图里 翻译规范论.ppt

LOGO由NordriDesign™提供 Gideon Toury: toward a target-text theory of translationLOGOPage ￿ 2Two Periods of his workn 1972-1976, base on polysystem theory framework, reported in Translation Norms and Literary Translation into Hebrew, a comprehensive sociological study of the cultural conditions affecting the translation of foreign language novels into Hebrew during the period 1930- 45; n 1975-1980, still based on polysystem framework, but he came up a hypothesis which distinguished him from his predecessors, collected in papers In Search of a Theory of Translation, an attempt to develop a more comprehensive theory of translation base on findings of his own field work;LOGOPage ￿ 3Toury : a brief summary of his lifen Gideon Toury is Professor of Poetics, Comparative Literature and Translation Studies at Tel Aviv University, where he holds the M. Bernstein Chair of Translation Theory. He is the founder and General Editor of Target: International Journal of Translation Studies and for years General Editor of the important Benjamins Translation Library. He has published three books, a number of edited volumes and numerous articles, in both English and Hebrew, in the fields of translation theory and comparative literature. His articles have also appeared in translation in many other languages, and he is himself an active translator too (with about 30 books and many articles to his credit). He is a member of the editorial or advisory boards of a number of international journals. In 2000, he was awarded an honorary doctorate by Middlesex University, London.LOGOPage ￿ 4LOGOPage ￿ 5Field work of Gideon Touryn Goal: to discover the actual decisions made during the translation process, and eventually a system of rules governing the translation ;n Findings: linguistics and aesthetics played a very small role in the translation process; most texts were selected for ideological reasons; accidents also. n Despite the lack of conformity with hypothetical models of translation equivalence, mistranslations are rare; complete equivalence is even rarer. Near-adequacy is often accidental.n Reasons for lack of concern for “faithfulness”: the translators’ main goal of achieving acceptable translations in the target culture; cultural condition of the receiving system predominates. LOGOPage ￿ 6Criticism of the current theory contextn Skepticism of abstract theories involving ideal authors, translators, and readers. n Aesthetic theories of literary transfer and even pair-bound “objective” descriptions of linguistic possibilities do not account for various factors which clearly influence the translation product.n The then theoretical context which was dominated by translation models that posits a definition of equivalence as functional-dynamic. It is, for Toury, source-oriented and invariably directive and normative because they recognized only correct instances and types.n Too much idealized LOGOPage ￿ 7Toury’s own theoretical frameworkn Opposes theories that are based upon a single unified and abstract identity or a proper interpretation of “equal” performance.n Is based on difference and assumes structural differences between languages.n Posits hypothetical poles of total acceptability in the target culture at the one extreme and total adequacy to the source text at the other. Translation is located in the middle. n Translation equivalence is not a hypothetical ideal but an empirical matter. The translated text exists as a cultural artifact for the replacement of a source text by an acceptable version in the receiving culture.LOGOPage ￿ 8Toury’s own theoretical frameworkn “Original” texts contain clusters of properties, meanings, possibilities. All translation privilege certain properties/meanings at the expense of others, and the concept of a “correct” translation ceases to be a real possibility(Toury, 1980: 18)n Translations themselves have no “fixed” identity; because they are always subject to different socio-literary contextual factors, they thus must be viewed as having multiple identities, dependent upon the forces that govern the decision process at a particular time.LOGOPage ￿ 9Significance of Toury’s idea and the changes it bringsn He pushes the concept of a theory of translation beyond the margins of a model restricted to faithfulness to the original, or of single, unified relationship between the source and target texts. n Translation becomes a relative term, dependent upon the forces of history and the semiotic web called culture.n The role of translation theory is altered. It ceases its search for a system from which to judge the product and now focuses on the development of a model to help explain the process that determines the final version.LOGOPage ￿ 10Target-text theory n As opposed to source-text theory;n It focuses not on some notion of equivalence as postulated requirements, but on the actual relationship constructed between the sour。