完形填空历年真题及答案.pdf

历年真题1994 年P assage 1The first and smallest unit that can be discussed in relation to language is the word. Inspeaking, the choice of words is 41 the utmost importance. P roper selection willeliminate one source of 42 breakdown in the communication cycle. Too often,careless use of words 43 a meeting of the minds of the speaker and listener. Thewords used by the speaker may 44 unfavorable reactions in the listener 45interfere with his comprehension; hence, the transmission-reception system breaks down.46 inaccurate or indefinite words may make 47 difficult fbr thelistener to understand the 48 which is being transmitted to him. The speaker whodoes not have specific words in his working vocabulary may be 49 to explain ordescribe in a 50 that can be understood by his listeners.41.[A] of[B]at42.[A] inaccessible[B] timely43.[A] encourages[B] prevents44.[A] pass out[B] take away45.[A] who[B] as46.[A] Moreover[B] However47.[A] that[B] it48.[A] speech[B] sense49.[A] obscure[B] difficult50.[A] case[B] means[C] for[C] likely[C] destroy[C] back up[C] which[C] P reliminarily[C] so[C] message[C] impossible[C]method[D] on[D] invalid[D] offers[D] stir up[D] what[D] Unexpectedly[D] this[D] meaning[D] unable[D]way1995 年P assage 2Sleep is divided into periods of so-called REM sleep, characterized by rapid eye movementsand dreaming, and longer periods of non-REM sleep. 41 kind of sleep is at all wellunderstood, but REM sleep is 42 to serve some restorative function of the brain. Thepurpose of non-REM sleep is even more 43 . The new experiments, such as these44 for the first time at a recent meeting of the Society for Sleep Research in Minneapolis,suggest fascinating explanations 45 of non-REM sleep.For example, it has long been known that total sleep 46 is 100 percent fatal to rats,yet, 47 examination of the dead bodies, the animals look completely normal. Aresearcher has now 48 the mystery of why the animals die. The rats 49bacterial infections of the blood, 50 their immune systems - the self-protectingmechanism against diseases — had crashed.41.[A] Either[B] Neither[C] Each[D] Any42.[A] intended[B] required[C] assumed[D] inferred43.[A] subtle[B] obvious[C] mysterious[D] doubtful44.[A] maintained[B] described[C] settled[D] afforded45.[A] in the light[B] by virtue[C] with the exception[D] fbr the purpose46.[A] reduction[B] destruction[C] deprivation[D] restriction47.[A] upon[B] by[C] through[D] with48.[A] paid attention to[B] caught sight of[C] laid emphasis on [D] cast light on49.[A] developed5O.[A] if[B] produced [C] stimulated[B] as if [C] only if [D] if only[D] induced1996 年P assage 3Vitamins are organic compounds necessary in small amounts in the diet for the normal growthand maintenance of life of animals, including man.They do not provide energy, 41 do they construct or build any part of the body.They are needed for 42 foods into energy and body maintenance. There are thirteen ormore of them, and if 43 is missing a deficiency disease becomes 44 .Vitamins are similar because they are made of the same elements — usually carbon,hydrogen, oxygen, and 45 nitrogen. They are different 46 their elementsare arranged differently, and each vitamin 47 one or more specific functions in the body.48 enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritionaluse for 49 vitamins. Many people, 50 . believe in being on the Msafeside*' and thus take extra vitamins. However, a well-balanced diet will usually meet all the body1s vitamin needs.41.[A]either42.[A]shifting43.[A]any44.[A]serious45.[A]mostly46.[A]in that47.[A]undertakes48.[A]Supplying49.[A]exceptional5O.