商务英语翻译概论：商务流程及翻译技巧篇.ppt

商务英语翻译College Business EnglishA Course for Translation第一章 商务英语翻译基础知识next第一节 翻译的概念,分类,过程及方法nextn一. The Definition of Translationn１.关于翻译的几种定义nTranslation is a process through which information expressed in the source( or: original) language is conveyed in the target language (a process through which information is conveyed from the source language to the target language). It is a communication crossing different languages, different cultures and different societies.n ①翻译是一门艺术.(Translation is a fine art.)----林语堂《翻译论》n　②翻译是一门科学．----董秋斯n　③尤金．奈达n２.　广义的翻译是指语言与语言，语言变体与语言变体，语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达．n３.狭义的翻译是一种语言活动，是把一种语言表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来．二.　翻译的分类The classification of translation１.按所涉及的两种代码的性质分为：　语内翻译（intralingual translation)：同一种语言间不同语言变体的翻译． 语际翻译（interlingual translation）：不同语言间的翻译，是狭义翻译的研究对象． 语符翻译（ interseniotic translation）：用非文字符号解释文字符号．２.按翻译主体的性质分为人工翻译和机器翻译两类．nextexercisen３.按照翻译的工具和成品形式可分为口译和笔译．n４.按翻译的客体即所译资料的性质可分为n文学翻译（literary translation)：包括诗歌，小说，戏剧等文学作品的翻译，着重情感内容和修辞特征的表达．n实用翻译(pragmatic translation)：包括科技，商务，公文等资料的翻译，着重实际内容的表达．三.　翻译的过程翻译的过程是理解和表达的有机结合．翻译的关键在于对原文的理解，要真正理解原文，译者必须有扎实的语言功底和相关专业背景知识，并熟知英汉两种文化知识，否则译者就不能真正理解，从而产生误差．例：Cannot Beat the Real Thing.(美国可口可乐广告）　　不能打败真正的商品．　　挡不住的诱惑！nextn后者简单明了的把原文的真正含义表达了出来，能达到打动消费者的目的．n表达阶段就是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来．表达的好坏主要取决与对原文的理解深度和对译文语言的饿修养程度．理解原文不是易事，表达亦然．n例：As we obtained a clean B/L, you will see that the goods were slopped in good order. We suggest, therefore, that you lodge your claim with it.n由于我们获得了清洁提单，所以你们将明白货物在装运时情况良好，且被安放的井井有条．由此看来我们建议你们可以向该轮船公司提出索赔．n我方已获得清洁提单一张，贵方谅必清楚货物装船时状况良好，因此建议贵方可依此向该轮船公司提出索赔．四.　翻译的方法１.直译和意译是翻译的两大基本方法．Literal translation and free translation２.所谓直译是指翻译时要求译文与原文在词语，语法结构及表达方式上保持一致的方法．例：Many investors no longer treat a stock as an instrument of ownership in a corporation but only as a derivative of economic factors, risks and potentials. 许多投资者不再把他们拥有的股票看作是拥有某一公司一部分权益的工具，而只是将它视为经济因素，风险，潜力的衍生物．See morenextn３.意译是指摆脱原文形式的束缚而传达原文的内容．n　During Federal Reserve Chairman Greenspan’s nearly 20 years as the world’ most powerful central banker, the U.S has suffered only one recession, a brief one in 1990-1991.n 格林斯潘作为全球最有实力的中央银行的掌舵人，在其近２０年的任期中，美国仅在１９９０－１９９１年间遭受过一次短暂的经济萧条．n本句意译主要体现在句子结构层面上，将only one recession和a brief one in 1990-1991进一步融合，更加符合汉语的表达习惯．一.讨论翻译的概念，　分类，过程及方法并提出自己的看法和观点．二.将下列汉语译成英语：三.　　１.语内翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿四.　　２.语际翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿五.　　３.语符翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿六.　　４.文学翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿七.　　５.实用翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿八.　　６.功能对等　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿九.　　７.机器翻译　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿十.　　８.目的语　　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿十一.　　９.　源语　　＿＿＿＿＿＿＿n从商务英语翻译教程这门课的名称来看， 他有两个关键词，一个商务英语，一个翻译。

这门课就围绕这两方面来进行n说到翻译呢，对于一个优秀的翻译人员的话，理论是基础，实践是真理n也就是说，实践对于学好翻译来说是至关重要的如果只掌握了理论，而不去实践，是不能成为好的翻译人员的相反，没有理论系统的学习，而有大量的翻译实践，有可能是以为合格的翻译者n而商务英语翻译除了关系着翻译，还涉及到很多商贸知识翻译理论n在我国，文字翻译最早开始于春秋时期的《越人歌》，迄今大约有2500年的历史，对翻译标准的争论也有1000多年，但有关翻译标准在翻译界迄今还没有达成“共识”，即还没有一个大家都认同的翻译标准n翻译是一门推敲的，无唯一答案的课程n国内外翻译标准百家争鸣、白花齐放 n信、达、雅”n1898年，严复在《天演论》的《译例言》中说：“译事之难：信、达、雅求其信，已大难矣！顾信矣，不达，虽译，犹不译也，则达尚焉后来一般就把“信、达、雅”当作翻译的标准n用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅 n“功能对等”n“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）翻译准则是由美国著名翻译家尤金.奈达（Eugene A . Nida）博士提出的。

