[文学]大学英语英汉语言对比.ppt

英汉语言的对比 Major Disparity between English and Chinese,一、英汉词汇对比,（词汇的意义、词语的搭配、词序）1.词汇的意义英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度，大致可归纳为以下四种情况：,（1）英语中有些词所表示的意义，在汉语中可以找到完全对应的词来表达它们的意义在任何上下文中都完全相等这主要是一些已有通用译名的专用名词、术语和日常生活中的一些事物的名称如： The U. S. State Department美国国务 Computational linguistics计算语言学 Helicopter直升飞机 Minibus 微型汽车（面包车）,（2）英语中有些词与汉语中有些词在词义上只有部分对应它们在意义上概况的范围有广狭之分如： Marriage娶、嫁 Gun枪、炮 Sister姐、妹 Morning 早晨、上午,（3）英语中有些词所表示的意义，目前在汉语里还找不到最后确定的对应词来表达这主要是英语中一些新词，包括专用名词、术语以及一些反映英美社会特殊风气及事物的词如： Mascon (mass concentration)（表示月球表层下高密度的）物质聚积 Beddo （一种多用途的）床 Overkill （核弹超过军事目的的）过度杀伤力（系资产阶级渲染核武器“威力”的用语，现又用来表示宣传活动等方面不必要的过度行为） Plumber （形成于“五角大楼文件”泄密事件后白宫设立的专门特工机构。

plumber”原意“铅管工”，用以指特工，系借用“铅管工”堵漏、防漏之含义）,Bridal Shower新娘结婚前的派对/准新娘送礼会 Bachelor Party(婚礼前夕为新郎举行的)单身汉舞会 Baby Shower婴儿送礼会/婴儿洗礼（在孩子出生前举办一个特殊的派对）,,,,A bridal shower is a gift-giving party held for a bride-to-be in anticipation of her wedding. It gives the bride-to-be a much-needed break from the stress of planning a wedding. Bridal showers can be a surprise for the bride or a planned party, a formal brunch or a casual party. As showers are explicitly a gift-giving occasion, everyone who attends the shower is expected to bring a small gift. People who decline the invitation for any reason are not expected to send a gift or otherwise participate in the party.,,A bachelor party, also known as a stag party, stag night, a bull's party, a buck's party or buck's night is a party held for a bachelor shortly before he enters marriage, to make the most of his final opportunity to engage in activities a new partner might not approve of, or merely to spend time with his male friends. A bachelor party may involve activities beyond the usual party and social gathering ingredients (often drinking alcohol and gambling), such as going to a strip club or hiring a stripper. The planned activities of a bachelor party are traditionally kept secret from the groom.,,Baby shower is a great way to welcome a new child and congratulate the new mother. Traditionally, baby showers were celebrated by a new mother and only her closest female friends after the baby had been born. Over time, however, old traditions have relaxed, allowing for “couple showers“ to which men are invited, and celebrations in the workplace that co-workers can attend. It is now generally a party for a mother-to-be. Many mothers appreciate advice in purchasing the items they will need for their new baby. Friends of the new mother bring gifts for the new baby.,,（4）英语中有许多词一词多义，其所表示的各个意义，分别与汉语中几个不同的词或词组对应。

多义词的具体意义，只有联系上下文才能确定如果脱离上下文，孤立地译一个词就很难确切地表达该词的真正含义如： A soft above-gound launching site 无坚固掩体的地面发射基地 The record has been considered soft ever since it was set last May 自从五月份创造了这个纪录以来，人们一直认为它是很容易被打破的 The landing must be super-soft 这次着陆一定是超级的软着陆,Marijuana is usually regarded as a soft drug. 大麻通常被看做是软性（毒性较轻的）麻醉毒品 At this stage there is only soft intelligence about the enemy intention. We should not shoot him from the hip. 在目前，关于敌人的意图还只有不太充分的情报，我们不能鲁莽行事2.词语的搭配 英语和汉语在词的搭配能力方面往往有差异 a horse a cattle (ox/cow/bull) a sheep (lamb) a chicken a boat a desk,3.词序 主要差异集中在定语和状语的位置上。

定语的位置： （1） 单词作定语英语中单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前面，汉语中定语的位置也大体如此有时英语中也有后置的，但在汉语里一般都前置 A research-oriented hospital （前置？后置？） 一所以搞科研为重点的医院 Something important 重要的事情 The banker's little garden 银行老板的小花园,（2） 短语作定语英语中修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，汉语里则放在被修饰的名词之前，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定 A building project of high-rise apartment houses（前置？后置？ ） 一个多层公寓大楼的建筑项目 A candidate with little chance of success 一个当选希望极微的候选人,总结：定语后置 1. some-, any-, every-, no等构成的复合代词 He told me something important. 他告诉我了一件重要的事情 There is nothing wrong with this computer. 这台电脑没有什么毛病。

2. –ible, -able 结尾的形容词作定语，与every, the only或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，也常需后置 The doctors have tried every way possible. 大夫们已经试过各种可能的办法了 They had the greatest difficulty imaginable getting there in time. 为了能及时赶到那儿，他们克服了极大的困难 It is the only wild berry edible here in this area. 它是这个地区惟一能食用的野莓3. 定语从句和某些分词作定语时，也需后置 Here are the New Year cards I’ve just received. 这些是我刚收到的新年贺卡 Most of the people studying here are middle school teachers. 在这里学习的多数是中学老师4. 起表语作用的形容词作定语，也需后置 Everybody present at the conference welcomed the decision. 出席大会的人都赞同这项决议。

There are many young people adrift in the big cities in that country. 那个国家的大城市里有很多四处游荡的年轻人5. 某些成对的形容词作定语需要后置，翻译时需灵活处理 All nations, large or small, rich or poor, should be equal. 国家不论大小贫富，都应一律平等 Teachers, old and new, must respect each other and learn from each other. 新老教师都应互相尊重，互相学习 The reason for the change is lack of money, pure and simple. 更改的原因纯粹是因为缺少经费c. 英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置 The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions. 气体的分子非常迅速地向四面八方运动着 He is running fast enough. 他跑得够快了。

多层定语的顺序：视语言习惯而定多层定语之间一般按照与中心语关系的密切程度排列顺序，关系越密切的定语越靠近中心语 一位漂亮的长头发的中国女孩 A beautiful long-haired Chinese girl 一张红木小圆桌 a small round red wooden table 一位中国现代优秀作家 an outstanding contemporary Chinese writer 繁荣昌盛的社会主义现代化强国 a modern, prosperous, powerful socialist country,状语的位置： （1）单词作状语 a. 英语中单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同 John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active in class.（前置?后置？）约翰当年并不是出色的学生，但他在班上很活跃b. 英语中单词状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则一般放在动词之前 Modern science and technology are developing rapidly. 现代科学技术正在迅速发展。