《话语分析》书评ppt.ppt

单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,单击此处编辑母版标题样式,What is discourse analysis?,According to this book:,the analysis of language in use,.,a pragmatic approach,to DA,The discourse analyst has to consider,context.,The important definition,Discourse Analysis,by Gillian Brown&George Yule,This book introduces the,different approaches,to discourse analysis.,This book can help learners have,a comprehensive,view about this subject,.,The,corpora,included in this book,covers recording,notice,letter,novel and newspaper articles,.,my view,:It is not that difficult to understand because it deals with the basic concepts,the common approaches,but efforts are still needed in order to fully understand it.,General impression about the book,How to interpret discourse,?,Readers can base their interpretation of the writers intended meaning on:,1 local interpretation and,general features of context,discussed in Chapter 2,2 the regularities of,discourse structure,outlined in Chapter 3 and 4,3 the regular features of,information structure,organization detailed in Chapter5,4,reference,coherence,in Chapter6&7.,Chapter 1:introduction,2 functions of language:transactional(,信息性,),和,interactional(,互动性,),transactional,用来表达命题和传达信息，,interactional,用于建立和维持社会关系。

the difference between spoken discourse and the written one,the difference between sentence and utterance,The structure of the book,Chapter 1 基本概念,Chapter 2 话语分析中的语境,1,理解语境的基本方法,：reference,presupposition,implicature and inference.,2,情境语境的特征,：,Hymes的分类：addressor and addressee,topic,setting,channel(如语言，击鼓，鸣号，摇旗),code（语码，如用了什么样的语言、方言或使用了什么样的语体风格,message-form，（交际形式，如聊天、辩论、布道、十四行诗情书等）and event（事件）,3可以帮助理解话语情境的两个原则：local interpretation principle（就近原则）analogy principle（类比原则）,e.g.,The baby cried.The mommy picked it up.,Analogy principle:If the analyst has experienced a lot data of a particular kind,he will feel more confident in his interpretation because he can make a comparison.,Chapter 3 话题与话语内容的表现,1 In this chapter the author tries to explore some recent attempts to,construct a theoretical notion of“topic,”.,2,Discourse topic,is proposed by,Keenan and Schieffelin,.,They think that,there must be a single proposition,(expressed as a phrase or sentence),which represents the discourse topic of the whole of the fragment.,3 Since attempting to define topic with focus on,the content,of a text is a difficult task,we could look at,the form,concentrate on,topic-shift to define topic,which,in fact are topic boundary markers.,Chapter 4 视角和话语结构的表现,1 Discourse is presented in,line structure,.The speaker has to,choose a starting point,.This starting point will influence the hearers latter understanding.,2,Thematisation,（主位化）refers to the linear organization of texts.,3 Each simple sentence has a,theme-the starting point of the structure,and,a rheme,everything else that follows in the sentence,4 Theme is usually the,left-most constituent,in the sentence.,5 We find,theme,used sometimes to refer to,the grammatical subjects of a series of sentences,as in a remark by Katz.But,theme is not the grammatical subject,.,6 Stagging(视角)often involves,natural order,（自然顺序）and,point of view（视点）,Natural order is for the presentation of a narrative sequence of events.,7 Natural order consists of,time sequence,（时间顺序）and,perceptual salience.,（感知顺序，一般到个别，整体到局部，由大到小）,8 It is natural to put the event that happens first.If the writer does not abide by the this order,he wants to create some special effects（如悬念）,9 Staging can influence the choice of words used by the speaker or the writer.,executed(表明一个法律程序),assassinated(非法和政治行为而报道),murdered(非法的犯罪行为而报道),Mary,Queen of Scots,was by the English Queen.,Chapter 5 信息结构,focuses,:consider how information is packaged within small structures,information structure and its intonation realization(Hallidays account),The serious study of information structure,within texts was instituted by scholars of the,Prague School,before the Second World War.,Halliday adopted the Prague School view,of information as consisting of two categories:,new information,which is information that the addressor believes is not known to the addressee,and,given information,which the addressor believes is known to the addressee.,According to him,the speaker will order,given information before new information,.,He is particularly,concerned with,the information organization within,spoken English,.,Halliday believes that one of,the functions of intonation,in English is to,mark off which information the speaker is treating as new and which information the speaker is treating as given.,Information units are directly realized in speech as,tone groups,.,Tone groups are distinguished phonologically by contain only one,tonic syllable,.,Pauses,and,pitches,also help to define tone groups.,The tonic syllable functions to focus the new information.,A recital by a four-year-old of a fairy story,/in a/far-away/LAND/,/there/lived a/bad/naughty/FAIRY/,/and a/handsome/PRINCE/,/and a/lovely/PRINcess/,/she was a/really/WICKed/fairy,(,“/”:the ton。