英语发展史与古英语的特点The history of English language and features of old English.ppt

英语读写课程第一小组孙捷 徐雪忱 任伟斐王雅琼 刘芳玉 贾楠郭强 朱飞云 易振威吴杭剑 马迪 赵碧波黄璐璐 李龙组长：徐雪忱The Brief History Of English Language英语简史讲解：易振威The history of English can be divided into three times:The history of English can be divided into three times: 英语的历史可分为三个时期英语的历史可分为三个时期 ：：1.1.古英语时期古英语时期 Old English(450Old English(450－－1100)1100)2.2.中世纪英语时期中世纪英语时期 Middle English(1100Middle English(1100－－1500)1500)3.3.现代英语时期现代英语时期 Early modern English (1500----1800)Early modern English (1500----1800) Post modern English (1800----Present)Post modern English (1800----Present)The history of English can be divided into old English, middle English and modern English . The history of English can be divided into old English, middle English and modern English . Modern English can also be divided into early modern English and post modern English . Modern English can also be divided into early modern English and post modern English . Each stage of English has something relation with the background of the history. Each stage of English has something relation with the background of the history. It can be concluded that the history of Great Britain is the history of English. It can be concluded that the history of Great Britain is the history of English. 英语真正的历史应该从公元5世纪时入侵英国的三个日耳曼部落说起. 这几个部落分别是, 盎格鲁人, 撒克逊人，和朱特人 ，他们从今天的德国北部和丹麦出发，然后横渡北海。

那时候英国的本地居民都说凯尔特语但由于入侵者的逼迫，他们都 被赶到了西部和北部-主要是现在的威尔士，苏格兰和爱尔兰入侵者迁入英国，在7世纪末以前，他们所讲的即为早期形式 的英语英语的起源The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland.The invaders settled in Britain, and by the late of the seventh century, they were speaking an early form of the English.古英语时代（450-1100） 入侵英国的这几个日耳曼部落，其语言基本相近，这些语言的融合形成了我们现在称的古英语。

古英语的发音与书写与 现在的英语并不一样因此以英语为母语的人对于阅读古英语也有很大的困难然而，现代英语最常用的词语中，大约就有 一半起源于古英语例如be, strong和water古英语一直被使用到1100年左右 Old English (450----1100) The invading Germanic tribes spoke similar languages, which in Britain developed into what we now call Old English. Old English did not sound or look like English today. Native English speakers now would have great difficulty understanding Old English. However, about half of the most commonly used words in Modern English have Old English roots. For example, the words be, strong and water, derive from Old English. Old English was spoken until around 1100. 中世纪英语 (1100-1500) 1066年，诺曼底（现法国的一部分）公爵威廉入侵并征服了英国。

新征服者带来了他们的语言——一种法语，而这也成 为皇室法庭，统治阶级和商人阶级的语言曾经一段时间，出现了以语言区分阶级的现象，下层阶级说英语，上层阶级说法 语在14世纪英语重新成为英国主流语言，但也增加了许多法语单词这就是中世纪英语伟大的诗人乔叟就是用的这种语 言，但对于今天的人来说仍旧十分难懂Middle English (1100----1500) In 1066 ，William, the Duke of Normandy (part of modern France), invaded and conquered England. The new conquerors brought with them a kind of French, which became the language of the Royal Court, and the ruling and business classes. For a period there was a kind of linguistic class division, where the lower classes spoke English and the upper classes spoke French. In the 14th century English became dominant in Britain again, but with many French words added. This language is called Middle English. It was the language of the great poet Chaucer (1340 -1400), but it would still be difficult for native English speakers to understand today. 现代英语 早期现代英语 (1500-1800) 随着中世纪英语的泯灭，发音突然发生了很大的变化 ，元音的发音越来越短。

而从16世纪起英国人与世界的接触多了起 来，再加上文艺复兴的影响，导致越来越多的单词和短语被添加到英语中印刷术的发明使得书面语流行起来书变得越来 越便宜，更多的人开始学习阅读印刷术也使英语变得标准化拼写和语法变得越来越固定，而由于伦敦市大多数出版社的 所在，伦敦方言就变成了标准语言1604年第一部英文词典出版了 Modern EnglishEarly Modern English (1500----1800) Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read.Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard.In 1604 the first English dictionary was published. 晚期现代英语(1800-Present)早期现代英语与晚期现代英语的主要区别是词汇。

晚期现代英语增加了许多词汇，这主要有两个因素：首先，工业和技 术革命的出现需要更多的新词；其次，英帝国在其鼎盛时期覆盖了地球大约四分之一的面积，英语也许多其他国家吸收了很 多新词Late Modern English (1800----Present) The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary.Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words;secondly, the British 。