海天长难句与英译汉.ppt

考研英语长难句与英译汉考研英语长难句与英译汉主讲：董明毅主讲：董明毅2009-7-52009-7-5翻译的初体验翻译的初体验 真题透析 英译汉的关键点 关于英译汉 实战演练版块版块1 1英译汉英译汉““翻译就是理解和使人理解翻译就是理解和使人理解””一、中英文的区别一、中英文的区别☆☆二、考研英译汉概要二、考研英译汉概要☆☆三、考研翻译解题中的常见问题三、考研翻译解题中的常见问题四、考研翻译解题的步骤、标准和四、考研翻译解题的步骤、标准和 方法方法中英文的区别中英文的区别☆☆1. 1. 英语重结构，汉语重语义英语重结构，汉语重语义2. 2. 英语多长句，汉语多短句英语多长句，汉语多短句3. 3. 英语多从句，汉语多分句英语多从句，汉语多分句4. 4. 英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动5. 5. 英语多抽象，汉语多具体英语多抽象，汉语多具体6. 6. 英语多变化，汉语多重复英语多变化，汉语多重复7. 7. 主语、宾语等名词成分主语、宾语等名词成分““英语多代词，汉语多名词英语多代词，汉语多名词””8. 8. 英语多引申，汉语多推理英语多引申，汉语多推理9. 9. 英语多省略，汉语多补充英语多省略，汉语多补充10.10.英语多前重心，汉语多后重心英语多前重心，汉语多后重心英语重结构，汉语重语义英语重结构，汉语重语义We here highly resolve that these dead should not die in vain-that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom--and tha at t government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world. “We here highly resolve......”是整个句子的主句 “that these dead should not die in vain”， “that this nation, under god, shall have new birth of freedom” “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the world.”等三个从句在最后一个从句之前还用了“and”这个连接词将几个从句连接起来。

译文：我们在此立志誓愿，不能让他们白白死去－－要使这个国家在上帝庇佑之下，得到新生的自由－－要使民有、民治、民享的政府不致从地球上消失英语重结构，汉语重语义英语重结构，汉语重语义英语形合例子英语形合例子I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed - we hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.I have a dream that one day on the red hills of Georgia, sons of former slaves and sons of former slave-owners will be able to sit down together at the table of brotherhood.I have a dream that one day, even the state of Mississippi, a state sweltering with the heat of injustice, sweltering with the heat of oppression，，will be transformed into an oasis of freedom and justice.英语重结构，汉语重语义英语重结构，汉语重语义Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with inbuilt personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。

英语多长句，汉语多短句英语多长句，汉语多短句Interest in historical methods had arisen less through external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline and more from internal quarrels among historians themselves.译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵英语多从句，汉语多分句英语多从句，汉语多分句On the whole /such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is compared, /and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个小孩对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个小孩的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的小孩已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。

英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动一组常用被动句型的汉译：一组常用被动句型的汉译：It must be pointed out that...必须指出必须指出……It must be admitted that...必须承认必须承认……It is imagined that...人们认为人们认为……It can not be denied that...不可否认不可否认……It will be seen from this that...由此可知由此可知……It should be realized that...必须认识到必须认识到……It is (always) stressed that...人们人们(总是总是)强调强调……It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以可以毫不夸张地说毫不夸张地说……英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动被 动 结 构的翻译：英语中的被动句一般翻译成主动句，可以做主宾颠倒的方式翻译，省略“被”字，或者直接转化，但有时候仍然可以用“被…… 、“受到” 、“得到” “加以” 、“得以”“为……所” 、“由… … 来” 、“是… …的”等结构来翻译 ，最后还可以找汉语中的其他词来代替“被”字。

英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动It leads the discussion to extremes at the outset; it invites you to think that animals should be treated either with the consideration humans extend to other humans, or with no consideration at all. (97)译文：这种说法从一开始把讨论引导向极端，它使人们认为应该这样对待动物：要么像人类对待自己一样关心，要么一点也不关心英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects.译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美系统一般而言是不能解决世界上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问题英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动Owing to the remarkable development in mass-communications, people everywhere are feeling new wants and are being exposed to new customs and ideas, while governments are often forced to introduce still further innovations for the reasons given above.译文：由于大众通信的显著发展，各地的人们正感受到新的需要并且正接受到新的习俗和观点，然而由于上述原因政府不得不采取更为进一步的革新措施。

