Lecture3Participle分词讲义.doc

Lecture 3 Participle 分词1.分词的结构 主动被动现在分词一般 doing being done完成 having donehaving been done过去分词 done1.1 现在分词：1.1.1一般式（主动）：表示与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生 They went to the park, singing and talking. 1.1.2完成式（主动）：表示的动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生 Having done his homework, he played basketball.1.1.3一般式（被动）：表示的动作此刻正在发生或与谓语动词同时发生的被动的动作 The questions being discussed are of great importance. (分词动作正在进行) 　 He told us to keep a secret of the things being discussed. (同时发生)1.1.4完成式（被动）：表示发生在谓语之前的被动的动作 Having been told many times, the naughty boy made the same mistake.1.2过去分词：1.2.1 及物动词的过去分词表示被动意义。

I was really bored by the uninteresting movie.1.2.2不及物动词的过去分词没有被动意义，只表示完成意义 In autumn, faded flowers can be seen every where. Boiled water(开水） fallen leaves （落叶） newly arrived goods（新到的货） the risen sun（升起的太阳）2.现在分词的句法功能2.1 作定语相当于一个定语从句的句法功能单个分词放在名词前，短语分词在名词后面 In the following years he worked even harder.＝In the years that followed,…. The man speaking to the teacher is our monitor’s father.=The man who is speaking to the teacher…2.2 作表语 The film being shown in the cinema is exciting. We are watching TV now. be+ doing 既可能表示现在进行时，也可能是现在分词做表语。

它们的区别在于be+ doing表示进行的动作是进行时，而表示特征时是系动词be与现在分词构成系表结构2.3 作宾补有些动词如：see, watch, hear, feel, notice, observe等后可跟现在分词或动词不定式作宾补现在分词做宾补，表示正在进行的动作;不定式做宾补时，表示动作的全过程已经完成了 Can you hear her singing the song in the next room?　(你能听见她在隔壁唱歌吗？) Have you heard her sing the song in the next room?　(你听见过她在隔壁唱歌吗？)2.4 现在分词作状语表示时间相当于when引导的从句，这类状语通常放在句子的前半部分　Hearing the news, we immediately set off for Beijing.（=When we heard the news, we…） 也可放在主语后或语尾，放在句尾时表示强调 I listened to the music for a while, having written an important letter. He, finishing his homework, goes to bed.如果分词表示的动作紧接着谓语动作之后发生，分词应放在句尾。

She opened the door, greeting her guests.如果分词表示的动作先发生，谓语动词动作紧接着发生，分词短语应放在句首，不能放在句尾 They stopped talking, hearing a strange sound. (×) Hearing a strange sound, they stopped talking. (√) 注意：on doing sth.不同于in doing sth.介词on/in+现在分词也是常用的时间表示法，有些细微的差别On+现在分词相当于as soon as, 强调瞬间的动作; in+现在分词相当于when或while,强调的是连续的缓慢的动作 On entering the room, he found the woman lying dead on the floor. In doing the work she met a lot of difficulties. 表示原因，相当于as, since, because引导的从句　Having plenty of money, he was able to travel at once. ＝Because he had plenty of money, he was…Cf:不定式只能在表示情感方面的形容词后做原因状语。

如： We are proud to be members of this team. 表示伴随状语时，不可以用状语从句替换，但可以改写成并列句He died, leaving his wife with five children. (表伴随)=He died and left his wife with five children.表示方式状语Driving a truck, he earns a living. （表方式）表示条件， 相当于if, unless等引导的从句 Playing all day, you will waste your valuable time.表示结果，相当于so that结构　He ran very fast breaking the record of our school.＝He ran very fast so that he broke the record of our school.Cf:不定式只表示出乎意料的结果；而-ing分词表示一种自然的结果如： I bought an expensive computer home yesterday, only to find it used. 表示让步状语,相当于though, even if 等引导的从句。

Knowing no one in Paris, he joined a group of musicians 作独立成分逻辑主语与句子的主语不一致） Judging from his appearance, he must be an actor.Broad speaking大体上说Strictly speaking严格来说Comparatively speaking比较地说Considering谈到Regarding the plan关于这个计划Barring accidents若无意外Granting that即使Calculating strictly 严格地算来Taking all things in consideration从各方面来说 Generally speaking, girls are more careful.3.过去分词的结构意义 过去分词只有一般式，没有完成式过去分词在意义上最主要特点是表被动，在时间上它可以表示多种关系： 1) 表示已经发生的动作： Born in a poor family, he could not go to school. Built in 1501，the bridge is over 500 years old. 2) 表示经常性动作或泛指概念： He is a man loved by all. The woman talked about is very rich. 【注】the woman talked about也可表示“已被人们谈论过的那个女人”。

3) 表示与谓语动词同时(或几乎同时)发生的动作： Asked why he came, he kept silent. He came in, followed by his secretary. 4) 表示现在或过去(当时)的状态： The murderer was brought in, his hands tied behind. 4. 过去分词的句法功能4.1 作定语过去分词是单词时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语，就放在名词的后面过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句 Our class went on an organized trip last Monday.=Our class went on a trip which was organized last Monday. Those elected as committee members will attend the meeting.=Those who are elected as committee members will attend the meeting.4.2 作表语The cup was broken by my little sister yesterday. （被动语态，表示动作） The library is now closed. (过去分词作表语)注意：过去分词作表语,主要是表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示动作。

4.3 作宾补表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如：see, watch, observe, look at, hear, listen to, feel, notice, think等. I heard the song sung in English. He found his hometown greatly changed. 表示“致使”意义的动词，如：have, make, get, keep, leave等 I'll have my hair cut tomorrow. He got his tooth pulled out yesterday. Don‘t leave those things undone. 表示思维活动的动词consider, know, think等后如： I consider the matter settled. I thought myself wronged somehow in the bargain. 表示爱憎､意愿的动词如w。