研究生综合英语2UnitTwo.ppt

English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2perspicaciousbetokennicetyritualisticone-upreciprocitybenefactorproclivityfrivolousallergyproneclichéfabulouspamperaltruismdispenseKey words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2Key wordsperspicacious: able to understand s.b/ sth quickly e.g. It is very perspicacious of you to find the cause of the trouble so quickly.你真是明察秋毫，问题的原因这麽快就找出来了你真是明察秋毫，问题的原因这麽快就找出来了 betoken: verb, to be a sign of e.g. A clear blue sky betokens a fine weather. It is out of proportion to send gift that betokens an intimacy that doesn’t exist. Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2ritualistic: of fondness for rituale.g. It is purely ritualistic to send expensive gifts on wedding ceremony. Each evening, she bursts into her apartment with a ritualistic shout of “Honey, I’m home.” Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2One-up: verb, having a psychological advantage over someone e.g. you're always trying to one-up whoever you're with.reciprocity: noun, the practice of exchanging things with others for mutual benefit e.g. a reciprocity treaty Reciprocity includes more than gifts and favors; it also applies to concessions that people make to one another.Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2benefactor: a person who gives money or other help to a person or cause e.g. we collected ￡￡478, but a very generous benefactor made it up to ￡￡500. The chieftain of that country is disguised as a benefactor this time.Proclivity: a tendency to choose or do something regularly; an inclination or predisposition e.g. a proclivity for hard work/ for dancing/ laziness/ to faultfindingKey words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2frivolous: adj, not having any serious purpose or valuee.g. There should be rules to stop frivolous law suits. This is a frivolous way of attacking the problem.Allergy: n, damaging immune response by the body to a substance The patient had an allergy to penicillinKey words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2prone: (to/to do something) likely or liable to suffer from e.g. His nose is prone to be allergic to roses. People with fair skin who sunburn easily are very prone to develop skin cancercliché:陈词滥调陈词滥调 You should always try to avoid the use of cliché.Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2fabulous: adj, extraordinary, especially extraordinarily large e.g. This is a fabulous sum of money. We had a fabulous time at the party.pamper: verb, indulge with every attention, comfort, and kindness; spoil e.g. Famous people just love being pampered.Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2altruism: [mass noun] the belief in or practice of disinterested and selfless concern for the well-being of others e.g. some may choose to work with vulnerable elderly people out of altruism.dispense: verb, distribute or provide (a service or information) to a number of people e.g. The machines dispense a range of drinks and snacks. The Red Cross dispensed charity to refugees.红十字会向难民放赈红十字会向难民放赈。

Key words and expressionsEnglish for Graduate StudentsUnit 2Outline of the articlePara 1-3 My once failure experience of giving a gift to my ex-girl friend and whyPara4-9 Niceties for gift-giving: ritualistic, reciprocal, thoughtful, decorated.Para 10-14 when you generously give gifts and harbor good motivation, your altruism and egoism meltedPara15. as long as we don’t deceive ourselves for expecting more, we couldn't be disappointed about gift-giving.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2. Translation and analysis of key sentencesPeople with fair skin who sunburn easily are very prone to develop skin cancer1.I date a woman for a while—literary type, well-read, lots of books in her place—whom I admired a bit too extravagantly (unusually unreasonably high; exorbitant), and one Christmas I decided to give her something nice and, I’m afraid, unusually expensive.我曾与一位女子约会过一段时间我曾与一位女子约会过一段时间—她属于文学她属于文学爱好者之类，博览群书，其寓所藏书甚丰爱好者之类，博览群书，其寓所藏书甚丰—我我对她的倾慕有点过分。

有一次圣诞节，我决定对她的倾慕有点过分有一次圣诞节，我决定送她一样非同一般的好东西，其价格也是贵得送她一样非同一般的好东西，其价格也是贵得吓人English for Graduate StudentsUnit 22. She insisted that I take the books back or sell them or keep them for myself. When I protested, she just got more upset, and finally she asked me to leave and to take the books with me. Hurt and perplexed, I did.她坚持认为我把书拿走，要么卖掉，要么自己留着见我她坚持认为我把书拿走，要么卖掉，要么自己留着见我不肯罢休，她越发不安最后，她请我带着书离开我伤不肯罢休，她越发不安最后，她请我带着书离开我伤心困惑地离开了心困惑地离开了1). insist+that clause should+v. or v. in it’s original formReview: suggest decide propose recommend urge demand order etc.2). Hurt and perplexed, I did. Adj. or adj.phrase is used as adverbial of manner-------- Hungry and thirsty, they went into the restaurant.-------- Curious, the little boy looked around for other guests.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 23. But I have it in me, obviously, to be, as my ex-girlfriend said, totally out of proportion: to give people things I can’t afford, or things that betoken an intimacy that doesn’t exist, or things that bear no relation to the interests or desires of the person I’m giving them to….但我的毛病也是明摆着的，正如我的前女友所言，送的礼但我的毛病也是明摆着的，正如我的前女友所言，送的礼物根本就不合适。