在众多的国外翻译家中，奈达的翻译理论可以说对我国的影响最大他认为，翻译的预期目的主要是原文与译文在信息内容、说话方式、文体、风格、语言、文化、社会因素诸方面达到对等 n综观国内外翻译家们的观点，可以得出结论：中外翻译标准其实质上有一致性，即：信息对等n说到底，不管什么样的翻译标准，都离不开一个“真”字，换言之，译文应该是原文信息的真实反映，译者最大限度地将原文作者所赋予原文语言文字的“任务”转译到译文里 译者应具备的能力n翻译过程是一个语言转化的过程，涉及跨语言，跨文化的内容n外语水平能力n母语水平能力n知识水平能力商务英语专业行话 术语n应用水平能力n只有通过练习实践，才能真正提高译者的翻译水平第二节 商务语言特点及翻译技巧next 商务英语（Business English）是一种包含各种商务活动内容、适合商业需要的专门用途的英语，这些商务活动涉及技术引进、国际旅游、海外投资、对外贸易、招商引资、对外劳务承包与合同、国际金融、涉外保险、国际运输等商务英语源于普通英语，具有普通英语的语言学特征，但又是商务知识和英语的综合，因而又具有独特性 商务英语的特点和翻译原则一、商务英语的语言特点一、商务英语的语言特点二、商务英语翻译的原则二、商务英语翻译的原则Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 1． 专业术语丰富 作为专门用途英语，商务英语与商务活动密切相关，承载着对外贸易和国际商务等方面的信息交流，其突出特点就体现在专业术语的大量运用。

例如： The distributor agrees to accept, on presentation, and to pay with exchange, sight draft against bill of lading attached 译文：经销商同意在提示时予以承兑，凭所附提单以即期汇票的方式支付 上面短短的一句话中，包含了大量的专业术语，如：distributor经销商、accept承兑、on presentation提示、sight draft 即期汇票、bill of lading提单等不难看出，没有对商务知识的深入了解和专业术语的熟练掌握，要进行商务英语的翻译必然举步维艰又如“negotiation”一词，通常作“谈判”解，而在“negotiation of the relative draft”（议付有关汇票）中则表示“议付”解，与普通英语中的含义相去甚远在做商务英语的翻译时，译者必须懂得商务专业相关知识，避免将专业术语通俗化，否则轻则闹出笑话，重则造成严重的经济损失 一、商务英语的语言特点（1）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 2．用词正式、严谨而又灵活丰富 商务活动大多具有正式、庄重的特点，与之相适应，商务英语用词一般也较为正式、严谨，以书面语为主，尤其是商务信函、法律文书、协议或合同等公文文体，多使用一些正式，甚至是冷僻的词汇。

如：使用prior to/previous to而非before；expiry 而非end；certify 而非prove；solicit 而非seek；appoint 而非make an appointment of；continue而非keep on；in the name of 而非like；along the lines of 而非like；for the purpose of 而非for； in the event of 而非 if；with reference to 而非about等同时，商务英语词汇又具有灵活多样的特点不同的介词、词序以及单复数变化等都会导致词义发生重大变化，并给翻译带来一定的困难例如：property in goods 货权、property of goods货物的属性、appearance surface 外表、surface appearance 表面状况 一、商务英语的语言特点（2）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 3． 句子结构规范而复杂 商务英语的语句往往具有结构严谨、逻辑严密的特点，力求最大限度地实现表达效果的准确性、时效性和逻辑性。

在一些招标文件、投标文件和商务合同中，复杂的复合句、分割现象、介词短语、插入语、同位语、倒装句、被动语态等较为常见，这些句子结构语义层次分明、信息量大、不易产生歧义，因此不仅有利于提高国际商务活动的时效性，而且有利于加速商务信息的传递例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the under-mentioned commodity according to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 译文：本合同由买卖双方订立，因此买卖双方同意按照下面规定的条款买卖以下商品 一、商务英语的语言特点（3）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 (2)Should either party to this contract suffer damages because of any wrongful act or neglect of other party, claim shall be adjusted by agreement or arbitration. 译文：如果由于他方的违约行为或疏忽而使本合同任何一方遭受损失，其索赔通过协议或仲裁予以理算。