[A]nevertheless[C]nor[C]altering[C]anything[C]severe[C] sometimes[C]such that[C]plays[C]P roviding[C]excess[C]moreover[B]so[B]transferring[B]some[B]apparent[B]partially[B]so that[B]holds[B]Getting[B]exceeding[B]therefbre[D]never[D]transfbrming[D] something[D]fatal[D]rarely[D]except that[D]perfbrms[D]Furnishing[D] external[D]meanwhile1997 年P assage 4Manpower Inc, with 560,000 workers, is the world's largest temporary employmentagency. Every morning, its people 41 into the offices and factories of America,seeking a day*s work for a day's pay. One day at a time. 42 industrial giants likeGeneral Motors and IBM struggle to survive 43 reducing the number of employees,Manpower, based in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, is booming.44 its economy continues to recover, the US is increasingly becoming a nationof part-timers and temporary workers. This “45” work force is the most important46 in American business today, and it is 47 changing the relationshipbetween people and their jobs. The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remainglobally competitive 48 avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens 49by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans. For workers it can mean an end tothe security, benefits and sense of 50 that came from being a loyal employee.41 .[A] swarm42. [A] For43 .[A] from44 . [A] Even though45 .[A] durable46. [A] approach47 .[A] instantly48. [A] but49 .[A] imposed50 .[A] excitement[B] stride [C] separate [D] slip[B] Because [C] As [D] Since[B] in [C] on [D] by[B] Now that [C] If only [D] P rovided that[B] disposable [C] available [D] transferable[B] flow [C] fashion [D] trend[B] reversely [C] fundamentally [D] sufficiently[B] while [C] and [D] whereas[B] restricted [C] illustrated [D] confined[B] conviction [C] enthusiasm [D] importance1998 年P assage 5Until recently most historians spoke very critically of the Industrial Revolution.They 41 that in the long run industrialization greatly raised the standard ofliving for the 42 man. But they insisted that its 43 results during theperiod from 1750 to 1850 were widespread poverty and misery for the 44 of theEnglish population. 45 contrast, they saw in the preceding hundred years from1650 to 1750, when England was still a 46 agricultural country, a period of greatabundance and prosperity.This view, 47 . is generally thought to be wrong. Specialists 48history and economics, have 49 two things: that the period from 1650 to 1750 was50 by great poverty, and that industrialization certainly did not worsen and may haveactually improved the conditions for the majority of the populace.41.[A] admitted[B] believed[C] claimed[D] predicted42.[A] plain[B] average[C] mean[D] normal43.[A] momentary[B] prompt[C] instant[D] immediate44.[A] bulk[B] host[C] gross[D] magnitude45.[A] on[B] With[C] For[D] By46.[A] broadly[B] thoroughly[C] generally[D] completely47.[A] however[B] meanwhile[C] therefore[D] moreover48.[A] at[B] in[C] about[D] for49.[A] manifested[B] approved[C] shown[D] speculated50.[A] noted[B] impressed[C] labeled[D] marked1999 年P assage 6Industrial safety does not just happen. Companies 41 low accident rates plantheir safety programs, work hard to organize them, and continue working to keep them42 and active. When the work is well done, a 43 of accident-freeoperations is established 44 time lost due to injuries is kept at a minimum.Successful safety programs may 45 greatly in the emphasis placed on certainaspects of the program. Some place great emphasis on mechanical guarding. Others stresssafe work practices by 46 rules or regulations. 47 others depend on anemotional appeal to the worker. But, there are certain basic ideas that must be used in everyprogram if maximum results are to be obtained.There can be no question about the value of a safety program. From a financialstandpoint alone, safety 48 . The fewer the injury 49 . the better theworkman's insurance rate. This may mean the difference between operating at 50 orat a loss.41 .[A] at42 .[A] alive43 .[A] regulation44 .[A] where45 .[A] alter46 .[A] constituting47 .[A] some48 .[A] comes off49 .[A] claims5O .