形合与意合-课件.ppt

形合与意合形合与意合n n所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言所谓形合，指的是句中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义形式手段（如关联词）连接起来，表达语法意义和逻辑关系和逻辑关系The American Heritage Dictionary The American Heritage Dictionary 给形合给形合定义为：定义为：“The dependent or subordinate construction“The dependent or subordinate construction or relationship of clauses with connectives,for or relationship of clauses with connectives,for example,I shall despair example,I shall despair if if you dont come.”you dont come.”n n所谓意合，指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式所谓意合，指的是词语与分句之间不用语言形式手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语手段连接，句中的语法意义和逻辑关系通过词语或分句的含义表达。

或分句的含义表达The World Book Dictionary The World Book Dictionary 给意给意合定义为：合定义为：“The arranging of clauses one after the“The arranging of clauses one after the other without connectives showing the relation other without connectives showing the relation between them.Example:The rain fell;the river between them.Example:The rain fell;the river flooded;the house washed away”flooded;the house washed away”n n英语句子结构特点：主谓搭架，枝叶上挂，叠床架屋，都有语法这说明英语是形合的语言，结构严谨n n汉语句子结构特点：话题说明，叙述分层，可断可续，意尽为界这说明汉语是意合的语言，结构松散，形散而神聚，用词简洁。

n n英译汉技巧：形合变意合，显性变隐性，去掉关联词语n n汉译英技巧：意合变形合，隐性变显性，增加关联词语n n英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法英语形合法n n英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，英语造句常用各种形式手段连接词、语、分句或从句，注重显性接应注重显性接应(overt cohesion)(overt cohesion)，注重句子形式，注重，注重句子形式，注重结构完整，注重以形显义英语句中的连接手段和形结构完整，注重以形显义英语句中的连接手段和形式式(cohesive ties)(cohesive ties)不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分不仅数量大，种类多，而且用得十分频繁：频繁：n n1 1关系词和连接词关系词和连接词关系词和连接词关系词和连接词n n关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副关系词包括关系代词、关系副词、连接代词和连接副词，如词，如who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,who,whom,whose,that,which,what,when,where,why,how why,how 等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、等，用来连接主句和定语从句、主语从句、宾语从句或表语从句。

连接词包括并列连词和从属连宾语从句或表语从句连接词包括并列连词和从属连词，如词，如and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either and,or,but,yet,so,however,as well as,(n)either(n)or,(n)or,及及when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,when,while,as,since,until,sothat,unless,lest lest 等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句英语等，用来连接词、词组、分句或状语从句英语造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚造句几乎离不开这些关系词和连接词，汉语则少用甚至不用这些词至不用这些词n n1)All was cleared up some time later 1)All was cleared up some time later when when news came news came from a distant place from a distant place thatthat an earthquake was felt the very an earthquake was felt the very day the little copper ball fell.day the little copper ball fell.n n过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，过了一些时候，从远方传来了消息：在小铜球坠落的当天，确实发生了地震。

这一切终于得到了澄清确实发生了地震这一切终于得到了澄清确实发生了地震这一切终于得到了澄清确实发生了地震这一切终于得到了澄清n n2)2)When When I try to understand I try to understand whatwhat it is that prevents so it is that prevents so many Americans from being many Americans from being asas happy happy as as one might expect,one might expect,it seems that there are two causes,of it seems that there are two causes,of which which one goes much one goes much deeper than the other.deeper than the other.n n为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为什么如此众多的美国人不能如想象中那样幸福呢？我认为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分。

为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分为原因有二，而两者之间又有深浅之分n n3)It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to 3)It had been a fine,golden autumn,a lovely farewell to those those who who would lose their youth,would lose their youth,and and some of them their some of them their lives,lives,before before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.n n那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天，美好的秋色为那些青年们送别待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临年们送别待到战后和平时期，黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命。

时，当日的青年已经失去了青春，有的丧失了生命n n4)It is flattering to believe 4)It is flattering to believe thatthat they are too profound to be they are too profound to be expressed expressed so so clearly clearly thatthat all all whowho run may read,and very run may read,and very naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is naturally it does not occur to such writers that the fault is with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise with their own minds which have not the faculty of precise reflection.reflection.（W.S.Maugham:W.S.Maugham:Lucidity,Simplicity,Lucidity,Simplicity,EuphonyEuphony）n n认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都认为自己的思想深奥，不可能表达得很清楚，让任何人都能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头。

这样的作家当然不会想到，能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头这样的作家当然不会想到，能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头这样的作家当然不会想到，能理解，这是一种虚荣的念头这样的作家当然不会想到，问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力问题还是出在自己脑子缺乏精确思考的能力n n5)It was5)It was what what sentimentalists,sentimentalists,whowho deal in very big words,deal in very big words,call a yearning after the ideal,call a yearning after the ideal,and and simply meanssimply means that that women are not satisfied women are not satisfied untiluntil they have husbands they have husbands and and children on children on whomwhom they may centre affections,they may centre affections,which which are are spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(W.spent elsewhere,as it were,in small change.(W.Thackeray:Thackeray:Vanity FairVanity Fair)n n一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴一般情感主义者喜欢用大字眼，称之为对于理想爱情的渴望。

换言之，它们认为女人的情感平时只能零星发泄，必望换言之，它们认为女人的情感平时只能零。