write at least 120 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 .有人认为放鞭炮是好事，为什么？2 .有人认为放鞭炮是坏事，为什么？3 .我的看法1995年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title: MyView on the Negative Effects of Some Advertisements. You should base yourcomposition on the following outline (given in Chinese).1 . 现在有些不良的商业广告2 . 这些广告的副作用和危害性3 . 我对这些广告的态度You must write your composition in no less than 120 words on the Composition Sheetand remember to write in readable handwriting.1994年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:The Career I Pursue. You must write your composition in no less than 120 words onthe Composition Sheet and remember to write in readable handwriting.1993年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic MyView on Opportunity. You must base your composition on the following instructions(given in Chinese):有的人认为机会是极少的， 另一些人则认为人人都会有某种机会。

你的看法如何？写出你的理由并且适当举例在你的文章结尾处不要忘记写出你的结论Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Remember to write it neatly.1993年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the title:Motorcycles and City Traffic. You should base your composition on the followingoutline (given in Chinese).1 . 近年来中国城市的摩托车2 . 摩托车的优点和缺点3 . 你对我国城市中摩托车发展前景的看法You must write your composition in no less than 120 words cm the Composition Sheetand remember to write in readable handwriting.1992年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic LookingForward to the Twenty-First Century. Your composition should he based on youranswer to the following questions written in Chinese:1 . 新世纪科技发展的前景如何？2 . 新的科学技术会给社会带来什么好处？3 . 新的科学技术会带来什么问题？4 . 你怎样对待新世纪的挑战？Your composition should be no less than 120 words.1992年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on thefollowing graph which shows the change in the number of film-goers and TV-watchers in a certaincity. The title of the composition is: Film Is Giving Way to TV. You should write no less than 120words for your composition and it must include the following ideas (given in Chinese):1 . 电影观众越来越少2 . 电视观众越来越多，因为……3 . 然而，还是有人喜欢看电影， 因为……Quote as few figures as possible. Remember to write your composition in readablehandwriting.1991年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition based on the graphbelow.Jan Feb Mar Apr Mxy June July Aug Sept Oct Nov DecMonthi in 1990The suggested title is: Car Accidents Declining in Walton City. Remember that yourcomposition must be written according to the following outline:1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car acciden ts in the city;3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.Your composition should be no less than 120 words and you should quote as few figures aspossible.1991年 1 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about Man Is toSurvive. You should base your composition on the following outline:1 .人类面临的问题(如能源、疾病、污染、人口等)2 . 悲观的看法(如人类将无法生存)3 . 人类的智慧出路Your composition should be no less than 120 words. Be sure to write your compositionin readable handwriting.1990年 6 月Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic: How toSolve the Housing Problem in Big Cities. Four suggested solutions to this problemare listed below. You are supposed to write in favor of one suggestion (ONE only) andagainst another (ONE only). You should give your reasons in both cases. You shouldwrite no less than 120 words. Remember to give a short introduction and a briefconclusion. Write your composition clearly.四种可能解决住房问题的方案：1 .多造高层建筑2 . 向地下发展3 . 建造卫星城市4 . 疏散城市人口1990年 1 月Directions: For this part you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How toSolve the Problem of Heavy Traffic according to the following OUTLINE. Yourcomposition should be no less than 120 words. Remember that the contents of theOUTLINE should ALL be included in your composition. But you are not supposed totranslate the OUTLINE word for word.OUTLINE问题：城市交通拥挤解决方案( solution)1. 建造(lay down)更多道路优点：( 1 )降低街道拥挤程度(2 )加速车流( flow of traffic)缺点：占地过多2. 开 辟 ( open u p )更多公共汽车线路优点：减少自行车与小汽车缺点：对部分人可能造成不方便结论：两者结合十、写作模拟题与范文1.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 150words on the following topic and outline.最近国内有些高校允许在校适龄大学生结婚。

对此人们有不同观点，有人赞成，有人反对你的观点如何？1 . 有些人对高校允许学生结婚的做法持肯定态度2 . 另一些人则反对3 . 我的观点2.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topicPreferable Work. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人喜欢与人打交道的工作2 . 有些人喜欢与事物或机器打交道的工作3 . 你的选择3.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Part-timeJobs for College Students. You should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人反对大学生做兼职工作2 . 你的看法4.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic TheDevelopment of Private Cars. You should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 有些人赞成发展私人小汽车2 . 另一些人则反对3 . 你的看法5.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic ScientificDiscoveries- A Curse Or A Blessing?. You should write at least 150 words and youshould base your composition on the outline given in Chinese below:1. 科学发现为人类带来很多福利。