[A] an advantage[B] in[B] vivid[B] climate[B] how[B] differ[B] aggravating[B] Many[B] turns up[B] reports[B] a benefit[C] on[C] mobile[C] circumstance[C]what[C] shift[C] observing[C] Even[C] pays off[C] declarations[C] an interest[D] with[D] diverse[D] requirement[D] unless[D] distinguish[D] justifying[D] still[D] holds up[D] proclamations[D] a profit2000 年P assage 7If a farmer wishes to succeed, he must try to keep a wide gap between his consumption and hisproduction. He must store a large quantity of grain 41 consuming all his grainimmediately. He can continue to support himself and his family 42 he produces asurplus. He must use this surplus in three ways: as seed fbr sowing, as an insurance43 the unpredictable effects of bad weather and as a commodity which he must sell inorder to 44 old agricultural implements and obtain chemical fertilizers to 45the soil. He may also need money to construct irrigation 46 and improve his farmin other ways. If no surplus is .available, a fanner cannot be 47 .He must eithersell some of his property or 48 extra funds in the form of loans. Naturally he will tryto borrow money at a low 49 of interest, but loans of this kind are not 50obtainable.5O.[A] genuinely [B] obviously [C] presumably [D] frequently41 .[A] other than[B] as well as[C] instead of[D] more than42.[A] only of[B] much as[C] long before[D] ever since43.[A] for[B] against[C] of[D] towards44.[A] replace[B] purchase[C] supplement[D] dispose45.[A] enhance[B] mix[C] feed[D] raise46.[A] vessels[B] routes[C] paths[D] channels47.[A] self-confident[B] self-sufficient[C] self-satisfied[D] self-restrained48.[A] search[B]save[C] offer[D]seek49.[A] proportion[B] percentage[C] rate[D] ratio2001 年P assage 7The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy uppeople involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 32 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the LordChancellor, will introduce a 33 bill that will propose making payments towitnesses 34 and will strictly control the amount of 35 that can begiven to a case 36 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media selectcommittee, Lord Irvine said he 37 with a committee report this year which saidthat self^regulation did not 38 sufficient control.39 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 40 ofmedia protest when he said the 41 of privacy controls contained in Europeanlegislation would be left to judges 42 to P arliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 43the European Convention on Human Rights legally 44 in Britain, laid down thateverybody was 45 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protectthemselves and their families."P ress freedoms will be in safe hands 46 our British judges/* he said.Witness payments became an 47 after West sentenced to 10 life sentences in1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 48 to have received payments for telling theirstories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 49 witnesses might be encouraged toexaggerate their stories in court to 50_ guilty verdict.31.[A] as to[B] for instance[C] in particular[D] such as32.[A] tightening[B] intensifying[C] focusing[D] fastening33.[A]sketch[B]rough[C] preliminary[D] draft34.[A]illogical[B] illegal[C] improbable[D] improper35.[A]publicity[B] penalty[C] popularity[D] peculiarity36.[A]since[B] if[C] before[D] as37.[A]sided[B] shared[C] complied[D] agreed3 8. [A] present[B] offer[C] manifest[D] indicate39.[A]Release[B] P ublication[C] P rinting[D] Exposure40.[A]storm[B]rage[C] flare[D] flash41.[A]translation[B] interoperation[C] exhibition[D] demonstration42.[A]better than[B] other than[C] rather than[D] sooner than43.[A]changes[B] makes[C] sets[D] turns44.[A] binding[B] convincing[C] restraining[D] sustaining45.[A] authorized[B] credited[C] entitled[D] qualified46.[A] with[B] to[C] from[D] by47.[A] impact[B] incident[C] inference[D] issue48.[A] stated[B] remarked[C] said[D] told49.[A] what [B] when [C] which5O.[A] assure [B] confide [C] ensure[D] that[D] guarantee2002 年P assage 9Comparisons were drawn between the development of television in the 20th century andthe diffusion of printing in the 15th and 16th centuries. Yet much had happened 21 . Aswas discussed before, it was not 22 the 19th century that the newspaper became thedominant pre-electronic 23 、following in the wake of the pamphlet and the book andin the 24 of the periodical. It was during the same time that the communicationsrevolution 25 up, beginning with transport, the railway, and leading 26through the telegraph, the telephone, radio, and motion pictures 27 the 20th centuryworld of the motor car and the