03Chapter 3_lexicon 语言学概论 教学课件.ppt

Chapter Three Lexicon1. What is word?nA unit of expression that native speakers may recognize by intuition, whether it is expressed in spoken or written form. – A vague definition. nThree senses are involved in defining “word”, none of which is satisfactory to cope with all the situations.1.1 Three senses of “word”nA physical definable unit 自然的可界定单位a cluster of sound segments or letters between two pauses or blanks, egnPhonological: [it iz 5wQndEful]nOrthographic: It is wonderful.nThree words are recognized.However, in casual speech or writing, liaison and contracted form often occurs, so it often becomes:nPhonological: nOrthographic: It’s wonderful.nAre they two words or three?Also, when we are faced with a set of forms, such as walk, walks, walking, walked, it’s hard to determine how many words there are. They may be recognized as a lexeme(词位) , which includes all of its grammatical forms of walk , when we see WORD as a general term, but four lexical items (entries in a dictionary) if WORD is taken as specific items. n So WORD can be seen as both a general tem and as a specific term.Lexeme (词位)：In order to reduce the ambiguity of the word “word”, the term “lexeme” is postulated as the abstract unit underlying the smallest unit in the lexical system of a language, which appears in different grammatical contexts. For example, “write ” is the lexeme of the following set of words: write, writes, wrote, writing, written.nA grammatical unit: sentence clause phrase word morphemeNotice that the Word rank is located between morpheme and phrase. A word in this sense, is a grammatical unit. 1.2 Identification of wordsnStability: stable linguistic units.nchairman, but not *manchairnRelative uninterruptibility: though we recognize three components in the word disappointment, we cannot pause and add another component in between, as in *disinterestappointment.But we can add another word between words: Paul, (John) and Mary .nA minimum free form: First suggested by Leonard Bloomfield (1933)He advocated that sentence should be treated as “the maximum free form” and word “ the minimum free form”. Word is the smallest unit that can constitute a complete utterance by itself, egn—Is Jane coming tonight?n—Possibly.nHi.nWonderful.1.3 Classification of wordsnVariable(可变化词) vs. Invariable Words:nVariable words (with inflective changes): write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.nInvariable words: since, when, seldom, through, etc.nGrammatical vs. Lexical Words: nGrammatical/Function words: conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns.nLexical/Content words: nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs.nClosed-class vs. Open-class Words:nClosed-class words: New members cannot normally be added, eg pronouns, prepositions, conjunctions, articles, auxiliaries.nOpen-class words: New members can be added, eg nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.nWord class: known as Parts of Speech in traditional grammar.nNoun, verb, adjective, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction, interjection, article, etc.Some new terms in word class:nParticle （小品词）: infinitive to, negative not, subordinate units in phrasal verbs “get by ”, “look back”, etc.nAuxiliary: do, have，can, will, may, must, etc.nPro-forms: substitutes for other terms.nPronoun: he, she, I, they, everyonenPro-adjective: Your car is red. So is his.nPro-verb: He speaks English better than he did.nPro-adverb: He hopes to win and I hope so too.nPro-locative: He went there.nDeterminer（限定词）: all the articles, demonstratives, and quantifiers that appear before the noun and its modifiers.As many as three determiners （pre- determiners, central determiners and post- determiners） may be used in each case and there is a fixed order when there is more than one.Eg: all the five boys * five the all boysShe has a ______ stampA. green square valuable AmericanB. American valuable square greenC. American square valuable greenD. valuable square green American一张破旧的棕色国产木质漂亮大圆写字桌 桌。

A beautiful large round old brown Chinese wood writing desk.限定词 （a, the, this, that, these, those ,my etc）+ 描绘性形容词 （beautiful, fine ,comfortable, ugly, etc）+ 大小 （高低， 长短）+ 形状 + 年龄 （新旧）+ 颜色 + 国籍 （产地）+ 质地（或材料）+ 用途 + 名词2. MorphologynMorphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed from smaller components – morphemes.2.1 Morphemes (语素)nThe smallest unit of language in terms of relationship between expression and content, a unit that cannot be further divided into smaller units without destroying or drastically altering the meaning, whether it is lexical or grammatical.For example, the word tourists contains three morphemes. There is one minimal unit of meaning, tour, another minimal unit of meaning -ist (meaning “person who does something”), and a minimal unit of grammatical function -s (indicating plural form)nmicrofile telecommunicationnbedraggled forefathernannouncement psychophysicsnpredig。