2. 科学发现也导致了一些灾难3. 结论6.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Internet— A Two-edged Sword. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline given in Chinese below:1. Internet 的功绩2. Internet 的弊端3. 结论7.Directions: For this part, you are to write a composition of 120~150 words on The GreatestInvention in the Past Century. In your composition, you should clearly state youropinion and give reasons to support your arguments. Write your composition on theANSWER SHEET.8.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic BrainDrain. You should write at least J50 words and you should base your composition onthe outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 人才流失是我国面临的 个棘手的问题2 . 人才流失的原因3 .如何吸引人才9.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic How toSolve Energy Crisis. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 人类面临着能源危机2 . 如何化解这一危机10.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic FireAccidents in Big Cities. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline (given in Chinese) below:1 . 大城市火灾有上升的趋势2 . 造成火灾的原因3 . 如何防止火灾11.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic PracticeMakes Perfect. You should write at least 150 words and you should base yourcomposition on the outline given below:1 .为什么说“ 熟能生巧”2 . 例如……3 . 又例如12.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about “ Against aRobbery“ based on the following picture. You are given the first sentence in Englishand are required to develop it into a full composition in no less than 150 words, notincluding the words given.1. On yesterday afternoon, Mrs. Luo left home to go shopping.2. In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside.3. The two criminals were arrested.Agmnst a Robbery13.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic TheRobot Is a Machine after AIL You should write at least 150 words and you should baseyour composition on the cartoons given below.14.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a letter of application for a job Youshould write at least 150 words and you should base your composition on the outline(given in Chinese) below:假定你是李明，是北京外国语大学(Beijing Foreign Studies University) •名英语专' 业的学生。

你在China Daily上看到一则招聘广告：Microsoft China要招聘口译员你认为自己符合条件，请写一封申请信15.Directions: Read the story in Chinese below, and then write a composition of no less than 150words under the titile of “The Goal of Life Your composition should be based on thestor）^ and the following outline.1. What have you learned from the story?2. What is the goal of your life? If you have achieved the goal of your life, what wouldyou do?目 标在英国有一位残疾青年，他双腿走起路来很困难，却凭着坚强的信念和毅力创造了一次又一次的壮举：他 19岁时登上了世界最高峰珠穆朗玛峰；21岁时登上了阿尔卑斯山；22岁时登上了乞力马扎罗山，2 8 岁前他登上了世界上所有著名的高山。

然而，就 在 2 8 岁这一年他自杀了原来在他11岁时，他父母在攀登乞力马孔罗山时不幸遭遇雪崩双双遇难 他的父母临行前给他留下了遗嘱，希望他能象父母一样，登上世界上所有著名的高山这位残疾青年把父母的遗嘱作为他人生奋斗的目标，当实现全部目标的时候，他感到前所未有的无奈和绝望他留下遗言：“ 如今，功成名就的我感到无事可做了，我没有了新的目标……”16.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition of no less than 120words under the title of "What will money bring us, fortune ormisfortune?" Your composition should be based on the following story given inChinese. Give al least two reasons to support your choice.夺命之物一栋住宅楼发生了大火，一个中年男子在大火中丧生奇怪的是，他 5 岁的儿子明明却逃了出来。

有人问明明：“ 你是怎么逃出来的？ ”明明说： “ 我拿了一块湿毛巾捂住鼻子，贴在地上爬……” ，这是科学有效的逃生方法人们不解：“ 你爸爸不会这么做吗? ”明明说： “ 会，是爸爸教我这么做的爸爸和我一起爬到了门口，他说忘了 •件东西，就又爬回去了参加救火的消防员说，他们发现那具男尸时，他的手里紧紧地攥着一沓百元大钞于是，人们明白了：有一种东西杀人夺命，比大火还厉害 摘 自 《 深圳青年》第 3 期上半月刊，作者廖钧）17.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage.You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on theCOMPOSITION SHEET.To Lie or not to Lie — the Doctor's DilemmaShould doctors ever lie to benefit their patients - to speed recovery or to conceal theapproach of death? Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see importantreasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-servingones.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know thetruth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they mayrecover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide. As one physician wrote,“Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue ofuttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is as far as possible, do no harm.^^Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that theyassume will “do no harm^^ and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerableplacebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to theincurably ill and the dying.But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now coming to bedocuments. Studies show that, contrary to the beliefs of many physicians, an overwhelmingmajority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed whenthey learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful information, humanelyconveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better, need less medicine, andeven recover faster after surgery.Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of benevolent deception; theyinvade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning theirown health, including the choice of whether to be a patient in the first place. We are becomingincreasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when information isdenied or distorted.Dying patients especially - who are easiest to mislead and most often kept in the dark -can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital,or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about howthey should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to theircredibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of themany doctors who are honest with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of“defensive medicine”, and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professionsas well, practitioners may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequencesseem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professionaldeception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to become deeply rooted, to spread, and to erodetrust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be comfort in theold saying, uWhat you don't know can't hurt you.”18.Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a summary of the following passage.You should write about 150 words and remember to write clearly on theCOMPOSITION SHEET.The Leaning Tower of PisaThe leaning tower has never been straight. Not long after work began in 1173, the foundationsettled unevenly, and the tower started inclining toward the north. Evidence for this initial inclinecan be seen in the design of the tower itself: to keep the first few stories level, worker, make thecolumns and arched of the third story on the sinking northern side just slightly taller than thefeatures on the southern side. Political unrest in Pisa halted construction in 1178, in the middle ofwork on the fourth level. Work resumed almost 100 years later, in 1272, and by that time, the towerhad tilted to the south - the direction it still points today. Again, designer hoped to correct thelean, this time by adjusting the height of the fifth story, making the southern side somewhat tallerthan the northern side. In 1278, with seven stories completed, work on the tower ceased once againbecause of political unrest. By 1292, the tower's tilt was so obvious that a group of masons（ 石匠）were asked to investigate the problem - the first of many commissions to study the towerappointed over the past 700 years.The eighth story and final addition, the bell chamber, was built between 1360 and 1370. Oncemore, architects attempted to correct for the southward lean, this time by angling the bell chambernorthward. These efforts, combined with the slow time scale of construction, have so far preventedthe tower from topping （ 1 到塌） over.Throughout the monument's history, architects and engineers have attempted to halt the lean,but since regular monitoring began in 1911, the offset （ 偏移） at the top of the tower has increasedat a fairly consistent rate of about 1.2 millimeters each year. Today the top of the tower is 5.227meters off-center, visibly leaning south. Fears about the safety of the landmark became acute whena similarly constructed bell tower at the Cathedral at Pavia collapsed suddenly in 1989. Shortlythereafter, the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.In 1990, a special commission, composed of Italian and foreign experts in the fields ofstructural engineering, geotechnical engineering, history of art and restoration of monuments, wasbrought together by the Italian government to determine new ways to save the tower. The Tower ofPisa Project Consortium has supervised several projects that have stabilized the structure andslowed the rater of its incline.Initial efforts focused on the exterior of the tower, but in the next few months, other, moreradical techniques will be tried to halt the tower's lean. There methods will be applied directly tothe soil, modifying the tower's footing. Large-scale filed trials are now under way at the MiracleSquare, where the tower stands, but all work is being done far from the monument itself to guardagainst the possibility that altering the ground too close to the tower could eventually damage thebuilding.The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower. Because the structure tilted in differentdirection during the early stages of construction, it became curved like a banana and will neverstand truly upright. Instead, the experts and engineers hope to ease its top back some 10 or 20centimeters. With luck, their efforts will keep the landmark standing into the next century, when anew generation of scientists will tackle the 800-year-old problem of the leaning tower of Pisa.范文1. Should College Students Be Allowed to Get Married?There is no denying the fact that it is a hotly debated topic today whether college studentsshould be allowed to get married. Some time ago, the ban was lifted by some universities onstudents getting married. To this people's attitudes differ sharply. Some hold the positive view.They say that most college students are adults and that it is a basic right for those who have reachedthe appropriate ages to get married.Many others, however, hold the opposite view. They claim that the university or college is aplace to study instead of a community to lead a family life. Allowing college students to getmarried would adversely affect their study. For instance, they would spend too much time attendingtheir family and love, unable to concentrate on their school work.As far as I am concerned, I believe that it is OK to allow college students to get married.Anyway, this is their freedom. Actually, we don't have to worry too much because facts haveshown that most college students would choose not to get married in the face of such fiercecompetition and heavy school work.