tem-4 语法专题1---句子成分划分.doc

句子成分划分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语★主语 (Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首但在 there be 结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示例如：1.During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （名词）2.We often speak English in class. （代词）3.One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）4.To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）5.Smoking does harm to the health. （动名词）6.The rich should help the poor. （名词化的形容词）7.When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （主从）8.It is necessary to master a foreign language. （it 作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）★谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成如：He practices running every morning.The plane took off at ten o’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成如：You may keep the book for two weeks. （2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成如：Do you speak English？They are working in a field.He has caught a bad cold. （3）由系动词加表语构成如：We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致★表语 (Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如 be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem 等）之后表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示例如： 1. Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2. Is it yours?（代词）3. The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4. The speech is exciting.（分词）5. Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6. His job is to teach English.（不定式）7. His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8. The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9. Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb) 用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。

1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有 be 一词，例如：He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有 keep, remain, stay, lie, stand, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有 seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad. 4）感官系动词主要有 feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有 become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：The river was beginning to run dry. 6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有 prove, turn out, 表达" 结果是; 证明是 "，之意，例如：The rumor proved false. / His plan turned out a success. ★宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

例如： 1. He is doing his homework. （名词）2. The heavy rain prevented me from coming to school on time. （代词、动名词）3. How many dictionaries do you have? I have five. （名词、数词）4. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词、名词）5. He pretended not to see me. （动词不定式）6. I enjoy listening to popular music. （动名词短语）7. I think（that ）he is fit for his office. （宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语） ，例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.To: write, tell, pass, give, send, promise, show, hand, read, tell, bring, throw 等，例如：He sent the novel to William yesterday.For: leave, buy, build, choose, cook, draw, find, get, order, post, save 等，例如：She bought a gift for her mother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补） ，例如：They elected him their monitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语: ask, agree, care, choose, demand, dare, decide, expect, fail, help, hope, learn, manage, offer, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, want, wish, desire 等;下列动词只能接动名词做宾语: admit, avoid, advise, consider, enjoy, excuse, escape, finish, imagine, mind, practise, suggest 等;下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如 mean, try, remember, forget, regret 等。

★宾语补足语（Object Complement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask ，see ，have ，order，make 等 “宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当例如：1. His father named him Xiaoming.（名词）2. They painted their boat white.（形容词）3. Let the fresh air in.（副词）4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you. （不定式短语）5. We saw her entering the room. （现在分词短语）6. We found everything in the lab in good order. （介词短语）7. We will soon make our city what your city is now. （从句）★定语(Attribute)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。

定语可由以下等成分表示：1. Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）2. China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词） 3. There are thirty women teachers in our school.（数词、名词）4. His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词、形容词）5. Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）6. The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）7. He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）8. She is the girl who sings best in my class. (定语从句)★状语（Adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分, 可由以下形式表示 ：1. Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）2. He has lived in the city for ten years. （介词短语）3. He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）4. He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）5. Wait a minute.（名词）6. Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）9 种状语种类如下：1. How about meeting again at six?（时间状语）2. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因状语）3. I shall go there if it doesn’t rain. （条件状语）4. Mr Smith lives on the third floor. （地点状语）5. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式状语）She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随状语）6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder. （目的状语）7. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately. 。