【自考英语“英语国家概况”精讲】.doc

第四章Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1688)向现代英国的过渡I. Transition to the Modern Age (1455-1485)向近代英国的过渡(1455年-1485年)The Wars of Rose玫瑰战争The nature and consequences of the Wars of the Roses.The name Wars of the Roses was refer to the battles between the House of Lancaster, symbolized by the read rose, and that of York, symbolized by the white, from 1455 to 1485. Henry Tudor, descendant of Duke of Lancaster won victory at Bosworth Fireld in 1485 and put the country under the rule of the Tudors. From these Wars, English feudalism received its death blow. The great medieval nobility was much weakened.玫瑰战争是指，从1455 年到 1485年，以红玫瑰为象征的兰开斯特大家族和以白玫瑰为象征的约克家族之间战争的普遍接受的名称。

1485年，兰开斯特家族的后代亨利都铎取得了博斯沃恩战役的胜利，建立了都铎王朝这些战争使英国的封建主义受到致命打击，贵族阶层受到了削弱II. Henry VIII and The English Reformation亨利八世和英国的宗教改革Henry VIII was above all responsible for the religious reform of the church. There were three main causes: a desire for change and reform in the church had been growing for many years and now, encouraged by the success of Martin Luther, many people believed its time had come; the privilege and wealth of the clergy were resented; and Henry needed money.亨利八世最重要的改革是负责进行教会的宗教改革改革原因有三个主要方面：多年来，人们改革教会的意愿不断增长，现在又受马丁路德成功的鼓舞，许多人认为时机已到；教职人员的特权和财富已引起民愤；亨利需要钱。

The reform began as a struggle for a divorce and ended in freedom from the Papacy. Henry VIII wanted to divorce Catherine of Aragon but the Pope refused. Henry’s reforms was to get rid of the English Church’s connection with the Pope, and to make an independent Church of England. He made this break with Rome gradually between 1529 and 1534. He dissolved all of England’s monasteries and nunneries because they were more loyal to the Pope than to their English kings. The laws such as the Act of succession of 1534 and the Act of Supremacy of 1535 made his reform possible. He established the church of England as the national church of the country, and he made himself the supreme head of the church of England.改革以争取离婚而开始，以脱离教皇而告终。

亨利八世欲与阿拉贡的凯瑟琳离婚，但是教皇拒绝了亨利改革的目的是摆脱英国教会与教皇的联系，成立独立的英格兰教会1529年至1534年间逐渐地与罗马脱离了关系他解散了所有英国的修道院和修女院，因为后者对教皇比对英国国王更忠诚1534年的《继位法》和1535年的《王权法案》使改革具有了可行性1535 年他获“英格兰教会最高首脑 ”之称号Henry VIII’s reform stressed the power of the monarch and certainly strengthened Henry’s position; Parliament had never done such a long and important piece of work before, its importance grew as a result. His attack on the Pope’s power encouraged many critics of abuses of the Catholic Church. England was moving away from Catholicism towards protestant ideology.改革的三大影响：亨利的改革强调了君主权力，自然巩固了亨利的地位；议会以往从未做过如此漫长而重要的工作，自然其重要性也有所加强；他对教皇权力的打击鼓舞许多人批评指责天主教会，并希望从天主教转向新教。

英语国家概况精讲系列III. Elizabeth I (1558-1603)伊莉莎白一世（1558 年-1603年）Elizabeth I and parliament(1)Elizabeth I was the last monarch of the Tudor Dynasty. She was able to work with Paliament.She avoided troubling Parliament too often for pounds by making strict economies at Court.But the relationship was often turbulent. Because Parliament demanded that its right of free speech be confirmed in writing and it be allowed to discuss all important questions at will. Elizabeth I did not agree to their demands.为了避免经常向议会索要资金，伊莉莎白在王室内部制定了严格的节约制度。

但是，她与议会的关系也经常不稳定因为议会需要用文字形式对言论自由的一般权力加以确定，同时希望可以随时对重要问题进行讨论伊不同意他们的要求Elizabeth's religious reform and her foreign policy伊莉莎白的宗教改革和外交政策Elizabeth's religious reform was a compromise of views. She broke Mary's ties with Rome and restored her father's independent Church of England,i.e. keeping to Catholic doctrines and practices but to be free of the Papal control. His religious settlement was unacceptable to both the extreme Protestants known as Puritans and to ardent Catholics.For nearly 30 years Elizabeth successfully played off against each other the two great Catholic powers, France and Spain, and prevented England from getting involved in any major European conflict. Through her marriage alliances which were never materialized, Elizabeth managed to maintain a friendly relationship with France. So England was able to face the danger from Spain.伊莉莎白的宗教改革是对不同观点的妥协。

她中断玛丽与罗马的关系，恢复她父亲在位时独立的英格兰教会，也就是说保持天主教教条及习俗，但不受教皇控制她的宗教定论既不被以清教徒知名的新教极端分子所接受，也不为虔诚的天主教徒所接受近30年的时间，伊莉莎白成功挑起了两大天主教强国法国和西班牙互相斗杀，从而免于英国卷入任何主要的欧洲国的冲突通过她从未具体化的联姻，伊莉莎白设法与法国维持友好关系，因此英国能面对来自西班牙的危险IV. The English Renaissance英国文艺复兴Distinctive features of the English Renaissance英国文艺复兴的特点1) English culture was revitalized not so much directly by the classics as by contemporary Europeans under the influence of the classics;2) England as an insular country followed a course of social and political history which was to a great extent independent of the course of history elsewhere in Europe;3) Owing to the great genius of the 14th century poet Chaucer, the native literature was sufficiently vigorous and experienced in assimilating for foreign influences without being subjected by them;4) English Renaissance literature is primarily artistic,rather than philosophical and scholarly; 5)the Renaissance coincided with the Reformation in England.英国文艺复兴的五个特点：1）英国文化的复兴直接受古。