（ 或 As far as I am concerned, I believe that college students should not be allowed to getmarried. Though mostly adults, they are actually immature psychologically. Their wish to getmarried is, more often than not, impulses. Besides, as students, they are not ready to support afamily financially.2. Preferable WorkSome people prefer to work with people. Working with people usually makes one feelinteresting and efficient. At the same time, it can give people power and competition and providesrivalry which can be a very effective motive in improving one's ability. In addition, people can getbetter ideas by way of consultation and conference with other people.On the other hand, other people like jobs which mainly involve with objects or machine. Theyprobably think that working with objects or machine will provide more peace and quiet. Under suchpeaceful conditions, one can do more practical work, improve one's skill and make technicalrenovations.Of these two ways of working, I prefer working with people. First of all, I like working withpeople because of companionship. Second, although there are competition and rivalry, we can learnsomething from other people even if we don't like them.3. Part-time Jobs for College StudentsThere has been much controversy over part-time jobs for college students. People who areagainst it hold that the sole purpose of higher education is for the students to acquire knowledge. Ifthey are engaged in part-time job they will be invariably distracted from their studies and as a resultthey can not fulfill the requirements mapped out by the State Education Commission.The writer, however, thinks that there are several advantages for college students involved inpart-time jobs. Firstly, part-time jobs provide opportunities for students to contact society so as toknow the situation of the talent market. For instance, if a student works as a part-time governess, heor she will know what kind of professionals are urgently needed by the market and this will helphim to choose a future job. Secondly, there are some financial gains from part-time jobs. Since thereform was carried out, institutions of higher education have started to collect tuition fees fromstudents. Needless to say this means another financial burden on parents. And part-time jobs canserve as a partial solution to this problem. Last but not least, part-time jobs can cultivate students*sense of independence.To sum up, part-time jobs can do a lot more good than bad to students as long as they canmake best use of their time and raise the efficiency of their study.4. The Development of Private CarsWith the increase in the general standard of living, some ordinary Chinese families can nowafford a car. Yet opinions on the development of a private car vary from person to person. Someclaim that there are many advantages in possessing a car. It gives a much greater degree ofcomfort and mobility. The owner of a car is no longer forced to rely on public transport, and henceno irritation caused by waiting for buses or taxies. With a car he can go where he likes and whenhe wants, so much so that he can enjoy his leisure to the full by making trips to the country orseaside on the weekends, instead of being confined to his immediate neighborhood.However, others strongly object to developing private cars. They maintain that as more andmore cars are produced and run in the street, a large volume of poisonous gas will be given off,polluting the atmosphere and causing actual harm to the health of people. In fact, private carscontribute to traffic congestion so greatly that the advantages gained in comfort and freedom areoften cancelled out by the frustration caused by traffic jams.In spite of all the above-mentioned, I still favor owning a car. The reason is that the car gives aperson the freedom to schedule his own time. Though we are confronted with a problem of energycrisis, I am sure that the real solution will have to be a new kind of car, one that uses cheap,efficient fuel and does not contaminate the air.5. Scientific Discovery — Curse Or BlessingNew scientific discovery nearly always brings mankind a blessing. Take electricity for example.Since its discovery, it has ushered in an era of countless inventions in close connection with it.Nowadays people can read and write by means of lights instead of candles. Fire is another exampleof discoveries which made human beings survive in ancient times and generates electricity inmodern times. Again, minerals such as oil or coal discovered by man have long been used as fuel todevelop industry and agriculture.Yet sometimes scientific discoveries may prove a curse upon the human race. As we know,everything has two sides. Electricity can shock one to death if used carelessly. Smoke fromfactories and gases from cars are terrible pollutants. Radium used in nuclear power plants can leadto a nuclear war.The misuse of scientific discoveries must be prevented. Since chemical elements or substanceswere discovered, some have been made use of for purpose of war. Such weapons as atomic bombsor poisonous gases have proved to be destructive to mankind. Therefore, it is the whole world'sduty to prevent scientific discoveries from menacing the human race.6. Internet — A Two-edged SwordInternet is playing an increasingly important role in people's life. As a newborn informationdelivering system, the Internet has made seas of information available at our fingers' tips. Besides,the Internet serves as the most convenient means for communication. Through the Internet, peoplecan discuss various problems and make friends who share common views.But just as a coin has two sides, Internet has its own drawbacks which should not be neglected.First, it costs an alarming amount of money to construct the system and the cost is very high tomost Chinese consumers. Second, it is sometimes difficult for people to find the right informationthey are looking for since there is too much rubbish on the net. Finally, it is also difficult to preventthe net from the invasion of criminals.Therefore, the Internet should be viewed as a two-edged sword, which presents us with bothconveniences and troubles. But we should not give up eating for fear of choking. The best policy, asI see it, is to further develop the net and exert proper supervision over it so that it can