第9节 语式转换(主动被动).ppt

被动语态译法,英语被动语态的使用范围极为广泛，尤其是在科技英语中几乎随处可见，凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态在汉语中，也有被动语态，但它的使用范围远远小于英语被动语态，因此英语被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构1.翻译成汉语的主动句英语被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况1)英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “用……来”等词来体现原文中的被动含义Every moment of every day, energy is being transformed from one form into another. 每时每刻，能量都在由一种形式转换为另一种形式直接去掉被动，原主语保持不变）,Other questions will be discussed briefly.其它问题将简单地加以讨论In some of the European countries, the people are given the biggest social benefits such as medical insurance.在有些欧洲国家里，人民享受最广泛的社会福利，如医疗保险等。

被动语态转主动语态),Nuclear power's danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in one word: radiation.核能对健康、安全，甚至对生命本身构成的危险可以用一个词-辐射来概括2)将主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等)作主语Salt is known to have a very strong corroding effect on metals. 众所周知，盐对金属有很强的腐蚀作用增添主语）,A new way of displaying time has been given by electronics. 电子技术提供了一种显示时间的新方法将宾语转换成主语）It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.人们普遍认为，孩子们的早年经历在很大程度上决定了他们的性格及其未来的人品。

下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is asserted that …有人主张It is believed that …有人认为It is generally considered that …大家/一般人认为It is well known that 大家知道/众所周知It will be said …有人会说It was told that …有人曾经说,(3)将英语原文中的by, in, for等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语Another middle school has been set up in our district．  我们区又办了一所中学  A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor.原子反应堆需要一种合适的燃料Communications satellites are used for international live transmission throughout the world. 全世界都将通讯卫星用于国际间的实况转播用状语充当主语）By the end of the war, 800 people had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 200 Belgian and French lives.大战结束时,这个组织拯救了八百人，但那是以二百多比利时人和法国人的生命为代价的。

And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training. (93年考研)许多人认为,普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维过程相比,而且认为这些思维过程必须经过某种专门的训练才能掌握4)翻译成汉语的无主句Great efforts should be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.应该尽最大努力告诉年轻人吸烟的危害,特别是吸上烟瘾后的可怕后果82年考研)New source of energy must be found, and this will take time….必须找到新的能源，这需要时间 (91年考研),Your inquiry of September 10 regarding the above subject has been received.已收到贵方9月10日有关以上主题的询问。

Best surface finish is provided by machining methods, especially by grinding. 用机械加工方法，特别是打磨方法，可以获得最佳表面光洁度Much has been said about the complexity of the nuclear power reaction. 关于原子能反应堆的复杂性已谈得很多了The unpleasant noise must be immediately put an end to. 必须立即终止这种讨厌的噪音Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft.在我们这个世纪内研制了许多新奇的交通工具，其中最奇特的也许就是气垫船了下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译,It is hoped that …希望……It is reported that …据报道……It is said that …据说……It is supposed that …据推测……It may be said without fear of exaggeration that …可以毫不夸张地说……It must be admitted that …必须承认……It must be pointed out that …必须指出……It will be seen from this that …由此可见……,(5)翻译成带表语的主动句。

The picture was painted by Professor Smith. 这幅画是史密斯教授画的将被动转换为系表结构）The decision to attack was not taken lightly.进攻的决定不是轻易作出的In the old society，women were looked down upon.  在旧社会，妇女们是受歧视的2 译成汉语的被动语态,2.1 英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句常用“被”, “给”, “遭”, “挨”, “为……所”, “使”, “由…”, “受到”等表示Early fires on the earth were certainly caused by nature, not by Man.地球上早期的火肯定是由大自然而不是人类引燃的These signals are produced by colliding stars or nuclear reactions in outer space.这些讯号是由外层空间的星球碰撞或者核反应所造成的2.2 译为定语We are well established as a manufacturer of Chemical Products and our goods are enjoying high reputation for their excellent quality.本公司是信誉良好的化学制品厂商，由于品质优良，产品广受好评。

The enclosed price list will give you our best CIF New York price which we believe are highly competitive.随函附寄的价目表是公司纽约运费、保险费在内的优惠价格，我方相信这种价格具有极高的竞争力Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. (95年考题)工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了Whether the Government should increase the financing of pure science at the expense of technology or vice versa often depends on the issue of which is seen as the driving force. (95年考题)政府是以减少技术的经费投入来增加纯理论科学的经费投入，还是相反，这往往取决于把哪一方看作是驱动的力量。

2.3 英语被动语态用汉语其他手段代替有些情况下，英汉语言结构的差异太，很难套用原文的结构，我们可跳出原文的圈子，用意译法表达出原文的确切含义The village is populated by about 13,000 farmers. 这个村子里住着大约13,000 个农民populate v. 构成⋯⋯的人口）,Most trees are denuded of leaves in winter.大多数树木冬天要落叶denude 使裸露）The news was passed on by word of mouth.消息众口相传，不胫而走pass on 传递）She was delivered of a boy. 她生了一个男孩deliver v. 接生）She and her husband have been asked out for the banquet. 她和丈夫应邀去赴宴了考研翻译语态转换实例In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted cannot be well defined. (1995)一般来说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确界定时，测试的效果则最差。

5 处被动语态均转换为主动）,。