现代社会的商人越来越忙，他们使用的商务英语，尤其是在商务信函当中使用的英语，更趋于口语化、简单化，简单句、并列句的使用越来越多，有时甚至使用省略句，如Subject to your confirmation.以你方确认为准；Thank you for your letter dated 7th October offering us Chinese embroideries. 贵方十月七日报盘中国绣制品函悉，十分感谢 一、商务英语的语言特点（4）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 4． 程式化的套语运用广泛 为了提高信息往来的效率和促进商务活动的时效性，商务英语在长期的实践中形成了各种固定的程式化套语这既是商务英语句法有别于其他语体的一个显著的特点，又是进行商务英语翻译的一个突破口和着眼点例如： (1)This contract is made by and between the buyers and the sellers, whereby the buyers agree to buy and the sellers agree to sell the undermentioned commodity subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below. 译文：买卖双方同意按一下条款购买、出售下列商品并签订本合同。

一、商务英语的语言特点（5）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 (2)The shipper shall be liable for all damage caused by such goods to the ship and/or cargo on board. 译文：如果上述货物对船舶和（或）船上其他货物造成任何损害，托运人应付全责 在上面两个例子中，whereby，undermentioned commodity，subject to the terms and conditions stipulated below，be liable for 等都是程式化的套语，也是商务英语遣词造句的典型模式，要做好商务英语翻译，熟练掌握这些程式化的套语是不可或缺的礼仪套语： n We shall appreciate your... 若能... 我们将甚为感谢n Be subject to one’s confirmation. 以某人确认为有效n We arrange to open an L/C. 我们安排开立信用证n It gives us great pleasure to acknowledge receipt of 请接受我方对...的真挚谢意 一、商务英语的语言特点（6）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 商务英语翻译同普通英语翻译或者文学翻译有很大的区别，译者除了要有扎实的双语基本功和熟练的翻译技巧，还必须具备丰富的商务专业知识，了解商务各个领域的语言特点和表达法。

二、商务英语翻译的原则（1）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 1． 熟悉商务英语翻译的性质、特点 英语语言基础、科技常识、商务业务知识是构成商务英语翻译的三大要素商务英语翻译在内容上涉及商务活动的各个环节；在表达方式上，感情色彩比较弱，使用的成语、谚语、俗语较少，程式化较为明显因此，商务常识和业务流程应该是商务英语翻译的主要依据例如： The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit. Price: RMB 30 per yard, C.I.F., C. 5%, Lagos. Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment. 二、商务英语翻译的原则（2）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 译文：厄瓜多尔银行将通知其在美国的代理银行出具信用证。

价格为：成本、保险加运费到拉格斯，每码30元人民币，包括5%的佣金付款方式为：使用保兑的、不可撤销的即期信用证支付信用证应于装运期前30天开出 不了解相应的商务常识根本无法准确地翻译上文上文中的一些常见商务词语，如establish a letter of credit， C.I.F, C. 5%， Lagos， Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days before the time of shipment，其中文表达方式是相对固定的 二、商务英语翻译的原则（3）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回n例如 Balance 和 Insurance policy 的正确的译文是 银行余额 保险单 nmore or less clause 在国际贸易中译为 溢短装条款n shipping advice 是 装运通知 是出口商发给进口商的而 shipping instructions 则是 装运指令 是进口商发给出口商的 又如 介词 ex 与 per 有各自不同的含义 英译由某轮船运来的货物时用 ex 由某轮船 运走 用 per 而由某轮船承运 用 by 2．遵循商务英语翻译的标准 商务英语翻译遵循忠实（faithfulness）、地道（idiomaticness）、统一（consistency）的原则。

忠实是指译文所传递的信息同原文所传递的信息要保持一致，或者说要保持信息等值地道是指译文的语言和行文方式都要符合商务文献的语言规范和行文规范，即所给出的译文读起来应该像内行人用译语写就的文章，给读者以专业化的感受其中的专业术语要对应国际通用的汉语译语，即遵循商务英语翻译中一个十分重要的原则——术语对等（terminology equivalence）翻译原则统一是指在商务英语翻译过程中所采用的一些概念、术语等在任何时候都应该保持统一，不能随意更改例如： 二、商务英语翻译的原则（4）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 (1) Western Europe has been hit harder than the United States and Japan. Some relatively self-reliant developing countries, such as India, have been partly insulated. 译文：西欧受到的经济影响要比美国、日本大经济衰退至今只在一定程度上影响到了诸如印度等一些相对自力更生的发展中国家。

此处，hit harder than... 的含义为：受到的影响比……要大；have been partly insulated 的含义为：至今只受到部分影响；insulated 为物理学中常用的动词，意思是使其绝缘，而partly insulated部分绝缘则只能根据上文中的“经济衰退”转译为“只受到部分影响”，从而达到了忠实的原则同时，由于汉语中多使用主动语态，因此英语句中的被动语态应该按照准确、地道的原则变为主动语态 二、商务英语翻译的原则（5）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 (2) Exchange is the core concept of marketing. For an exchange to take place, several conditions must be satisfied. Of course, at least two parties must participate, and each must have something of value to the other. Each party also must want to deal with the other party and each must be free to accept or reject the other’s offer. Finally, each party must be able to communicate and deliver. 译文：交换是营销的核心概念。