benefit us in abetter way.7. The Greatest Invention in the Past CenturyWhen asked about the greatest invention in the past century, some people may claim that it isthe computer; others may say it is the mobile phone; still others may say it is the automobile. In myopinion, however, it is the Internet.Of course, the computer, or the electric brain, has greatly facilitated our mental work and spareus the burden of calculating, restoring and searching; the automobile saves us time and makes ourtravel more convenient and the mobile phone has got people closer. But, these are just the extensionof human brain, legs and voice. The Internet, however, has changed human life in a morefundamental way since its birth.First, as a newborn information delivering system, the Internet has made various informationavailable at our finger's tip. Besides, Internet serves as the most convenient means forcommunication. Through Internet, people can discuss various problems and make friends. Last butnot least, the Internet is also a faithful aid in our daily life since people can go shopping and getmedical services online.To sum up, the Internet is indeed the most interesting and important invention man has evermade.8. Brain DrainBrain drain is a delicate problem with which this country is confronted. In the last ten years orso, a lot of scientists and technicians have swarmed into developed countries for further studies orresearch work, let alone numerous promising students. And there are no indications that they willbe back home before long. This country has paid the expenses of training them but lost them. Howdid that come about?It is self-evident that their delay of coming back is due to those favorable working and livingconditions which are essential to research work. Sophisticated equipment makes it easier for one togain academic achievements. Our competent scientists abroad are offered higher rewards andgreater opportunities which contribute to their success in career.It seems that it isn't impossible to solve the problem. The scientists and the like can beattracted back home so long as great importance is attached to the intellectuafs deserving treatmentand effective measures are taken to provide them with excellent pay and agreeable conditions.9. How to Solve Energy CrisisMan is faced with a grave problem一the energy crisis, which is becoming increasingly serious.First, with the increase in the world's population, the demand for fuels is growing steadily. Second,the rapid development of industry and agriculture calls for an increasing amount of coal, oil andnatural gas.Confronted with the energy crisis, we should take a series of effective measures to save energy.For one thing, it is high time that people all over the world realized the severe fact that our naturalresources have been fixed since the earth was created. For another, the governments of all countriesare supposed to lay down the rules and regulations to restrict the amount of gas used by cars.Finally, scientific researches should be encouraged to work out efficient methods of saving fuelsand to seek new sources of energy.Personally, I believe that solar energy is a possible source of clean, inexpensive and abundantenergy. It does not pollute the environment and costs only as much as the installation of solarpanels to absorb the sun's rays. Consequently, I'm confident that a bright future is awaiting usbecause solar energy will be able to help us to solve the energy crisis.10. Fire Accidents in Big CitiesIn recent years there has been a marked growth of fire accidents in big cities of our country.Almost every day we see fire engines rushing through streets. Fires have not only resulted in heavyeconomic losses but also injured and killed many people.What are the causes of fire accidents? Most of the fires are brought about by carelessness andviolation of fire safety regulations. Others are due to the poor quality of home electrical appliances.By the way, some people don't know how to use them properly. Besides, there are quite a fewbusinesses which focus so much of their attention on profits that they tend to neglect and evenignore fire precautions.In my opinion, in order to prevent fires we should first of all foster people's sense of fireprevention. The second thing we have to do is to increase the number of professional fire fighters,to whom regular training courses should be offered. Finally, we are to improve the existing fireengines and add more fire facilities to high-rise buildings. In this way, a reliable fire preventionsystem will be formed.11. Practice Makes PerfectA well-known proverb goes ''Practice makes perfect"， which means that perfection lies inpractice. Without practice, you can never expect to be really good at anything. On the contrary, themore you practice, the more likely you are to do things in a perfect way.Taking a look around, we can find examples too numerous to list. The study of English is acase in point. If you wish to improve your pronunciation, you must practice pronouncing everyEnglish syllable again and again. Likewise, if you want to write an excellent composition, you haveto sit down and write.Another example is Deng Yaping, the world No. 1 woman Ping-pong player. This short girl,who does not seem to be cut out for sports, owes her success to painstaking and perseverantpractice.In short, practice is essential if we want to make achievements in our studies or work, orindeed in any other aspect of our life. Practice, to some degree, can make the difference betweenbeing