比如说：送给人家的礼物自己难以支付，物根本就不合适比如说：送给人家的礼物自己难以支付， 或者把象征亲密关系的礼物送给与自己没有那层关系的人，或者把象征亲密关系的礼物送给与自己没有那层关系的人，或者送的礼物与所送之人的兴趣或渴望的东西毫不相干或者送的礼物与所送之人的兴趣或渴望的东西毫不相干1). out of proportion: not according to real importance; not sensibly--------- It’s out of proportion to send gifts that betoken an intimacy that doesn’t exist.2). Repetition ( figure of speech ) e.g-------- Scrooge went to bed again, and thought ,and thought, and thought it over and over again.-------- Blood must atone for blood.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 24. In most cultures, most of them more sensible than our own, the giving of gifts is highly ritualistic—that is, it is governed by rules and regulations; it is under strict social control. It is also, more or less explicitly, an exchange.在大多数文化中（其中多数文化都比在大多数文化中（其中多数文化都比 我们我们的文化更明智），的文化更明智）， 送礼是很讲究规矩的送礼是很讲究规矩的—也就是说，受到条条框框的限制和严格也就是说，受到条条框框的限制和严格 的的社会制约。

送礼多少有点明显地也是一种社会制约送礼多少有点明显地也是一种交换English for Graduate StudentsUnit 25. Gift-giving involves the expectations of reciprocity therefore, but we wise men of the western world avoid this fact; we paper it over with rhetoric about selflessness, about how much better it is to give than to receive.因此，送礼涉及到对互惠的期待，但我们因此，送礼涉及到对互惠的期待，但我们西方世界的智者却回避这个事实：我们高西方世界的智者却回避这个事实：我们高谈无私之道，阔谈给予如何谈无私之道，阔谈给予如何 胜于接受，以胜于接受，以遮掩这一点遮掩这一点English for Graduate StudentsUnit 26. I’ve given some thought to my own proclivities in this matter and have concluded that even at my most ridiculously generous, my most spontaneously giving, I expect something in turn as much as the next man does.我曾反省过自己在这方面的习性，并得出这样的结论：即我曾反省过自己在这方面的习性，并得出这样的结论：即使在我慷慨的最最荒唐，送礼完全是发自内心时，我也和使在我慷慨的最最荒唐，送礼完全是发自内心时，我也和别人一样期待着回报。

别人一样期待着回报1).as much as 情况情况(程度程度)与与……相同相同 引导一个从句引导一个从句--------- You hated him as much as I.--------- He is as much a stranger in the village today as he was the first summer he arrived .2). Review: a. That is as much as to say that I am a liar.b. She picked up as much information as she could .c. The cost of one day in an average hospital in the United States can run as much as $250.d. I haven’t got as much money as I thought.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 27.We want those clichés. We want what everybody wants: the timeless, unchangeable gestures; the rituals; the beautiful wrapping paper; the ribbons—ironed, no less, and chosen to go with the color of the paper.我们需要那些老一套的东西。

我们需要人人需要我们需要那些老一套的东西我们需要人人需要的东西：亘古不变的姿态、各种仪式、漂亮的包的东西：亘古不变的姿态、各种仪式、漂亮的包装纸、缎带装纸、缎带—而且必须是熨过的、精选的、与包而且必须是熨过的、精选的、与包装纸颜色相配的缎带装纸颜色相配的缎带go with1). Match or suit --------- Daniel, please buy a tie to go with your shirt.2). Normally accompany--------- Money does not always go with money.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 28. There are professional altruists, it’s true—nurses, social workers, all these so-called “helping professions”—but they get paid to dispense their services; as for governmental largess, ask any welfare recipient whether it’s given freely or grudgingly.职业利他主义者的存在确实事实职业利他主义者的存在确实事实—如护理如护理人员、社会工作者以及所有那些所谓的人员、社会工作者以及所有那些所谓的“助人行业助人行业”—但他们提供的是有偿服务；但他们提供的是有偿服务；至于政府的赏赐之物，出手大方还是给的至于政府的赏赐之物，出手大方还是给的勉强，去问任何一位领受福利的人便知。

