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初中复合句讲义.doc

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    • 第十一讲 复合句复合句是由一个或一个和几个从句构成的句子主句是句子的主体,从句只能在整个句子中作一个成分,不能独立从句在句中作什么成分,就叫什么从句定语句子在复合句,修饰一个名词或代词的从句叫定语从句被定语从句所修饰的词叫先行词定语从句必须放先行词之后引导定语从句的词叫关联词常见的关联词有关系代词that which who whom whose和关系副词where when why等它们都在定语从句中担任成分现分述如下:1定语从句如果修饰人,常常用关系代词who,有时也用that(作主语时多用who).例如:He is a man who/that often helps others. 他是一位经常帮助别人的人如果这个关系代词在从句中作宾语,就应当用whom 或that,但这种情况往往都可以把引导词省略,且在口语中可用who代替whom例如:Here is a man( who/that/whom) you should like to see.这就是你想见的那个人值得注意是,如果在介词的后面就只能用whom例如:The boy to whom I spoke is my brother. 刚才和我说话的那个男孩是我弟弟。

      如果表示“…的”时,就用who的所有格whose例如:Is there anyone in our class whose father is a doctor?我们班有谁的父亲是当医生?Whose的先行词也可是物例如:The house whose windows face the street is my uncle’s窗户面朝街的那座房子是我叔叔的2.定语从句如果修饰“物”,用关系代词that的时候较多,有时也用which例如:It’s a computer which/that costs six thousand yuan. 这是一台价值六千元的电脑当这个代词在从句中用作定语时,往往都会把它省略例如:The present(that / which)you gave me is very beautiful.你给我的那件礼物非常漂亮在介词的后面只能用which例如:This is the book about which they are talking.这就是他们正在谈论的那本书3.定语从句修饰一个表示时间的词时,用关系副词when例如:I will never forget the day when I met her.我将永远不会忘记我见到她的那一天。

      4.定语从句修饰地点名词,用关系副词where例如:This is the place where we lived for five years.这就是我们曾经住过五年的地方5.定语从句修饰一个表示原因的词时,用关系副词why例如:I know the reason why she didn’t come yesterday.注意:●先行词为物时,which 与that的区别1.在下列情况下,通常只用that.1)当先行词为 none, one, few, little, all, many, much, every, something, everything, anything, nothing时例如:She did all that she could to help him.Is there anything else that you require.2)当先行词被some, every, little, few ,many ,much ,all ,any ,no ,none等词修饰时例如:There is little water that you can drink.You can take any seat that is free.3)当先行词被 the same, the last, the only ,the right, the very等词修饰时。

      例如:It’s the last place that we want to visit.This is the very film that we enjoy.4)当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时例如:This is the first exam that we have this term.This is the best novel that I have read.5)当先行词既有人又有物时例如:He talked happily of the men and the book that interested us.6)当主句是which引导的特殊疑问句时例如:Which of the books that are on the desk moved him?2.在下列情况下只能用which.1)当关系代词前使用介词时例如:That was the train by which they went to Jinan.2)当先行词本身是that 时例如:The predicate(谓语)is that which is said of subject(主语)3)在非限定性定语从句中。

      例如:Football ,which is a very interesting game ,is played all over the world.4)当指物的关系代词被指人的短语隔离时例如:The cat beside the girl which is lovely was bought yesterday.●先行词为人时,who 与that的区别1.当先行词在从句中作标语或主语是以who引导的特殊疑问句时,关系词用that例如:He isn’t the man that he used to be.Who is the man that is standing there.2.若先行词为he she those anyone 等表示一类人的词时,关系词一般用who例如:He who invited me to the party is my brother.Anyone who wants to see the film please let me know.状语从句修饰动词、形容词或副词,在复合句中担当状语的从句,叫状语从句它也可位于句首,也可位于句末位于句首时,从句常常与其它部分隔开。

      状语从句可分为以下几种:一、 间状语从句引导时间状语从句的连词有while when as as soon as until not…until before after since等要掌握每个连词的含义及其用法,还要注意它们之间的一些区别1.when while 和as的用法:1) 均可表示“当……时候”,如果主句的谓语动词表示的是短暂的动作,而从句表 示是一段时间,三者可以通用例如:I met an old friend of mine as/ when /while I was walking along the street. 当我沿街散步的时候,碰见我的一个老朋友2) s和when引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词可以是终止性动词,while引导的时间状语从句中,谓语动词一般是延续性动词例如:It was raining hard when we got to the airport.当我们到达机场时,天正下着大雨不能用while引导)3) as强调主句谓语动词与从句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生;while强调主句谓语动作表示的 动作持续于while从句所指的整个时间内;when可以指主句谓语动词和从句谓语动词所表示的动作同时或先后发生。

      例如:She sang as she went along. 她边走边唱Please listen me carefully while I read. 我朗读的时候,请仔细听When he reached home ,he had a little rest . 回到家以后,他休息了一会了4)从句表示“随时间推移”连词只能用as,不用when或 while 例如:As the day went on, the weather got worse.2.until 和till的用法:until 和till在肯定句中意为“直到……为止”,主句的谓语动词一般用延续性动词;在否定句中,表示“直到……才”的意思,主句谓语动词一般用延终止性动词,这时till和until可用before替换例如:I waited till/until he arrived. 我一直等到他到来We won’t start until / till / before Bob comes. 在鲍勃到来之前,我们是不会动身的3.since 从句中的谓语动词常用一般过去时,主句的谓语动词常用一般现在时或现在完成时。

      Where have you been since I saw you last?自上次我和你见面之后,你到哪里去了?4.如果主句谓语动词一般将来时或情态动词加动词原形或主句是祈使句,时间状语从句的谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来时例如:I’ll phone you as soon as I arrive in Beijing. 我一到北京就大给你I’ll tell you the news when he comes back. 他回来时我会告诉他这个消息一、 件状语从句引导条件状语从句的连词有if (如果)Unless (除非)等,unless 在意义上相当于“if…not”.条件状语从句也像时间状语从句一样,如果主句谓语动词用一般将来时,从句谓语动词常用一般现在时表示将来时例如:You will fail unless you study hard.(=You will fail if you don’t study hard.)除非你努力学习,否则你会考不及格的二、 因状语从句原因状语从句一般由because since as for引导,注意;as ,because ,since ,for的区别:1)如果原因是构成句子的主要部分,一般用because. .because引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头。

      对以why开头的问句,一般只能用because引导的从句来回答例如:——Why can’t I go ? 为什么我不能去?____Because you’re too young. 因为你年纪太小了2)如果原因已为人们所知,或不如句子的其余部分重要,就用as或 since ,since比as稍微正式一些 Since和as引导的从句一般放在句子的开头例如:As (Since) you are not feeling well, you’d better stay at home.既然你不太舒服,还是留在家里的好3)for表示所说的理由是一种补充说明,因此for引导的从句可以放在括号里,而且for引导的从句一般不放在句子的开头例如:I decided to stop and lunch ,for I was feeling quite hungry.注意:Because 和so不能同时用在一个句子里例如:She was late for school because she miss。

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