merely good at something and becoming a champion.12. Against a RobberyYesterday afternoon, Mrs. Luo left home for shopping. Halfway down the stairs, she found herway blocked by two men armed with knives. They threatened her, saying that they would stab her ifshe made any noise. Then, they forced her to take them to her flat and open the door. It seemed thatMrs. Luo was be in a big trouble and was bound to lose money or life.In the flat opposite, a woman heard the noise outside. When she looked out through thewindow, she discovered that her neighbor was threatened by someone. She immediately called thepolice. In answer to the call, a patrol police car arrived at the scene of the crime quickly. Threepolicemen went inside the flat, others guarded outside the building to prevent anyone fromescaping.The two criminals were arrested and taken to the police station with their wrists handcuffed.There they would be questioned and probably charged with robbery.13. The Robot is a Machine after AllAs is vividly shown in the pictures, a man and a robot were playing cards. Obviously, the manwas losing, for he was with a sad face. The robot, on the other hand, was smiling. Then the manwent to open the body of the robot and changed something inside it. A moment later, they wereback again to the game. Now it was the robot's turn to frown: nearly all the coins were won over bythe man.Simple as the cartoons are, their symbolic meaning is profound and far-reaching: the robot isbut a robot, a product by man. It can never really defeat human beings; much less can they controlor replace man. With this in mind, we need no longer worry about the miserable fate of humanbeings as foretold by some pessimists or as described in some American films like “The Star War”or “Matrix”.While we should be optimistic about the future of human beings, we need also be warrant ofthe danger resulting from some inappropriate use of modern technology, like that of gene andcloning, which might endanger mankind either physically or morally. We might not be defeated byrobots, but we might be ruined by ourselves.14. A Letter of Application for a JobJune 17th, 2006Dear Sir/Madam,I am responding to your advertisement in China Daily on June 10th, 2006, which invitesapplications for interpreters. Enclosed with this letter is my resume which details my background.I believe that I am the best candidate for this position. In the first place, I have been studyingfor four years in Beijing Foreign Studies University, one of the most prestigious language schoolsin China, which has provided me with a desirable command of English skills. In the second place, Ihave taken part in a number of social activities in the past years, which have helped cultivate myteam-spirit and creativity. Besides, I have attended training courses for interpretation and haveobtained related certificates. Last but not least, I have worked as a part-time interpreter, so I amwell prepared for this job.I would treasure the chance and exert every effort to do a good job if I had the luck to beprovided with the position. Besides, I shall be much obliged if you will afford me an opportunityfor an interview, and I appreciate a response from you at your earliest convenience.Thank you for considering this application.Best regards.Yours sincerelyLi Ming15. The Goal of LifeA story goes that a disabled young man managed to reach the peak of every famous highmountain in the world before he was 28. He did all this just as his parents told him to do in theirwill. But the young man committed suicide in the end and his last words were: "now I have nothingto do with all my goals achieved and my fame well established. I have no new goals/9This story might not be true, but it conveys profound messages. First, one should have agrand ideal and associate it with the needs of society. Secondly, one should have his own pursuitsand should not follow others blindly.The story is especially instructive when we think of similar happenings around us. Somepeople, after making a fortune, feel empty and desperate, resorting to drugs or other low style oflife. Still more young people do the same because they are in lack of lofty ideals and are onlydrifting with the tide.As far as I am concerned, I would like to devote myself to any cause that is beneficial tomankind. My short-term goal is to learn about environmental protection and find a job in this field.And I believe this is a meaningful and useful career. It is worth my life-long efforts. I will keepfinding and attaining new goals in this field.16. What Will Money Bring Us, Fortune or Misfortune?A story goes that once an apartment building caught fire. Among the survivors was a boy offive, who crawled out of the building by himself with a wet towel covering his nose. But his father,who taught the boy the way, got killed, for he went back again for his money.Simple as the story is, it conveys a profound message: money can be more deadly than fire.Actually, there is no denying the fact that it has been a controversial topic “what will moneybring us, fortune or misfortune?