为使交换发生，必须满足几个条件：第一，必须存在交换的双方；第二，每方都拥有对方所需要的物品或价值；第三，每方都想要与对方交换；第四，双方都能自主地接受或拒绝对方的报价；第五，双方都有能力进行沟通和交货 二、商务英语翻译的原则（6）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回 此处的译文，在风格上与原文一样平实，几乎都是采用直译的方式再现了原文的信息，虽然增加了“第一”、“第二”、“第三”等，但丝毫没有增加任何额外信息，这种增词、减词的方法正是忠实于原文信息的具体表现同时，译文采用地道的汉语商务语言，使译文做到了准确译文中的一些术语，比如exchange 无一例外地被翻译成“交换”，做到了前后统一，使读者非常清楚 从上面的例子可以看出，要准确地进行商务翻译，译者不仅要有扎实的双语基本功、熟练的翻译技巧、丰富的商务专业知识，还要熟知不同商务文本的文体格式和术语，行文用字力求符合行业规范遇到不懂得专业术语时，切不可望文生义，要多查阅相关商务领域的词典如汉英对外贸易词典、实用外贸英汉词典等，或请教相关商务专业人士唯有如此，译文才能保持与原文的风格、文本功能、句法结构和用词特点的一致，做到原文与译文的“信息等值”。

二、商务英语翻译的原则（7）Sec 6Sec 4Sec 2Sec 1Sec8Sec 7返回返回第四节 商务英语翻译技巧介绍nextMethods and techniquesn翻译的形式n直译 (literal translation) 不等于对译n 意译 (free translation)n活译 (dynamic equivalence translation)nThey don’t know their right hand from their left.nI gave my youth to the sea and I came home and gave my wife my old age.nAll roads lead to Rome.nI want to hit the sack and get some Z’s.nSmashing a mirror is no way to make an ugly person beautiful, nor is it a way to make social problems evaporate.nMaybe he has cut off his own head and destroyed himself.nCast pearls before swine.nShe was born with a silver spoon in her mouth.nI threw myself in a chair.nHe has to make a terrible decision.词类转换 (P.8, 106, 236)n英语名词转换成汉语动词 （与英语中名词转为动词词义不同）All I wanted was to go somewhere, all I wanted was a change. 我只不过是想到别的地方去，我只想换换空气。

n英语名词转换为汉语形容词，副词He noticed a very close agreement between the two countries on the problem. 他注意到两国在这问题上的意见是非常一致的nThe application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labour productivity.nThere is considerable debate about how best and how much to reduce income inequality.nThe board of directors will hold a consultation about the matter.nThe firm has a large business connection.nThere is a large attendance at the Fair.nWithdraw of offernRevocation of offernTermination of offernWithout his consent or confirmationnShe is a real beauty.nIndependent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.nWe find difficulty in solving this problem.nIt is our great pleasure to note that shipbuilding industry is developing vigorously.nThe blockade was a success.n人称代词的省略n英语冠词的省略The blood-red sun sank below the horizon. 火红的太阳沉入地平线。

n增减法增词法An American officer slipped on a banana skin. 一个美国军官踩在香蕉皮上滑到了减词法Could you help me in any way?你能帮帮我吗？翻译中的省略, 增减nDon’t put your hands in your pocket.nI am afraid she will come.nWe had much rain last summer.nWe live and learn.nThey say he is a genius.nGive him an inch and he’ll take an ell.nLiquids are like solids in that they have definite volume.nThe average American changes his or her job nine or ten times during his or her working life.nIn most cases, bona fide party to an international sales contract will do his best to perform his duties either as a seller or a buyer.nIt is not rare that either party to a contract may fail to perform his duties, or his performance is inconsistent with the terms provided on the contract.nThe atom is the smallest particle of an element.nGo into the garden and give an eye to the children.nHe has an eye for beauty.nPlease give me the letter you received yesterday.nShe is quite a beauty.nHe is the man I want to see.nTake the medicine.nThe dean had a lot of work to do before the meeting.nScience demands of men great efforts and complete devotion.nIn the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique.nI could knit when I was seven.nSteel and iron products are often coated lest they should rust.nAir is a mixture of gases.nThings in the universe are changing all the time.nThe design is considered practical.nMatter can be changed into energy and energy into matter.nThis is the first step toward the solution of air pollution.nOur railway system is being improved.nThe lion is the king of the animals.nReports of new successes keep pouring in.nStudies serve for delight, for ornament or for ability.nAt the meeting he made a speech, eloquent and energetic.nThese early cars were slow, clumsy, and inefficient.nHe is queer.nArrangements have been made to give the foreign guests a warm welcome.nWhere was his smile and hearty hand grasp.nOnce you are in, you wouldn’t be allowed to get out.nHe entered the room, his coat covered with snow and his nose red with cold.nThere are still many difficulties ahead which we must not overlook.nIt seems incredible that he has finished the work so soon.nHe believes it necessary to learn some rules before doing it.nThe day when he was born remains unknown.nEarly to rise and early to bed makes a man healthy.nThe year of 1949 saw the founding of the People’s Republic of China. nYou don’t look very well today.nHe shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.nRumors had already spread along the streets and lanes.被动句的翻译n英语中的被动句既可以译成主动句， 又可以译成被动句，还可以根据汉语表达形式译成无主句，判断句等。