英语多被动，汉语多主动英语多被动，汉语多主动Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science.译文：多年来，工具和技术本身作为基本创新的源泉在很大程度上被历史学家和科学哲学家所忽略英语多抽象，汉语多具体英语多抽象，汉语多具体英语的语言是抽象的英语的语言是抽象的 汉语的语言是具体的汉语的语言是具体的 disintegration 土崩瓦解.ardent （热心的；热情的）loyalty 赤胆忠心total exhaustion 筋疲力尽far-sightedness 远见卓识careful consideration 深思熟虑perfect harmony （和声；和睦）水乳交融feed on fancies 画饼充饥with great eagerness 如饥似渴lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网make a little contribution （捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕英语多引申，汉语多推理英语多引申，汉语多推理You know a word by the company it keeps.Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning for them.While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.译文: 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践趋向一致，认为历史是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

英语多省略，汉语多补充英语多省略，汉语多补充Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源 Reading exercises one’s eyes; Speaking, one’s tongue; while writing, one’s mind. 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维 One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.英语多省略，汉语多补充英语多省略，汉语多补充Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or （to use）both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and （depends）upon such factors as cost and availability.译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。

中英文化差异中英文化差异Mr. Brown is a very white man. He was looking rather green the other day. He has been feeling blue lately. When I saw him, he was in a brown study. I hope he'll soon be in the pink again. 布朗先生是一位忠实可靠的人那天,他的脸色不好,近来他一直都感到闷闷不乐我见到他的时候,他显得心事重重我希望他早点振作起来 中英文化差异中英文化差异1、生存环境的差异、生存环境的差异spend money like water  挥金如挥金如土土；花钱如流；花钱如流水水all at sea2、习俗差异、习俗差异Every dog has his day.3、宗教信仰方面、宗教信仰方面4、历史典故、历史典故“东施效颦东施效颦” Aping a Beauty  “世外桃源世外桃源” Shangri-La    Fairylanda Penelope’s  web     a Pandora’s box考研英译汉概要考研英译汉概要☆☆命题思想命题方式命题范围命题特点(句子较长、结构复杂、内容抽象; 对画线部分句子的理解需借助上下文; 句子中的词汇一词多义的情况较多) ☆ ☆考试内容=考点(考察专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译; 考察一般性翻译技巧; 考察具体句型的翻译步骤和方法) ☆ ☆评分标准一般性技巧一般性技巧词义选择：A、分析词根 micro-ultrasonic prober 微型超声波探测器 micro-微小 ultra- 超过、超出 -sonic声音、声波 prob- 探测 -er名词后缀， ……器，……东西。

B、分析上下文C、根据汉语习惯搭配D、寻找汉语同义词一般性技巧一般性技巧词义选择However, the world is so made that elegant systems are in principle unable to deal with some of the world's more fascinating and delightful aspects. 译文：然而，世界就是如此，完美系统一般而言是不能解决世界上更加引人入胜和令人欣喜的问题词性转换analysis of cultures past and present 分析过去和现在的文化版块版块2 英译汉的关键点英译汉的关键点一、专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译一、专有名词、词组和多义词的翻译二、一般性翻译技巧（词义选择、词序调二、一般性翻译技巧（词义选择、词序调整、词性转换和增词法等）整、词性转换和增词法等）三、具体句型的翻译步骤和方法三、具体句型的翻译步骤和方法☆☆（定语（定语从句、状语和状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、状语和状语从句、主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并列结构、从句、表语从句、同位语从句、并列结构、比较结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被动结比较结构、倒装结构、插入结构、被动结构、否定结构、构、否定结构、itit的用法和的用法和there bethere be句型）句型）猜词法猜词法1、Semiconscious insecticide bullfight2、词在句中：1）根据定义猜测词义 Anthropology is the scientific study of man. 定义句的谓语动词多为：be, mean, deal with, be considered, to be, refer to, be called, be known as, define, represent, signify, constitute等。