^^ Quite a few people would choose the former instantly, for theybelieve that money can buy them also everything. There are, of course, people who hate money andbelieve it is the source of misfortune.As far as I am concerned, I think that money itself cannot bring us fortune or misfortune, but ourattitudes towards it can. Be the master of money and you will drive it to work for you, to buy younecessities and to enjoy your life. However, if you take yourself a slave of money, you will surelyfall into the pit of misfortune one day. You will be tempted by money and lose your compass of life.You will even lose your life, as the father in the story did. So, friends, wake up and be the lord ofmoney!17. To Lie or not to Lie — the Doctor's DilemmaDoctors are often confronted such a choice: to lie or not to lie to their patient. Studies showthat they often believe it is reasonable to lie for the patient's own sake. Most doctors believe thatthe seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and if they tell them the truth,they may lose their hope. Because of such a belief, many doctors may tell “white lies“ to theirpatients.But now facts are proving that these doctors are wrong. Actually, an overwhelming majorityof patients do want to know the truth. We are also learning that truthful information can helppatients deal with their disease if we tell it in a proper way.Lies cannot help the patients. Besides, they invade their autonomy and make them unable tomake sound decisions. Lies also do harm to those who tell them, their colleagues and the entiremedical profession. Therefore, we need to debate this issue openly and put an end to professionaldeception.18. The Leaning Tower of PisaThe tower of Pisa has never been upright. Its leaning can date back to the time not long afterit was built in 1173. First, the tower tilted towards the north. Then during the prolonged process ofconstruction till 1370, the tower had always been leaning to the south.Throughout the monument's history, many efforts have been made to halt the lean. Theseefforts have so far helped prevented the tower from topping ove匚 But since 1911, the offset at thetop of the tower has increased at a fairly consistent rate. Shortly after 1989, for the sake of safety,the tower at Pisa was closed to visitors.In 1990, a special commission was organized to find new ways to save the tower. At first thecommission worked mainly on the outside of the tower, but in the next few months, more radicaltechniques will be tried to stop the tower's lean. The ultimate goal is not to straighten the tower butto ease its top back a little. With luck, the landmark can stand into the next century.附录写作练习答案二、写作常见错误分析一、语法错误( 一) 句子结构错误1 .主从句叠置1) There are more and more students who like to use the computer. / More and morestudents like to use the computer.2) There are still many problems that should be noted and resolved. / Many problemsstill should be noted and resolved.2 .简单句叠置I like chatting on line very much, so I go to the net bar almost every weekend. / I likechatting on line very much. I go to the net bar almost every weekend.3 .从句叠置It is known to all that computers play an important role in many fields of our life. / As isknown to all, computers play an important role in many fields of our life.4 .句子成分缺失If we work hard, we will surely be successful. AVorking hard, we will surely be successful.5 .语序错误1) Why do college students spend more and more time on the computer?2) I often wonder where they have got their money.( 二) 动词形式错误1 . 时态错误Many people think that the Internet will be more useful in the future.2 . 语态形式错误1) I have been excited several days at the news that you will come here.2) Most of the students are satisfied with the service in the dining hall.3 . 单复数形式错误1) Wise men seek opportunities rather than wait for them. / A wise man seeksopportunities rather than wait for them.2) Some people are afraid that computers may control men in the future.4 . 非谓语动词形式错误1) Let me say "heHo" to you on behalf of everyone.2) Doing exercise in the morning is good for one's health.3) Having studied in our school for 3 years, I find that the canteen service has changeda lot.( 三) 代词错误1) We can use computers in doing everything we like.2) A college student should be able to do his washing on his own.( 四) 冠词错误1) A/The horse is a useful animal.2) The exam will be held in December, 2004.( 五) 词性错误1) I wish you can consider my suggestions.2) If a person wants to succeed, he must learn to endure sufferings and setbacks.二、用词错误1) Students must know how to operate a computer. / Students must know how to workon a computer.2) People can be exposed to many new things on the Internet. / People can learn manynew things on the Internet.3) The purpose of this letter is to express some opinions on the service in the dininghall. / The purpose of this letter is to make some complaints about the service in thedining hall.三、表达习惯错误1) What generated so large a change? / Why is there so large a change?2) Now 6000 yuan is enough for you to buy a P4 computer. / Now you can buy a P4computer for 6000 yuan.3) In a room often live 6-8 students.4) I think there are three reasons for this great change.5) The prices of the food are too high. / The food is too expensive.6) The reason for this is that some people want to earn plenty of money withoutworking hard. / This is because some people want to earn plenty of money withoutworking hard.四、标点符号及大小写错误1) However, every coin has two sides. I think the surroundings in our canteen are thebest among all universities.2) The man was racing down the street because he was late for the class.3) At last I want to let you know that I love our university very much.4) My favorite sports are swimming, jogging, mountaineering and playing table tennis.5) The best English film in my eyes is Forrest Gump.