nIt was founded in 1993…它创建于1993年 （主动句）nThey are ratified by members’ parliaments.它们经成员国议会批准主动句）nIf the scheme is approved, work on the project will start immediately.如果方案被批准了，这项工程将立即动工被动句）nTwo days were allowed them for making the necessary preparations.给了他们两天的时间来做准备无主句）nPrinting was introduced into Europe from China.印刷术是从中国传入欧洲的判断句）nOur price has already been closely calculated.我方价格是经过精密核算的判断句）n 有些英语的被动语态译成中文时，可以按中文习惯加上 受，被，给， 让…给，遭到，把，使，由，为…所，用，靠，予以等nVegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油自古以来就为人们所熟悉。

nShe was blamed for everything her sister did.nThe lights have been turned on by him.nThe crops were washed away by the flood.nThe finished products must be carefully inspected before delivery.nHe was elected chairman of the Students’ Union.nBoats are moved by oars or by the wind. n合并法：将两个或两个以上词义相同或相近的词组翻译成一个词n单词合并Tom’s father is dead and gone.汤姆的父亲死了nHe suffered aches and pains all over.nShe was frightened into shaking and trembling.nnull and void 无效 nterms and conditions 条款nfew and far between 稀少 nfree and clear 无 n句子合并she waited, but in vain.她白等了。

nHe was born poor and poor he remained all his life.nThe train had left before he got to the station.nStudy hard before it is too late.定语从句的翻译n五大步骤区分主从→紧缩主干→辨析词义→调整搭配→润饰词语n定语从句常可译为：定语结构，并列结构，谓语结构，独立句，简单句，状语结构等译为定语结构n较短的定语从句比较容易理解与其它成分之间的关系，翻译时，可将从句译为定语结构，“的”字结构，直接放在被修饰词的前面只要句子较短，无论是限定性定语从句，还是非限定性定语从句，都可以采用这种方法nA crane can be defined as a machine which lifts heavy pads and displaces them horizontally.nCongress made public a survey of human rights in 105 countries that received U. S. aid.nThe sun, which had hidden all day, now came out in all its splendor.nIf one object is charged with the same kind of electricity as appears on another near by, the two objects will repel each other.译为并列结构n有些定语从句与主句的关联不大紧密，或意思比较独立，在逻辑上有追述，描写，转折等作用。

这是一般把定语从句译为前置或后置的并列结构n翻译非限定定语从句，这种方法更加常见nArchimedes’ principle applies to liquids, by which we mean all liquids and gases.nAt dinner I found myself placed between Mrs. Bradley and a shy drab girl, who seemed even younger than the others.nIsabel was a tall girl with the oval face, straight nose, fine eyes and full mouth that appeared to be characteristic of the family.nYou compare her with your English women who wolf down from three to five meat meals a day; naturally you find her a sylph.译为谓语结构n将原主句的主谓宾结构压缩成汉语的词组作译文的主语，把定语从句转译为谓语，合并成一个句子。

nWe are a nation that must beg to stay alive.nShe had a balance at her banker’s which would have made her beloved anywhere.译为独立句n由于非限定性定语从句与主句的关系比较松散，所以很多情况下可以转译为独立的句子，关系代词只作为一般的代词，从句也变为句子的主体nOnce was a violent thunderstorm, the worst I had ever seen, which obscured my objective.nHe had talked to the vice-president, who assured him that everything that could be done would be done.译为简单句n限定性定语从句与主句的关系比较密切，因此可以把主句和从句合并在一起，变成简单句这类句子常含有there be等结构nIs it history you are reading?nThe oil tanker carries crude oil to a refinery, where the oil is processed.nThere were men in the crowd who had stood there every day for a month.译成状语从句n有些从句形式上是定语从句，但在语法功能及深层含以上却起着状语从句的作用，表示时间，地点，原因，结果，目的，让步，条件，假设等。

nTo make an atom bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.nWe recognize the need to establish and develop institutions which help to tame the unbridled exercise of power.nHe would be a rash man who should venture to defy world public opinion and act arbitrarily.nFormality has always characterized their relationship.nMost U.S. spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earth’s atmosphere after completing their missions.nHe is not very familiar with the biological terms.nThey returned game and glee.nThe new contract would be good for ten years.nHer voice rings through the whole house.否定句的翻译n双重否定句：肯定译法(正译法）和否定译法。