2）根据对比关系猜测词义表示对比关系的词汇和短语主要是unlike，not，but，however，despite，in spite of，in contrast 和while 引导的并列句等 A good supervisor can recognize instantly the adept workers from the unskilled ones.3）根据比较关系猜测词义表示比较关系的词和短语主要是similarly，like，just as，also等3、篇章关系英语长句的分析思路英语长句的分析思路Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry / which seeks to study humans and their endeavors/ in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner/ that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena. (2003)译文：社会科学是知识探索的一个分支，/它力求像自然科学家研究自然现象那样，用理性的、有序的、系统的和冷静的方式研究人类及其行为。

英语长句的分析思路英语长句的分析思路Until these issues are resolved, / a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. and with it possibly（状语） the only way to solve our problems.（主语，是一个省略句，补充完整后=the only way to solve our problems will possibly continue to be rejected with it ）如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的方法将继续受到排斥；随之，解决问题的唯一方法将可能继续受到排斥英语长句的分析思路英语长句的分析思路It applies equally to traditional historians/ who views history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, // and to social science historians/ who equate their activity with specific techniques.译文：这种谬误同样存在于历史传统派和历史社科派，/ 前者认为历史就是文学界内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者认为历史的研究是具体方法的研究。

英语长句的分析思路英语长句的分析思路Behaviorists suggest / that // the child /who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses /will experience greater intellectual development.行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平英语长句的分析思路英语长句的分析思路For a family of four,/ for example,/ it is more convenient as well as cheaper to sit comfortably at home, /with almost unlimited entertainment available, /than to go out in search of amusement elsewhere.譬如, 对于一个四口之家来说, 舒舒服服地在家中看电视, 就能看到几乎数不清的娱乐节目, 这比到外面别的地方去消遣又便宜又方便。

It is more +adj.+ to do sth. than to do sth.)拆分与组合拆分与组合(操作方法操作方法)1 1、拆分的法则：语法、拆分的法则：语法①①拆出主句、分清分句拆出主句、分清分句 ② ②拆出主干、分清修饰拆出主干、分清修饰2 2、六个拆分点：、六个拆分点：①①连词连词————并列的：并列的：andand／／butbut／／oror；从属连词：表因果关系的：；从属连词：表因果关系的：becausebecause／／forfor／／asas／／soso／／since ;since ;时间关系连词：时间关系连词：whenwhen／／whilewhile／／untiluntil；条件；条件关系：关系：ifif；让步关系：；让步关系：thoughthough／／althoughalthough②②引导词引导词————thatthat／／whichwhich／／who that who that 只有当引导词时才拆分，当代词只有当引导词时才拆分，当代词时不能拆分时不能拆分③③介词介词————inin／／onon／／ofof／／with with 介词常常构成介词短语做定语或状语介词常常构成介词短语做定语或状语④④分词分词————现在分词现在分词––inging／过去分词／过去分词-ed -ed 分词常常构成分词短语作定分词常常构成分词短语作定语或状语语或状语⑤⑤toto————to to 当当不定式的连接符号不定式的连接符号时，不定式构成不定式短语做定语或状时，不定式构成不定式短语做定语或状语；语；⑥⑥标点标点————标点断开的常常是一个主干或修饰结构标点断开的常常是一个主干或修饰结构3 3、组合的法则：汉语习惯、组合的法则：汉语习惯定语从句定语从句As far as the third factor is concerned, / the history of science shows many instances / in which the force of authority has operated in such a manner as to build up an exceedingly powerful resistance to further investigation; // in some cases /centuries elapsed/ before this resistance was eventually broken down, /as happened in cosmology, /for example.译文 :至于第三个因素,科学史中有许多事例表明,权威的力量起到这样一种作用：它给进一步的研究设置了一道极其牢固的障碍；在许多情况下,要花上几个世纪的时间才能最终打破这道障碍。

例如,在宇宙学中就发生过这样的事定语从句定语从句Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.定语从句定语从句President Kennedy wanted people /who raised questions, /who criticized, /on whose judgment he could rely,/ who presented an intelligent point of view, /regardless of their rank or viewpoint.译文：肯尼迪总统需要提问题的人、能提批评意见的人、做出可靠判断的人以及能提出明智看法的人,而不问他们的级别和观点分词短语做定语分词短语做定语Additional social tresses may also occur/because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements/— themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.译文：由于人口的急剧增加或人口的大量流动--现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易--也会给社会带来新的压力。

