国际经济学(英文版)课件Chapter 8.ppt

Part 2 International Trade Policy,Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions : TariffsChapter 9: Nontariff Trade Barriers and the New ProtectionismChapter 10 : Economic Integration: Customs Union and Free Trade Areas,Part 2 International Trade Policy,Chapter 11: International Trade and Economic DevelopmentChapter 12 : International Resource movements and Multinational Corporation,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Key TermsTrade or commercial policies（贸易政策）Import tariff（进口关税）Export tariff（出口关税）Ad valorem tariff（从价税）Specific tariff（从量税）Compound tariff（混合税）,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Consumption effect of a tariff（关税的消费效应）Production effect of a tariff（关税的生产效应）Trade effect of a tariff（关税的贸易效应）Revenue effect of a tariff（关税的收入效应）Consumer surplus（消费者剩余）Producer surplus（生产者剩余）,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Protection cost（保护成本）Nominal tariff（名义关税）Rate of effective protection（有效保护率）Prohibitive tariff（禁止性关税）Optimum tariff（最适关税）,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.1 IntroductionA tariff is a tax or duty levied on the traded commodity as it cross a national boundary.Import tariff and export tariffAd valorem tariff/ specific tariff/ compound tariff,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,In this chapter, we firstly analyze the effects of a tariff on production, consumption, trade, and welfare in the nation imposing the tariff and on its trade partner(s).Secondly, we examine the theory of tariff structure.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.2 Partial Equilibrium Analysis of a TariffSmall nation / small industry8.2A Partial Equilibrium Effects of a TariffFigure 8.1,FIGURE 8-1 Partial Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Consumption effect of a tariffProduction effectTrade effectRevenue effect,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.2B Effect of a Tariff on Consumer and Producer SurplusConsumer surplus is the difference between what consumers would be willing to pay for each unit of the commodity and what they actually pay.Figure 8.2 (left panel),FIGURE 8-2 Effect of Tariff on Consumer and Producer Surplus.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Producer surplus is the difference between what producers would be willing to be paid (their costs of production) for each unit of the commodity and what they actually be paid.Figure 8.2 (right panel),Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,The increase in the price of commodity X as a result of the tariff that nation 2 imposes on the importation of commodity X leads to a reduction in consumer surplus and an increase in producer surplus.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.2C Costs and Benefits of a TariffFigure 8.3,FIGURE 8-3 Partial Equilibrium Costs and Benefits of a Tariff.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Protection cost =-(a+b+c+d)+a+c=-(b+d),Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Discussion topic:How do you think the economic reason why a small nation face a net negative welfare effect after imposing tariff on its importation commodity?,Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions: Tariffs,8.3 The Theory of Tariff Structure8.3a The Rate of Effective ProtectionThe nominal tariff rate is important to consumerBecause it indicates by how much the price of the final commodity increases as a result of the tariff,Chapter 8 Trade Restrictions: Tariffs,The effective tariff rate is important to producers.Because it indicates how much protection is actually provided to the domestic processing of the import-competing commodity.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,The rate of effective protection is usually calculated by the following formulas:(1) g=(V-V)/V(2) g=(t-aiti)/(1-ai),Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Question: Try to calculate the ERP Suppose that $80 of imported wool goes into the domestic production of a suit. Suppose also that the free trade price of the suit is $100 but the nation imposes a 10 percent nominal tariff on each imported suit.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,For given value of ai and ti, g is larger the greater is the value of t.For given value of ai and t, g is smaller the greater is the value of ti,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,Most industrial nations have “cascading” tariff structure with very low or zero nominal tariffs on raw material and higher and higher rate the greater is the degree of processing (tariff escalation). Case Study 8-5,FIGURE 8-4 Pre- and Post-Uruguay Round Cascading Tariff Structure in Industrial Countries.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.4 General Equilibrium Analysis of a Tariff in a Small Country8.4A General Equilibrium Effect of a Small country. Figure 8.5,FIGURE 8-5 General Equilibrium Effects of a Tariff in a Small Country.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,With import tariff on commodity X, production takes place at point F; thus, more of importable X is produced than under free trade.Consumption takes place at point H on indifference curve after imposition of the tariff. This is below the free trade consumption point E.,Chapter 8 Trade restrictions: Tariffs,8.。