nNo children will be admitted unless accompanied by an adult.无大人陪伴，小孩不得入内nDon’t come unless I telephone.nThere is no rule that has no exceptions.nThere is no steel not containing carbon.nNothing is impossible to a willing heart.nWe shouldn’t be careless of consequences.nUnusual occurrences in exporting are not uncommon.nAn elaborate banquet consisting of 8 to 12 courses in business entertainment is not uncommon in many Asian countries.双重否定n主 + never + V….+but + 从句…主 + nerve + V. + without + V-ing…每…必…nThere is no + 名词 + but + V…没有一个…不…n…few + 名词 + but + V…几乎每个…都…nHe never goes to a bookstore but he buys some books.nHe never goes to a bookstore without buying some books.nThere is no mother but loves her children.nI know few people but are concerned about the air pollution.部分否定nAll, both, every… not并非 …所有，两者，每一not always, not necessarily 未必是nAll men are not honest.nBoth his parents are not living.nThis train doesn’t stop at every stop.nThe rich are not always happy.nLeaves are not necessarily green.表示“也不”的倒装句型n否定句 +and + 主语 + 助V.（aus.) + not, either (也不）否定句 + and + nor, neither +助V. (aus.)+ 主语nYou do not smoke, nor do I.nYou do not smoke, and I don’t either. 否定句型nThe last + 名词… + to +V. ,that (clause)…再怎么说也不会的， 最不可能的nHe is the last man for me to invite.nThis was the last thing I would do.nFail to + V. = be unable to + V.未能， 没有nNot, never, fail to + V. = V. + without fail一定，务必nHe failed to follow my advice.nI never fail to keep my word.nI keep my word without fail.nSb. + be above + V-ing, N.耻于， 不屑nHe is above such conduct.nHe is not above asking questions.nFar from = anything but = by no means = not… at all = not… in the least 绝不nHe is far from honest.nHis explanation is far from satisfactory.nNothing but = only 只是 仅仅nAll but = almost 几乎nCannot but 不得不 禁不住nHe was nothing but a child.nHe was all but drowned.nHe cannot but laugh.nIt goes without saying that…Needless to say不用说nIt goes without saying that education is important.nNeedless to say, education is important.nCannot…too愈…愈好, 再…也不为过nA student cannot be too diligent.nNot so much (A) as (B)与其说A不如说BnHe is not so much diligent as clever.nThere is no + V-ingIt is impossible to + V.不可能nThere is no knowing what may happen in the future.nLeave nothing to be desired = be perfect毫无缺点nYour work leaves nothing to be desired.长句的翻译nI was on my way home.nI was on my way home from tramping about the street.nI was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm.nI was on my way home from tramping on the street, my drawings under my arm, when I found myself in front of the gallery.n划清主干——化整为零（分层次）——分而译之——化零为整n断句译法， 即将长句断开后化整为零， 分而译之。

断句主要是把各种后置修饰语与其被修饰成分拆开，然后单独叙述nHe felt that books and the knowledge in them were part of a world that was against him, a world to which he did not belong and which he did not want to enter, the world of which the teachers were representatives and symbols. n逆序法：再重新组合语言的过程中，经原文的一些语句顺序打乱，或前置，或后置nThey remarked now he took a different seat from that which he usually occupied when he chose to attend divine worship.n顺序法：按时间的先后顺序，逻辑的先后安排来翻译这种译法与汉语的表达顺序基本相同，可顺译而为nThe Security Council shall hold periodic meeting at which each of its members may, if it so desires, be represented by a member of the government or by some other specially designated representative.n转句译法，即把长句中的某些词，词组转移成句子。

nPressure of work has somewhat delayed our tour; anyway, another hour’s ride will bring us to the village.由于工作很忙，行程稍迟了一些；不管怎样，只要在行车一小时，我们就可以到达那个小村庄主语转句）nAfter an hour, the trail took them by a low, spreading tree strung thickly with beads.走了一个小时，他们走到了一个矮矮的枝繁叶茂的树旁，树上密密麻麻地挂满了念珠定语转句）状语从句的翻译n翻译状语从句涉及的主要问题是语序问题英汉两种语言的思维方式表达习惯不尽相同英语的方式，比较，结果等状语从句一般为与主句之后，其它状语从句的位置则比较灵活汉译时，应根据汉语的表达习惯，比较和结果状语从句放在主句之后，方式状语从句可前可后，其它状语从句通常在主句之前n状语从句前置nWe can certainly overcome these difficulties so long as we are closely united.（条件）n状语从句后置nThe temperature in the sun is so high that nothing can exist in solid state. (结果）n状语从句的转译nNew things always have to experience difficulties and setbacks as they grow.nWhen you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep water for a long time.nIf children are so well able to learn their mother tongue, it is precisely because they plunge themselves into the sea of language instead of reading a few textbooks only.nSkill and patience will succeed where force fails.主语从句的翻译n由代词what, how,等引导的主语从句，常译为“（所）…的”结构。

nWhat is hard is to do good all one’s life and never do anything bad.nHow the advanced worker managed to raise production is of interest to us all. nWhatever, whoever等连词引导的主语从句，是what, who等的强调形式，一般译为”所…的一切”，“无论谁…都”nWhatever he saw and heard on his trip gave him a very deep impression.nWhatever was said here must be kept secret.nWhoever fails to see this will make a big blunder.n由that, what, whether引导的主语从句，一般位于句子的后面，代词it作形式主语放在句首It有时可以省略不译，但表示强调时应译出nIt is often asked what the mechanism of cancer is.nIt doesn’t make much difference whether he attends the meeting or not.nIt is a fact that the U.S. has sent his fleet to all parts of the world.nIt is common sense that a liquid has no definite shape, yet it has a definite volume.n主语从句可以直接放在句首，翻译时可按原句语序。

