水利水电工程专业英语教材.doc

-高等学校水利类统编教材?水利专业外语?迟道才 周振民 主编上传人单位：华北水利水电学院水利系. . word.zl-.. -目录Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性2Lesson 2 the Hydrologic Cycle 水循环4Lesson 3 hydrology 水文学6Lesson 4 underground water 地下水10Lesson 5 what causes flooding洪水是怎样形成的14Lesson 6 nature of water pollution 水污染的性质17Lesson 7 Planning for water resources development水资源开发规划20Lesson 8 reservoirs 水库24Lesson 9 Properties of concrete混凝土的特性28Lesson 10 basic concepts of reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土根本概念33Lesson 11 dams 坝36Lesson 12 embankment dams 土石坝40Lesson 13 concrete gravity dam on rock foundations 岩基上的混凝土重力坝44Lesson 14 Arch dams 拱坝48Lesson 15 spillways溢洪道52Lesson 16 design forces 设计作用力56Lesson 17 Significance of infiltration and process of infiltration入渗重要性及过程60Lesson 18 evapotranspiration 腾发量63Lesson 19 irrigation methods 灌溉方法66Lesson 20 irrigation canals灌溉渠道74Lesson 21 land drainage 耕地排水77Lesson 22 methods of applications of drip irrigation systems滴灌系统的应用方法81Lesson 23 hydraulic turbines水轮机84Lesson 24 hydro-electric power 水力发电88Lesson 25 differential leveling 水准测量〔微差水准测量〕94Lesson 26 construction and equipment施工和设备99Lesson 27 engineering economy in water resources planning水利规划中工程经济102Lesson 28 soil erosion and soil conservation 土壤侵蚀与土壤保持108Lesson 29 groundwater and climate change地下水与气候变化112Lesson 30 irrigation performance evaluation 灌溉运行评价115Lesson 31 bidding, bid opening and award of contract招标、开标和授予合同118Lesson 32 how to write a scientific paper如何撰写科技论文121. . word.zl-.. -Lesson 1 importance of water 水的重要性Water is best known and most abundantof all chemical poundsoccurringin relatively pure formon the earth’s surface. Oxygen, the most abundant chemical element, is present in bination withhydrogen to the extent of89 percent in water. Water covers about three fourths of the earths surface and permeatescracks of much solid land. The Polar Regions(原文polar regions) are overlaid withvast quantities ofice, and the atmosphere of the earth carries water vaporin quantities from 0.1 percent to 2 percent by weight. It has been estimated that the amount of water in the atmosphere above a square mileof land on a mild summer day is of the order of50,000 tons.在地球外表以相对纯的形式存在的一切化合物中，水是人们最熟悉的、最丰富的一种化合物。

在水中，氧这种最丰富的化学元素与氢结合，其含量多达89%水覆盖了地球外表的大约3/4的面积，并充满了陆地上的许多裂缝地球的两极被大量的冰所覆盖，同时大气也挟带有占其重量0.1%～2%的水蒸气据估计，在温暖的夏日，每平方英里陆地上空大气中的水量约为5万吨All life on earth depends uponwater, the principal ingredient of living cells. The use of water by man, plants, and animals is universal. Without it there can be no life. Every living thing requires water. Man can go nearly two months without food, but can live only three or four days without water.地球上所有的生命都有赖于水而存在，水是活细胞的根本组分〔要素〕人类、植物和动物都得用水没有水就没有生命 每一种生物都需要水人可以接近两个月不吃食物而仍能活着，但不喝水那么只能活三四天。

In our homes, whether in the city or in the country, water is essential for cleanlinessand health. The average American family uses from 65,000 to 75,000 gallonsof water per year for various householdpurposes.在我们的家庭中，无论是在城市还是农村，水对于卫生和安康来说都是必不可少的美国家庭的年平均用水量达6.5～7.5万加仑Water can be considered as the principal raw materialand the lowest costraw material from which most of our farm producesis made. It is essential for the growth of crops and animals and is a very important factor in the production of milk and eggs. Animals and poultry, if constantly supplied with running water, will produce more meat, more milk, and more eggs per pound of food and per hour of labor.水可以被认为是最根本的和最廉价的原料。

我们的农产品，大局部都是由它构成的水是农作物和动物生长的要素，也是奶类和蛋类生产的一个很重要的因素动物和家禽，如果用流动的水来喂养，那么每磅饲料和每个劳动小时会生产出更多的肉、奶和蛋For example, apples are 87% water. The trees on which they grow must have watered many times the weight of the fruit. Potatoes are 75% water. To growan acre of potatoes tons of water is required. Fish are 80% water. They not only consume water but also must have large volumes of water in which to live. Milk is 88% water. To produce one quartof milk a cow requires from 3.5 to 5.5 quarts of water. Beefis 77% water. To produce a pound of beef an animal must drink many times that much water. If there is a shortage of water, there will be a declinein farm production, just as a shortage of steel will cause a decreasein the production of automobiles.例如，苹果含87%的水分，苹果树就必须吸收比苹果多许多倍的水分；土豆含75%的水分，那么种植每英亩土豆就需要假设干吨水；牛奶含水量为88%，为了生产每夸脱牛奶，母牛需要3.5～5.5 夸脱的水；牛肉含77%的水，为生产1磅牛肉牛必须饮用许多磅水。

如果缺水，就会使农产品减产，就像缺乏钢会引起汽车产量下降一样In addition tothe direct use of water in our homes and on。