老年人教育与再就业外文文献翻译中英文最新.docx

外文文献翻译原文及译文标题：老年人教育与再就业外文翻译 2019-2020文献出处：Findsen B , Formosa M . International Perspectives on Older Adult Education || [M]. Springer International Publishing, 2019.译文字数：5400 多字英文International Perspectives on Older Adult Education Michael TagoeDramatic demographic change is occurring globally, but more in developed countries. In developed countries there is an expansive growth in the ageing population due to improvement in life expectancy, public health and healthy lifestyles. Due to these factors, it is estimated that “in less than 10 years, older people will outnumber children for the first time in history” (Withnall, 2012, cited in Merriam and Kee 2014, p. 2). The decline in fertility, increase in longevity and improved macroeconomic and institutional conditions, such as the incentives created by pension systems in developed countries, have also made retirement more attractive for an ageing population who perceive it as an opportunity to explore areas that one could not because of working life.In sub-Saharan Africa, although the ageing population is growing, it not as dramatic as it is in developed countries. In spite of the slow growth in numbers of older adults, there have been calls for more awareness about their needs and welfare on the African continent (United Nations 2002; Tawiah 2011). Older adults in Africa face several challenges because of the poverty which many individual countries are experiencing. In Ghana, older adults suffer from stroke, diabetes, hypertension, mental problems, increased risks of disability and loneliness. They also sufferfrom the absence of effective social protection policies such as a good pension and they experience dwindling family support. What has happened within the field of gerontology over the years in Ghana is that much attention by researchers has focused on these challenges (Apt 2000; Tawiah 2011).Whilst it is important that studies focus on these challenges, recently there has been a gradual shift in gerontology towards the “gains” of ageing. There is evidence to show that older adults are not weak and feeble when they retire from work. Some remain active contributors to their family, institutions, and society (World Health Organization [WHO] 2002) when in retirement. Unfortunately, active ageing remains an under- researched area in Africa and Ghana. In Ghana, there are individuals, particularly teachers, who have retired from active service but are still engaged on contract because of the skills and competencies they could pass on to students, and their peers as well as the influence they exert on society. New learning by older adults occurs amongst friends, work associates, neighbors and family members.Although formal sites for lifelong learning for older adults have received much attention, non-formal and informal learning sites have remained neglected (Merriam and Kee 2014). In Ghana, little research has been done on “bridge occupations” (an employment transition from full employment to full retirement) and the informal learning that takesplace among older adults. The purpose of the empirical study outlined later in this chapter is to examine the informal learning that goes on among older adults who are in a bridge occupation.Older Adults, Ageing and Lifelong LearningAgeing has been defined as “the progressive loss of function accompanied by decreasing fertility and increasing mortality that occurs with advancing age” (Adams and White 2004, p. 331). Ageing allows us to classify people according to age cohorts. One of the categorizations is older adults. However, a definition of ‘older adults’ is fraught with difficulties (Findsen and Formosa 2011). This is so because there are different definitions of older adults at both international and local levels. Most developed countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of ‘elderly’ or older persons (WHO, 2000, cited in Kowal and Peachey 2001). However, in Africa, although the chronological age of 60 years has been accepted by many countries as the official age of retirement, socio-cultural ageing, where people are not seen as just terminating work but have social and cultural functions to play in society, remains deeply relevant.In spite of social and cultural influences on ageing in Africa, it is becoming increasingly clear that the chronological age of 60 or 65 years, considered as the retirement age, is becoming the beginning of old age in Africa. Nevertheless, the reliance on chronological age gives theimpression that all adults who reach the age of retirement are incapable of continuing to work. To address this challenge, this study adopts the following working definition of older adults: “people, whatever their chronological age, who are post-work and post-family, in the sense that they are less or no longer involved in an occupational career or with the major responsibilities for raising a。