若表示强调，隐含的it应译出nThat she is still alive is a consolation.nThat theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.宾语从句的翻译n翻译由that, what, how, whether, if等词引导的宾语从句时， 一般不改变语序nI told him that because of the last condition, I’d have to turn it down.n代词it做先行形式宾语时，汉译时不改变语序，it省略不译nNutritional experiments have made it evident that vitamins are in dispensable for one’s health and growth.n从句作介词in的宾语时，常译为原因状语从句，可译为“因为…”, “在于…”, “是由于…”等来表达介词except, but, besides, except that等后面的宾语从句，常采取断句译法，译为并列分句。

nLiquids are different from solids in that liquids have no definite shape.nHis account is correct except that some details are omitted.表语从句的翻译nThat (this) is why…句型有两种翻译方法：一种是顺译，译为“这就是为什么…”, 这就是…的原因”；另一种是倒译, 译为“…, 原因就在这里nThis is why we decided to put the discussion off.这就是我们决定推迟讨论的原因我们决定推迟讨论，原因就在这里nThis (It) is because…采取顺译的方法，译为“这是因为…”, “这是由于什么的缘故…”等nThis is because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations.nThis is what…采取顺译或倒译，译为“这就是…的内容”，或“…就是这个意思”nThis is what we have learned in this article.同位语从句的翻译n同位语从句一般由that引导，在idea, hope等先行词后，进一步解释说明。

可以采取顺序法，换序译法n顺序法：不改变语序，根据需要将先行词译为动词，变为主句谓语nThe thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city.nHe was allowed to go swimming on condition that he kept near the other boys.n 换序译法：把同位语放在句子的前面; 或者放在先行词的前面，适当改变先行词的词性nThere is no possibility that human beings will ever be controlled by robots.人类受机器人控制是不可能的nThe announcement that all flights were cancelled because of bad weather distressed the waiting passengers.第三节 商务流程简要介绍nextBusiness negotiationsnThe conclusion of a favorable sale contract results largely from careful and meticulous(极仔细的; 一丝不苟的) business negotiation between the exporter and the importer. nTrade negotiations in international business background consist of five steps: enquiry, offer, counter-offer, acceptance, and the formation of contract.Enquiries询价nAn enquiry is usually made by an importer to an exporter, asking for prices lists, catalogues, samples, and details about the goods or trade terms.n However, the exporter, on receiving the enquiry, will make a reply to, thus getting the negotiation started. Business negotiations in foreign trade usually commence with an enquiry by an overseas buyer to a seller to inquire about the terms of the sale. Offers 报盘 nDefinitionnAn offer is a good proposal that is made to a specific individual or entity to enter into a contract. The proposal must contain definite terms and must indicate the offeror’s intent to be bound by an acceptance.nThe party that sends the offer is called the offeror and the another party that receives the offer is called the offeree. Definition of an offernA proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicates the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance. (CISG Art 14-1)nCISG: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》Withdrawal of offer撤回发盘nThe withdrawal of offer means that the offeror, for some reason, withdraw his offer before it reaches the offeree or before it becomes effective.nThis may happen when the offeror finds that the offer he makes contains some mistake, or that the situation has changed which makes his offer unfavorable to him.Revocation of offer撤盘nTo revoke an offer means that when the offer has reached the offeree, it has become effective, the offeror acts to revoke the offer thus to kill its effectiveness.nThe Convention agrees in principle that an offer is revocable before the note of acceptance is dispatched but provides that on the following two occasions, an offer is irrevocable.A. It indicates, whether by stating a fixed time or otherwise, that it is irrevocable.B. if it was reasonable for the offeree to rely on the offer as being irrevocable and the offeree has acted in reliance on the offer.Termination of offer 终止发盘n“An offer, even if it is irrevocable, is terminated when a rejection reaches the offeror” (CISG Art.17).OffersnAccording to different criteria, offers can be classified into various kind:nSelling offers—offers made by the sellernBuying offers—offers made by a buyernFirm offers or offers with engagementnIndefinite offers or offers without engagement Firm offers实盘nA firm offer or an irrevocable offer or an offer firm, is intended to make a contract with the offeree. nThe terms or conditions put forward in the offer can not be revoked or amended without consents from the other party. Once it is unconditionally accepted by the offeree within its validity, the transaction is completed and a contract is concluded immediately. Until this time, the offer has legally binding force on the both parties.nSuch offer usually has phrases like: “we offer firm, or we make a firm offer for the following goods”.Indefinite offers虚盘nAn indefinite offer is not binding on the offeror, and is stated unclear, incomplete and with reservation. Some expressions can help the reader to identify this nature of the offer, such as, reference price, subject to our final confirmation, subject to being unsold.nActually, quotation sheets and price lists can serve as offers without engagement because they only include part of the terms, such as descriptions, specifications and unit prices. They do not include those terms about shipment, payment etc.Counter-offers 还盘nDefinitionnA counter-offer is a reply to an offer that materially alters the terms of the offer. nThe party who has received the offer is not in a position to fully accept the business terms offered. He may make a counter-offer, in which some alternations have been made about the business trade terms, such as, the price or other terms with the purpose of bargaining.nThere are also two kinds of counter-offer: one with engagement and the other is without engagement. Acceptance (Accept) 接受nDefinition nAn acceptance is an unconditional assent to an offer, or an assent conditioned on minor changes that do not affect material terms of the offer.nThe acceptance, in practice, serves to conclude the business transaction. It must be absolute and unconditional, otherwise, it is not an acceptance but a counter-offer.nAn acceptance may be tendered only by the person to whom the offer is directed.nIt is a regular practice in international trade that a written contract is usually signed to bind both the seller and the buyer.nA formal contract should be prepared in duplicate. Both parties should sign each copy, and each party should keep a sign of it.nSome of the contracts commonly used in foreign trade are available in printed forms, so that only the date, price, name of commodities, names of parties, and similar particulars are needed to be filled in.Formation of contracts 合约形成Definition of contractsnA contract is simply an agreement that defines relationship between one or more parties. A commercial contract, in the simplest term, is merely an agreement made by two or more parties for the purpose of transacting business.nIf the seller works out a contract, it is called a sales contract; or if the buyer works it out, it is called a purchase contract. Business proceduresnenquiry → offer → counter-offer → acceptance → formation of contract.nApply for opening a letter of credit through a bank→ receive a complete set of shipping documents→ check or examine the documents in strict conformity with each other → apply for the commodity inspection and quarantine → apply for customs entry & customs formalities clearance → collect the consignments from the forwarder at the port of entering → fetch the goods to the plant for production → get the quality certificate from the CCIB (China Commodity Inspection Bureau 中国商品检验局) → complain and claim.Accuracy and ExpressivenessØ商商务务文文本本措措辞辞严严谨谨准准确确。