五、冠词用法讲练EXERCISE 1A.1. a2. an3. an4. an5. an6. an7. a8. anB.I. a new office building2. travel agent3. an American scientist4. a day's outing5. an Indian stamp6. a heart attack7. an advanced country8. an interesting playEXERCISE 21. A (telephone); a2.x; x; x3. a; a; an; a4.a; a; a; an5. a; a; a; a; a6.an; a; x; an; x; a; a7. a; an8.xEXERCISE 3A. 1. a (very bad night); a (wink)2. an (honesty)3. a (vision of a new and happier Europe)4. a (holiday); a (day off)； a (month)5. an (hourly service)6. a (great honour); a (gathering)7. a (mountain); a (honor)8. an (early age)9. a (word)lO. a (boy)B. 1. a (big problem); (not too big) a (problem)2. a (square nose); (so handsome) a (man)3. (However great) a (disaster)4. (Many) a (shipwrecked sailor)5. (Such) an (urgent need)6. (So urgent) a (need)7. (as lovely)a (picture)8. (what) a (serious crisis)9. (many) a (greater man)10. (How serious) a (crime)EXERCISE 41. the; x3. x; The(nature)7. x; the2. x; The(forests)4. The (education); x8. the; xEXERCISE 5A. 1.x; a; the3. The (bat); a5. the7. The(prison);a2. The (steam-engine); the4. x; the; x; a6. a; the; x; x8. The (youngest); x; the; xB. l.The (horse); a (noble animal); a (faithful servant)2. a (game)3. the (school); the (behaviour);the (pupils)4. The (dinner); the (speeches)5. the (setting of goals)6. the (hospital); (at) the (end of)t he (week)7. the (radio)8. The (flute)9. (have) a; the (city center); (get) a; (on) the (bus)10. the (ground); the (wood)EXERCISE 6A. l.The; the; the3. The; the5. x; the; x7 . the;the9. the; theB. 1. the British Museum3. the difference betweenthese two words5. in the first row2. The; the4. The (wool); the6. the; the; the; x8. x; x; x10. x2. the Suez Canal4. the Wilsons6. the year 1949EXERCISE 7(The) People everywhere ... When (the) strangers ... (The) Good manners ...in (the) differentparts ... accepting (the) gifts ... shows (the) bad manners ... even (the) rudeness ... with (the) goodmanners accept (the) important things with (the) both hands ...to accept (the) important thingsshows not only (the) discourtesy ... In (the) Europe and (the) North America, however, (the)people...六、标点符号用法讲练EXERCISE 11. The...identity: Lt, Henry Bedell, Company D, 111 1 1 Vermont Volunteers...old.2. It...that Dad...already—farming 80 acres...job.3. Now Pm...point-but what ...there?4. Rain, snow, sleet, fog...world.5. During...tourists; during the winter...beach.6. To...extent, mankind...earth.7. Like...wild life,...reproduce, grow...fall.8. The...Jim Thorpe, the greatest American...times.9. The.. .enormous, juicy.. .appetizing.10 . 1...kids-educated...the West...movies - would be disappointed.11. I...statue. Its soul, so to speak, is...beauty.12. The.. .students, teachers, doctors, businessmen, factory workers-people.. .life.13. Is...underground-in new...caves?14.1...—by correspondence- that I...her at Beijing Hotel...Thursday.15. Passengers.. .beverages: coffee, tea, milk or soda.16. Present...Mr. Ho, Chairman...English Department; Mr. Brown, a visiting...Denmark;and...us.17. The... patients; it ...of “defensive medicine”.18. His...with them-he had...once made...help.EXERCISE 2l....work, for...2....down; as a result, we...3....note; it...4....watch, yet...5...tired, so...6. ...booming; consequently, the company...7. ...in it, and it was...8. ... looking; the food, however, is...9. pulsory; the students... choice, therefore10...coffee; others...11...costly; nevertheless, we...12...weightlessness; moreover, they...EXERCISE 31. ... death; ...2. ...sunlight. We.../...sunlight; we...3. ...May, yet/but snow...4. ...years; for example, ...5. ...quiet; ...6. ...night; I.../....night, and/so I...7. ...punished; in fact.../...punished. In fact...8. ...food, and so..../food; therefore, I....9. ...very; what..../...vary. What...10. ...TV; Marie.../...TV, and Marie...EXERCISE 41. “On Friday/5 the teacher announced, <4weUl take up a new lesson.”2. “ What,“ he asked, “do we have to prepare for the camping trip?^^3. C4. He greets everyone with “Hi!”5. “You may think I have a lot of garbage in these bags," one shopping-bag lady volunteered in achurch soup kitchen, “but it's everything I need.,,6 . C7. “Il pains me,“ I said, “to find that you both have been panhandling so long that it no longerembarrasses you.”8. Retirement often brings many problems surrounding the “What do I do with myself?^^ question,even though there may be no financial worries.EXERCISE 51. At one o'clock on September 2, 1666, the Great Fire of London started inside a baker's shop inPudding Lane. It lasted five days, and nearly 80% of all the buildings within the London Wall wererazed. According to the official report, 13,200 houses, 87 parish churches, over 400 streets, and theenormous old St. PauFs Cathedral-one of the wonders of the medieval world - were in ruins. Outof London' s 450 acres, only 75 remained untouched.Robert Hubert, a French watchmaker from Rouen, was accused of the fire. The sentence saidhe “had deliberately started the fire”. After he was hanged, it was conclusively proved that he hadnot even arrived in London until two days after the fire broke out.2. Mr. Jones was very fond of climbing mountains, so one year he went to Switzerland for hisholidays. After he had climbed some easy mountains, he decided one day to climb a more difficultone; but he did not want to go up it alone, so he found a good Swiss guide, who had often climbedthat mountain.At first it was not a difficult climb, but then they came to a place which was not so easy. The guidestopped, turned round and warned Mr Jones. "Be careful here,“he said “This is a dangerous place.You can easily fall, and if you do, you will fall straight down a very long way.” "But,"he continuedcalmly, 4