airplane. Not everyone sees that process in 28 It isimportant to do so.It is generally recognized, 29 、 that the introduction of the computer in theearly 20th century, 30 by the invention of the integrated circuit during the1960s,radically changed the process, 31 its impact on the media was notimmediately 32 . As time went by, computers became smaller and more powerful,and they became " personal" too, as well as 33 、with display becoming sharperand storage 34 increasing. They were thought of, like people, 35generations, with the distance between generations much 36 .It was within the computer age that the term "information society” began to be widely used todescribe the 37 within which we now live. The communications revolution has38 both work and leisure and how we think and feel both about place and time, but therehave been 39 views about its economic, political, social and cultural implications.“Benefits" have been weighed 40 "harmful" outcomes. And generalizations haveproved difficult.21 .[A] between22 .[A] after23 .[A] means24 .[A] process25 .[A] gathered26 .[A] on27 .[A] of28 .[A] concept29 .[A] indeed30 .[A] brought31 .[A] unless32 .[A] apparent33 .[A] institutional34 .[A] ability35 .[A] by means of36 .[A] deeper[B] before网by[B] method[B] company[B] speeded[B] out[B] fbr[B] dimension[B] hence[B] followed[B] since[B] desirable[B] universal[B] capability[B] in terms of[B] fewer[C] since[C] during[C] medium[C] light[C] worked[C] over[C] beyond[C] effect[C] however[C] stimulated[C] lest[C] negative[C] fundamental[C] capacity[C] with regard to[C] nearer[D] later[D] until[D] measure[D] form[D] picked[D] off[D] into[D] perspective[D] therefore[D] characterized[D] although[D] plausible[D] instrumental[D] faculty[D] in line with[D] smaller37 .[A] context38 .[A] regarded39 .[A] competitive40 .[A] above[B] range[C]scope[D] territory[B] impressed[C] influenced[D] effected[B] controversial[C] distracting[D] irrational[B] upon[C] against[D] with2003 年P assage 10Teachers need to be aware of the emotional, intellectual, and physical changes thatyoung adults experience. And they also need to give serious 21 to how they can best22 such changes. Growing bodies need movement and 23 . but not just inways that emphasize competition. 24 they are adjusting to their new bodies and awhole host of new intellectual and emotional challenges, teenagers are especiallyself-conscious and need the 25 that comes from achieving success and knowing thattheir accomplishments are 26 by others. However, the typical teenage lifestyle isalready filled with so much competition that it would be 27 to plan activities inwhich there are more winners than losers, 28 . publishing newsletters with manystudent-written book reviews, 29 student artwork, and sponsoring bookdiscussion clubs. A variety of small clubs can provide 30 opportunities forleadership, as well as fbr practice in successful 31 dynamics. Making friends isextremely important to teenagers, and many shy students need the 32 of some kindof organization with a supportive adult 33 visible in the background.In these activities, it is important to remember that young teens have 34 attentionspans. A variety of activities should be organized 35 participants can remain activeas long as they want and then go on to 36 else without feeling guilty and withoutletting the other participants 37 . This does not mean that adults must acceptirresponsibility. 38 they can help students acquire a sense of commitment by39 fbr roles that are within their 40 and their attention spans and by havingclearly stated rules.21. [A] thought22. [A] strengthen23. [A] care24. [A] if25. [A] assistance26. [A] claimed27. [A] improper28. [A] in effect29. [A] displaying30. [A] durable31. [A] group32. [A] consent33. [A] particularly34. [A] similar35. [A] if only36. [A] everything37. [A] off[B] ideal[B] accommodate[B] nutrition[B] although[B] guidance[B] admired[B] risky[B] as a result[B] describing[B] excessive[B] individual[B] insurance[B] barely[B] long[B] now that[B] anything[B] down[C] opinion[C] stimulate[C] exercise[C] whereas[C] confidence[C] ignored[C] fair[C] fbr