The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, /combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, /makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.译文：强调收集第一手资料，加上在分析过去和现在文化中采用的跨文化视角，使得这一研究成为一门独特而又非常重要的社会科学不定式短语作定语不定式短语作定语Galileo's greatest glory was // that in 1609 he was the first person / to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens 不定式作定语 /to prove that the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the Earth. 不定式做状语译文：伽利略最伟大的成就在于在 1609年他是第一个用新发明的望远镜来观察天空的人，以证明行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

介词短语做定语介词短语做定语Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, /computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, /relaxation will be in front of smell-television, /and digital age will have arrived.译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃一起玩耍，带有内置个性的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视机前休闲，数字时代就将要到来了介词短语做定语介词短语做定语 Under modern conditions, / this requires varying measures of centralized control /and hence the help of specialized scientists such as economists and operational research experts. 译文：在现代条件下，这需要不同的集中控制措施，进而又需要诸如经济学家，操作研究专家等专业科学家的帮助。

形容词短语作定语形容词短语作定语There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general or（refers) to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.译文：方法论到底是指在普通历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中适用于各个具体领域的研究手段，人们对此意见不一同位语同位语It is just as much a surprise for the Chinese as for the Westerners to realize that modern agriculture, modern shipping, the modern oil industry, modern astronomical observatories, modern music, decimal mathematics, paper money, umbrellas, fishing reels, wheelbarrows, multi-stage rockets, guns, underwater mines, poison gas, parachutes, hot-air balloons, manned flight, brandy, whisky, the game of chess, printing, and even the essential design of the steam engine, all came from China.同位语同位语 A bad liar usually gives himself away by looking too long at his victim, in the mistaken belief that to "look a man straight in the eye" is a sign of honest dealing.拙劣的撒谎者之所以暴露，常常是因为长时间盯着听他讲谎话的人，误以为直视一个人的眼睛是诚实的表现。

同位语从句与定语从句同位语从句与定语从句We have to face the fact that he is looking for.（定）We have to face the fact that he is not here.（同）同位语的翻译方法：加同位语的翻译方法：加“：：” 我们不得不面对这样的事实：他不在这里倒装句倒装句Along with them goes social mobility, /ambition to rise in the urban world, (which is)a main factor / in bringing down the births in Europe in the nineteenth century.译文：伴随他们而来的是社会的流动性, 人们强烈地希望在城市里发展,这是19世纪欧洲出生率下降的主要因素倒装句倒装句Only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs has it been possible to modify TV programming policies.译文:只有大量调研提供出证据表明此类节目产生不良影响后,电视节目审查政策才有可能改变。

It has been possible to modify TV programming policies only after studies provided evidence of the harmful effects of such programs.倒装结构倒装结构倒装结构 还原倒装部分后直接翻译常常出现如下几种情况：1）表语前置引起倒装 2)否定词前置引起倒装 3）虚拟语气引起倒装 For example, /they do not compensate for gross social inequality, /and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 译文：例如，这些测试并不能弥补明显的社会不公平现象，因此也不能说明如果这个贫困的年轻人在更加有利的条件下成长他将会多么的有能力补全并正常语序：if he had grown up插入结构插入结构一般可以直接翻译， Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” /like the concept of “set” in mathematics，/is an abstract concept /which (定从 )makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding. 因此,人类学中“文化”的概念，像数学中“集合”的概念一样，是一个抽象的概念，它使大量的具体研究和理解成为可能插入结构插入结构但是如果插入结构修饰整个句子，则放在句子最前面翻译Science moves forward, /they say, /not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. 他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西。

But that, /Pearson points out,/ is only the start of man-machine integration: //"It will be the beginning of the long process of integration/ that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human/ before the end of the next century.“但皮尔逊指出，这个突破仅仅是人机一体化的开始：“它是人机一体化漫长之路的第一步，最终会使人们在下世纪末之前就研制出完全电子化的仿真人省略省略The transcription needs a certain amount of editing, //as even if the computer can tell the difference between words of similar sounds such as write and right, /it is still not yet able to do the work as well as an intelligent secretary（is able to ).译文:译稿需要一定量的编辑工作,因为,即使计算机能够区别同音异义词,如 write和right,它仍不可能把这项工作做得像有思维能力的秘书那样好。