勉强，去问任何一位领受福利的人便知English for Graduate StudentsUnit 29. None of the above, however, caught my interest; that belonged to Cesar Chavez, whom I met on the ninth day of his famous fast as he lay in his austere room in the farm workers’ center in Delano, California, watching the sunlight fade.然而，上述之事全然没有引起我的兴趣，我的兴然而，上述之事全然没有引起我的兴趣，我的兴趣在于塞扎夏维兹我们见面的那天，正值他著趣在于塞扎夏维兹我们见面的那天，正值他著名的绝食第九日当时他躺在德拉洛农场工人中名的绝食第九日当时他躺在德拉洛农场工人中心自己那间陋室里观赏日落余辉心自己那间陋室里观赏日落余辉 ……watching the sunlight fade . ( present participle phrase------adverbial of attending circumstance)--------- Tony stood in front of the door, biting his nails.--------- Tine walked down the hill, singing softly to herself.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 210. We want to give; beneath the neuroses, the compulsions, the fears, anxieties, desires, the self-pity, we harbor generous impulses, spontaneous warmth.我们愿意奉献；在神经官能症、不自主的我们愿意奉献；在神经官能症、不自主的冲动、恐惧、焦虑、欲望以及自怜的背后，冲动、恐惧、焦虑、欲望以及自怜的背后，我们也怀有慷慨的冲动和自发的热诚。

我们也怀有慷慨的冲动和自发的热诚English for Graduate StudentsUnit 211.Whitman gave himself to the world and made the bold, massively egoistic assumption that the gift measured up. This is spiritual theory; you pass on the gifts God has given you, and the more you give, the more you will receive.惠特曼把自己奉献给世人，并且大胆地、惠特曼把自己奉献给世人，并且大胆地、毫不谦逊地臆断：他的礼物是合格的这毫不谦逊地臆断：他的礼物是合格的这是一种崇高纯洁的理论：是一种崇高纯洁的理论： 你把上帝赐予你你把上帝赐予你的礼物传送下去，你送出的越多，的礼物传送下去，你送出的越多， 得到的得到的也越多measure up: have good enough qualities--------- I’m afraid he just didn’t measure up (to the job).English for Graduate StudentsUnit 212. As long as we don’t deceive ourselves and imagine we don’t want anything back—when we all do—there’s no danger of feeling the kind of unacknowledged disappointment over unacknowledged expectations that does turn people cynical.只要我们不欺骗自己，在期待回报时想象只要我们不欺骗自己，在期待回报时想象我们不我们不“图图”回报，就不必顾虑期待落空回报，就不必顾虑期待落空造成的莫名失望会令人玩世不恭。

造成的莫名失望会令人玩世不恭English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2Main Idea of the TextIn the text, Anthony Brandt claims that humans have a genuine desire to give freely to each other, but in reality most people are unable to do this without expecting something in return. Brandt argues that gift giving would be much easier if one were to accept such a fact rather than suppress it.The author once had an experience of sending extravagant gift to a girlfriend, only to find it totally out of proportion. He came to realize he has a tendency to give people things that he cannot afford, or things that betoken an intimacy that doesn’t exist, or things that bear no relations to the interest or desires of the person he is giving them to. He came to understand that it’s the niceties, not the raw act of giving, that count.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2According to Brandt, there is no genuine altruism in the world. Even “helping professions” get paid by the government and institutionalized giving is an exchange of money for power or prestige. When Whitman said that “When I give, I give myself,” he meant that by keeping nothing to yourself, everything comes to you. In so doing, altruism and egoism become one.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2Translation Exercise BFlowers are among the most frequently given gifts. There’s a traditional floral language, and a carefully selected bouquet or plant can convey a wide range of emotions and sentiments. Red roses symbolize love as well as the hopeful beginning of a new enterprise; violets beseech the recipient not to forget the donor; orchids and other exquisite blooms indicate that the recipient regards you as exotic, precious and rare.English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2A floral gift that evokes warm recollections will be prized more than one that is simply showy and extravagant. Here’s an example：： Once a customer asked a florist to deliver a bouquet of a certain variety of rose yellow tinged with red to a hospital where her mother lay seriously ill. “They’ve been my mother’s favorite flowers since she carried them at her wedding many years ago,” she said. The florist found the flowers she wanted after a week of searching. The customer’s mother was delighted at the sight of the flowers she had long cherished. English for Graduate StudentsUnit 2A floral gift can also strengthen the emotional ties between husband and wife. Here’s a brief story of that nature：： A doctor, on his 57th birthday, received an ambitious floral gift. What was it? Well, he returned home from work that day, much to his joyful surprise, he found his front lawn turned into a rose garden containing 57 bushes. “It was a wonderful, self-renewing gift from my wife — a constant reminder of her and her love,” he said.。