翻翻译译目目的的是是为为了了目目的的语语一一方方正正确确了了解解对对方方的的要要求求和和规规则则，，从从而而决决定定是是否否继继续续把把商商务务活活动动进进行行下下去去或或提提出出意意见见，，译译文文正正确确与与否否直直接接关关系系到到双双方方的的利利益益，，所所以以译译者者要要重重视视模模仿仿原原文文信信息息ØWhen either party breaches the Contract, the other party shall take certain measures to prevent the loss from expanding. If the other party does not take such measures, thus resulting in the expanding of the loss, the breaching party shall not compensate for the expanded loss. Ø当当事事人人一一方方违违约约后后，，对对方方应应当当采采取取适适当当措措施施防防止止损损失失扩扩大大，，没没有有采采取取适适当当措措施施致致使使损损失失扩扩大大的的，，不不得得就扩大的损失要求赔偿。

就扩大的损失要求赔偿术语规范术语规范Ø商务材料涉及经济、贸易、法律等领域，所以材料商务材料涉及经济、贸易、法律等领域，所以材料有关这些方面的术语在所难免目的语中也有相应有关这些方面的术语在所难免目的语中也有相应的术语为了正确地传达原文的信息，并使译文读的术语为了正确地传达原文的信息，并使译文读者把握正确的意思，译者就需要选用者把握正确的意思，译者就需要选用正确的、规范正确的、规范的对等术语的对等术语你知道吗？你知道吗？nForce majeuren信用证信用证n发盘发盘nSight draftnPay upon presentationn不可抗力不可抗力nLetter of creditnMake an offern即期汇票即期汇票n见票即付见票即付语气贴切语气贴切n Dear Sirs,n I am requested by the Import & Export Department to inform you that the 150 tons of coal ordered from your company one month ago has not been delivered. Will you be so kind as to institute enquiries concerning this non-delivery?n It will be appreciated that you give your reply as soon as possible?nYours faithfully,nAlice Austinn(Secretary of the Administration)n…n 进进出出口口部部请请我我通通知知您您：：一一个个月月前前从从贵贵公公司司订订购购的的150150吨吨煤煤至至今今仍仍未未发发货货，，能能否否请请您您过过问问一一下下此此未未发货事宜？发货事宜？n 敬请回复。

敬请回复n此致此致n 敬礼敬礼n 爱丽丝爱丽丝··奥斯丁奥斯丁 （行政管理部秘书）（行政管理部秘书）。