省略省略As families move away from their stable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, //the informal flow of information is cut off, /and with it /the confidence(is cut off) that information will be available when needed and will be trustworthy and reliable.译文 随着家庭成员与他们稳定的社区、多年的老友和大家庭的亲属关系相分离,非正式的信息渠道被切断了,而那种在需要时就能得到真实可靠信息的信心也丢失了并列结构并列结构最常见的连接词是 and , or , but ,还有并列结构：whether…or…，either…or…，both…and…，neither…nor…，not only…but also…最经常用到的并列结构的标点符号是：逗号（需要有连接词）、分号并列结构后有修饰的时候，常常修饰整个结构They are the possessions of the autonomous (self-governing) man of traditional theory, //and they are essential to practices/ in which a person is held responsible for his conduct /and(is) given credit for his achievements.译文：自由和尊严是传统理论上自主人所拥有的，//它们是实践所必不可少的，在实践中，一个人应该对其行为负责并且因其成就而获得信任。

并列结构并列结构This seems mostly effectively done/ by supporting a certain amount of research/ not related to immediate goalsbut of possible consequence in the future.译文：通过支持某些与当前目标无关但是在将来可能产生结果的研究，这个问题能够有效地解决It applies equally to traditional historians /who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources,/ /and to social science historians /who equate their activity with specific techniques.New forms of thought /as well as new subjects for thought must arise in the future/ /as they have in the past, /giving rise to new standards of elegance. 译文：在将来像过去一样，新的思维方式和对象必然会产生一个新的完美标准。

Whether to use tests, other kinds of information,/ or both in a particular situation depends,/ therefore,/ upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity /and upon such factors as cost and availability.分词作状语分词作状语Americans have always been deeply ambivalent, /revering the nation’s immigration roots /and enjoying cheap immigrant labor, /but resenting the newcomers who flood their cities, drain their service and dilute their culture.美国人一直处于深深的矛盾中一方面，他们为美国是移民国家而骄傲，并享受着廉价的移民劳动力；但另一方面，他们又怨恨那些新的移民涌入他们的城市、夺走他们的就业机会、削弱他们的文化。

分词作状语分词作状语If there are no further major eruptions,// in another century /a new forest will have covered most of the land,/ leaving only a few reminders of the earth's hidden power.如果火山不再爆发，再过一个世纪，一片新的深林将会覆盖这块土地的大部分地区，而只留下一些痕迹使人们想起地下隐藏的能量状语从句状语从句And home appliances will also become so smart that /controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder — — kitchen rage. so…that 引导的结果状语从句译文：家用电器将会变得智能化程度非常高，以至于控制和操作它们会引发一种新的心理紊乱——厨房狂躁症Until these issues are resolved,/ a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected, /and with it possibly the only way to solve our problems. Until 结构有两种翻译方法：直到……才……；如果……不……如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的方法将继续受到排斥；随之，解决问题的唯一方法将可能继续受到排斥。

状语从句状语从句The target is wrong, /for in attacking the tests, /critics divert attention from the fault/ that lies with ill-informed or incompetent users. 原因状语从句的连接词有：because, since, as, not that, in that, for译文：把标准化测试作为抨击的目标是错误的，因为在抨击这类测试时，批评者没有注意到测试的弊病在于使用测试的人对测试不甚了解或使用不当In general,/ the tests work most effectively/ when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined /and least effectively /when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined.译文：一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。

