Chapter 10 Language A 不定式作目的状语.doc

1Chapter 10 Language A 不定式作目的状语英语中,修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分叫状语（adverbial)状语的功用：状语说明地点、时间、原因、目的、结果、条件、方向、程度、方式和伴随状况等状语一般由副词、介词短语、分词和分词短语、不定式或相当于副词的词或短语来担当其位置一般放在句末，但也可放在句首或句中英语中的动词不定式具有副词的功能，可以在句子中作状语，表示多种意义在这里就动词不定式作目的状语进行单独讨论一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，表示某一动作或状态的目的为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as to例如：I've written it down in order not to forget.He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语，表示的是主语的目的，因此，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语比较：To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正)To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)由 in order to 引导的目的状语，既可以置于句尾，也可以置于句首，而由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾，而不能置于句首。

比较：They started early in order to get there in time.(正)In order to get there in time, they started early.(正)They started early so as to get there in time.(正)So as to get there in time, they started early.(误)二、不定式的复合结构作目的状语当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for + 名词或宾格代词)作状语例如：He opened the door for the children to come in.She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.动词不定式做状语时表示目的和结果用法总结1. 作目的状语:I came here to see you.To stop the train, pull the lever downwards.目的状语还可以用如下表达法：肯定：to2in order to + 动词原形 so as toI come to see her. = I come in order to see her. = I come so as to see her.thatso that + 主语 + may/might + 动词原形in order that I come that I may see her. = I come in order that I may see her. = I come so that I may see her.否定：not toin order not to + 动词原形 so as not tothatso that + 主语 + may/might + not + 动词原形in order that He went away not to see me.= He went away in order not to see me.= He went away so as not to see me.= He went away in order that he might not see me.= He went away that he might not see me.= He went away so that he might not see me.in order to, in order that 和 so as to, so that 的区别in order to 可以用在句首或句末，但 so as to 只能用在句末。

如：He got up very early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.In order to catch the first bus, he got up very early.（此时不能用 so as to）so as to 和 in order to 的汉语意思应该是一样的 “为的是，为了”它们的英语功能也是一样的，都可以用来引导目的状语它们的不同之处就在于 so as to 不能用于句子的开头，在句子开头只能用 in order to.另外，1.in order to 一般用 in order that 加从句来替换；而 so as to 一般用 so that 加从句来替换in order that 可以在句首，so that 和 so as to 一样不能在句首2.当这两个短语后的不定式动词的逻辑主语和句子的主语一致时， “in order to , so as to +不定式”可以简化为“不定式”In order to get to school on time, he got up earlier.这个句子可以表达为下列几种方式：In order that he could get to school on time, he got up earlier.He got up earlier in order to get to schoolon time.He got up earlier in order that he couldget to school on time.He got up earlier so as to get to school on time.3He got up earlier so that he could get toschool on time.To get to school on time, he got up earlier. （这种不定式有时可以表示目的以外的状语）注意：不定式本身有自己的主语时，可用 “for…to”来表示。

如：My father bought a new book for me to read.B 反义疑问句（1）反意疑问句要点简述反意疑问句又叫附加疑问句，是在陈述句后，对陈述句所叙述的事实提出的疑问其基本结构有两种：一是“肯定陈述句＋简略否定问句”；二是“ 否定陈述句＋简略肯定问句 ”反意疑问句后一部分的主谓与前一部分的主谓要保持人称及助动词等方面的一致这种疑问句的回答要根据事实，肯定的用“Yes, …”否定的用“No, …”如：It looks like rain, doesn’t it?He doesn’t need to work so late, does he?（2）学习反意疑问句，特别要注意的问题1）陈述部分的主语是 this, that 时，疑问部分的主语多用 it；陈述部分的主语是 these, those 时，疑问部分的主语多用 they如：This is a dictionary, isn’t it?Those are shelves, aren’t they?2）陈述句如果是 there be 结构时，疑问句部分仍用 there如：There once was a man named Saint Nicholas, wasn’t there?3）在英语口语中， “I am +表语结构”，后面的反意疑问句多用 aren’t I 来体现。

如：I am very interested in learning English, aren’t I?4）陈述句的主语是动词不定式，动词的-ing 形式或从句时，疑问部分的主语多用 it 来体现如：Taking care of our environment is very important, isn’t it?What he said is right, isn’t it?5）陈述句中含有 not, no, hardly, neither, never, few, little, too …to 等否定词或具有否定意义的词时，疑问部分常用肯定形式如：Few people knew the news, did they?Tom has never been to England , has he?但陈述句中如果带有否定意义的前缀和后缀的单词时，整个句子仍视为肯定句，反意疑问部分多用否定形式如：She is unhappy, isn’t she?6）陈述句的主语是 nobody, no one, everyone, somebody 等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用 they（当强调全体时）或 he（当强调个体时） 。

如果陈述句的主语是 something, nothing, anything, everything 等不定代词时，反意疑问部分的主语多用 it如：No one knows him, do they?Someone is waiting for you, isn’t he?Nobody says a word about the accident, do they?Everything seems all right, doesn’t it?7）陈述句是主从复合句时，如果主句的谓语动词是 think, believe, expect, feel, guess 等词，且主语是第一人称I 或 we 时，反意疑问部分的人称、时态与宾语从句保持一致，同时还要考虑到否定的转移（否定前移） 如：I believe that the boy can get a ticket for you, can’t he?I don't think he is bright, is he?We believe she can do it better, can't she?4若是第二第三人称的话，反义疑问句应该看主句：She thought it is meaningless，didn't she？如果是转述的要注意：He said that you were in hospital， weren't you?（这里是对着那个 you 说的）8）祈使句的反义疑问句中：let's 的要用 shall we；let us 的要用 will you；其他形式的都用 will you。

如：Go and get it for me, won't you?去帮我取个东西，好吗？Let's meet at the airport, shall we ? 我们在机场碰头，行不行？ Have a little more wine, will you ? 喝点儿酒，好吗？9）must 的反义疑问句：陈述部分有 must 的疑问句，疑问部分根据实际情况而定 　　A．must 表示“应该” ，其疑问部分用 mustn't（不应该） ，如：You must work hard next term, mustn't you ? 下学期你应该努力学习，对吗？ 　　B．must 表示“必须”，其疑问部分用 needn't（不必） ，如：They must finish the work today, needn’t they? 他们今天必须要完成这项工作，是吗？ 　　C．陈。