状语从句翻译小结状语从句翻译小结小 结：1、英语中状语和状语从句一般可以直接翻译 ，但是通常把原因、时间、条件状语放在主干之前翻译，状语还通常翻译在主语之后动词之前有多重状语时，时间状语在前，地点状语在后2、如果分词短语作状语在句子最前面的时候 ，常常需要增加逻辑主语再翻译 Being interested in the foreign affairs from his childhood，Li Zhao-xing is now an expert in his field. 李肇星（逻辑主语）从他儿童时代就对外交事务感兴趣，他现在是这个领域的专家否定句否定句/否定结构否定结构1）部分否定，在否定句中出现 all，both，every，each 等词直接翻译成“并非所有” All that glitters is not gold Not everyone accepts his proposal.2）形式否定，内容肯定①nothing but He is nothing but a scholar. ②can not tooYou can not be too careful when you are driving.3）形式肯定，内容否定① anything but He is anything but a scholar.②借助具有否定意义的词，如 fail，neglect，refuse，…from 等等I failed to meet my girlfriend. Swimming here is far from dangerous.My mother keeps me from staying outside.比较结构比较结构1）as…as…和…一样2）not so……as/ not so much……as 与其说……不如说……3）rather than 而不是…4）less and more与其说……不如说……5）some…others一些……另一些…比较结构比较结构While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, /modern practice most closely conforms to one /that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践最趋向于认为，历史学是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其作出解释。

比较结构比较结构Science moves forward,/ they say,/ not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools.译文：他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西比较结构比较结构rather than When that happens, it is not a mistake:// it is mankind's instinct for moral reasoning in action, /an instinct that should be encouraged rather than (be)laughed at.译文：当这种情况发生这并没有错这是人类道德推理的本能在起作用，这种本能应该受到鼓励而不是遭到嘲笑比较结构比较结构less… and more…. Interest in historical methods has arisen/ less through external challenge /to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline /and more from internal quarrels /among historians themselves.译文：人们之所以对历史研究方法产生兴趣，与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科有效性的挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家自己内部的争论。

比较结构比较结构some…others… Some of these causes are completely reasonable results of social needs. //Others are reasonable consequences of particular advances in science being to some extent self-accelerating.译文：一些原因完全是社会需求的合理结果，另一些原因则是科学在某种程度上自我加速所产生的特定发展的合理结果there be 句型句型通常用“有”来翻译1）用英语原文中的状语翻译为汉语中的主语 ，再加“有”There is a temple on the hill.There are two monks in the temple.There is a cup on the table2）可添加“人们”、“大家”、“每一个人”、“我们”等泛指的主语There is no agreement on this problem.3）翻译成汉语的无主句 （没有主语）,直接翻译“有…”、“出现…”、“存在…”There will be a fine day.there be 句型句型Actually, it isn't,/ because it assumes that /there is an agreed account of human rights, /which is something the world does not have.译文：事实并非如此，因为这种说法假设人们对人权有一致认识，而这种一致认识并不存在.there be 句型句型There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, /and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视谈话节目以及装有污染监控器的汽车，一旦这些汽车排污超标（违规），监控器就会使其停驶。

复习回顾复习回顾一、中英文的区别☆二、考研英译汉概要☆三、具体句型的理解与翻译☆版块版块3真题透析真题透析199971、、While there are almost as many definitions of history as there are historians, / modern practice most closely conforms to one（definition) / that sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant events of the past.　 词的处理：While 虽然，尽管；definitions 定义，界定；modern practice 现代（补词：史学家的）实践；conforms to 符合于，趋向于认为；attempt 试图，尝试；to recreate 再现，重现（不能说重新创造历史）；events 事件，结合上下文引申为史实　 译文: 几乎每个历史学家对史学都有自己的界定，但现代史学家的实践趋向一致，认为历史是试图重现过去的重大史实并对其做出解释。

1999真题真题72、Interest in historical methods has arisen // less through external challenge /to the validity of history as an intellectual discipline / and more from internal quarrels /among historians themselves.词的处理：arisen 来自于，产生于 challenge质疑，挑战；validity 真实性，正确性； as an intellectual discipline作为一门学问（一个学科领域）； internal quarrels 内部意见不统一，内部分歧 译文: 历史研究的方法论之所以受到关注，主要是因为史学界内部的争论，而不是因为外界对历史作为一门学科的可信度存在异议1999真题真题73、During this transfer, / traditional historical methods were augmented / by additional methodologies /designed to interpret the new forms of evidence in the historical study.　词的处理：词的处理：transfer 转变；转型augmented 充实，补充；additional methodologies 新方法； designed to用来；interpret 阐释，解释，说明；the new forms of evidence 新的证据形式，根据上下文意思引申为在历史学研究中的新史料；in the historical study 在（补译：历史学家）研究历史时　译文: 在转型时期的历史研究中，那些解释新史料的新方法充实了传统的历史研究方法。

1999真题真题74、There is no agreement / whether methodology refers to the concepts peculiar to historical work in general / or to the research techniques appropriate to the various branches of historical inquiry.词的处理：the concepts/peculiar to/historical work/in general （按后置 定语的顺序倒译）一般的历史研究中的特有概念； the research techniques 研究手段；appropriate to 适用于　 the various branches 各个领域；historical inquiry 历史探究 译文: 方法论到底是指在普通历史研究中的特有概念，还是指历史探究中适用于各个具体领域的研究手段，人们对此意见不一1999真题真题75、It applies equally to traditional historians / who view history as only the external and internal criticism of sources, / and to social science historians/ who equate their activity with specific techniques.sources 源泉，引申为史料来源；view history as 把历史看作是 social science historians 社会科学历史学家，历史社科派； their activity 活动，引申为历史研究(活动) equate... with 把……等同于，认为……是； specific techniques 具体方法　译文: 这种谬误同样存在于传统历史学派和社会历史学派；前者认为历史仅仅是内部和外部人士对各种史料来源的评论，后者则把历史研究等同于具体方法的研究。

版块版块3真题透析真题透析20022002真题真题61、翻译难点：、翻译难点：one difficulty is that……what is called behavioral sciencecontinues to trace……to译文：难题之一在于所谓的行为科学几乎仍旧全都从心态、情感、性格特征、人性等方面去寻找行为发生的根源2002年真题年真题62、翻译难点、翻译难点behavioral scienceshave been hard to findexplanatory items(0.5分)directly observed(0.5分)other kinds of explanations译文：行为科学之所以发展缓慢，部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的，部分原因是一直难以找到其他的解释方式2002年真题年真题63、翻译难点：、翻译难点：in evolutionformulateshapingmaintainingRecognized译文：自然选择在进化中的作用仅在一百多年前才被阐明，而环境在塑造和保持个体行为时的选择作用则刚刚开始被认识和研究2002年真题年真题64、翻译难点：、翻译难点：Theypossessionsautonomous(self-governing)practicesin whichis held responsible forCredit译文：自由和尊严是传统理论定义中的自主人所拥有的，是认定一个人对他自己的行为负责并因其业绩而给予肯定的必不可少的前提。

2002年真题年真题65、翻译难点：、翻译难点：Until…resolvedbe rejectedwith it...problems译文：如果这些问题得不到解决，研究行为的技术手段就会继续受到排斥，解决问题的惟一方式可能也同样会受到排斥版块版块4实战演练实战演练1） 句子可以拆分为：Science moves forward, /they say, / not so much through the insights of great men of genius / as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tool. 　　译文：　他们说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼见，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等更为普通的东西版块版块4实战演练实战演练2）句子可以拆分为：In short, a leader of the new school contends, the scientific revolution, /as we call it, / was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments / that expanded the reach of science in innumerable direction.译文：新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：简而言之，我们所谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，而这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展无所不及。

版块版块4实战演练实战演练3)句子可以拆分为：Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation / have largely been ignored / by historians and philosophers of science.　　译文：多年来, 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉, 在很大程度上被历史学家和科学思想家们忽视了版块版块4实战演练实战演练4) 句子可以拆分为：Galileo's greatest glory was / that in 1609 he was the first person /to turn the newly invented telescope on the heavens / to prove that/ the planets revolve around the sun rather than around the earth.　　译文：伽利略的最光辉业绩在于: 1609年，他是第一个用新发明的望远镜观察天空，以证实行星是围绕太阳旋转而不是围绕地球旋转的。

　版块版块4实战演练实战演练5）句子可以拆分为：Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology /or vice versa / often depends on the issue / of which is seen as the driving force.　 　译文：政府究竟是以减少对技术经费的投入来增加对纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动力量结束语结束语谢谢大家谢谢大家祝暑期快乐祝暑期快乐 复习顺利复习顺利^_^^_^Best Wishes Pain past is pleasure. There can be miracles,when you believe.Though hope is frail,it's hard to kill.Who knows what miracles,you can achieve.When you believe,somehow you will.You will when you believe.。