example[C] creating[C] surplus[C] personnel[C] admission[C] definitely[C] different[C] so that[C] nothing[C] out[D] advice[D] enhance[D] leisure[D] because[D] tolerance[D] surpassed[D] wise[D] in a sense[D] exchanging[D] multiple[D] corporation[D] security[D] rarely[D] short[D] even if[D] something[D] alone38. [A] on thecontrary39. [A] making40. [A] capabilities[C] on the whole[C] planning[C] proficiency[B] on the average[B] standing[B] responsibilities[D] on the other hand[D] taking[D] efficiency2004 年Passage 11Many theories concerning the causes of juvenile delinquency (crimes committed by youngpeople) fbcus either on the individual or on society as the major contributing influence. Theories21 on the individual suggest that children engage in criminal behavior 22 theywere not sufficiently penalized for previous misdeeds or that they have learned criminal behaviorthrough 23 with others. Theories focusing on the role of society suggest that childrencommit crimes in 24 to their failure to rise above their socioeconomic status 25as a rejection of middle-class values.Most theories of juvenile delinquency have focused on children from disadvantagedfamilies, 26 the fact that children from wealthy homes also commit crimes. The lattermay commit crimes 27 lack of adequate parental control. All theories, however, aretentative and are 28 to criticism.Changes in the social structure may indirectly 29 juvenile crime rates. Forexample, changes in the economy that 30 to fewer job opportunities fbr youth and risingunemployment 31 make gainful employment increasingly difficult to obtain. Theresulting discontent may in 32 lead more youths into criminal behavior.Families have also 33 changes these years. More families consist of one parenthouseholds or two working parents; 34 , children are likely to have lesssupervision at home 35 was common in the traditional family 36 . Thislack of parental supervision is thought to be an influence on juvenile crime rates. Other 37causes of offensive acts include frustration or failure in school, the increased 38 ofdrugs and alcohol, and the growing 39 of child abuse and child neglect. All theseconditions tend to increase the probability of a child committing a criminal act, 40 adirect causal relationship has not yet been established.21.[A] acting[B] relying[C] centering[D] commenting22.[A] before[B] unless[C] until[D] because23.[A] interactions[B] assimilation[C] cooperation[D] consultation24. [A] return[B] reply[C] reference[D] response25.[A] or[B] but rather[C] but[D] or else26.[A] considering[B] ignoring[C] highlighting[D] discarding27.[A] on[B] in[C] fbr[D] with28.[A] immune[B] resistant[C] sensitive[D] subject29. [A] affect[B] reduce[C] check[D] reflect30. [A] point[B] lead[C] come[D] amount31. [A] in general[B] on average[C] by contrast[D] at length32. [A] case[B] short[C] turn[D] essence33. [A] survived[B] noticed[C] undertaken[D] experienced34. [A] contrarily[B] consequently[C]similar[D] simultaneous135. [A] than[B] that[C] which[D] as36. [A] system[B] structure[C] concept [D] heritage37. [A] assessable[B] identifiable[C] negligible [D] incredible38. [A] expense[B] restriction[C] allocation [D] availability39. [A] incidence[B] awareness[C] exposure [D] popularity40. [A] provided[B] since[C] although [D] supposing2005 年The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellerscompared with animals, (1)this is largely because, (2)animals, we standupright. This means that our noses are (3)to perceiving those smells which floatthrough the air, (4) the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5), we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6)we do not generally realize it.Our noses are capable of (7)human smells even when these are (8)to farbelow one part in one million.Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but notanother,(9)others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be becausesome people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10)smell receptors in thenose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11)to the brain.However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12)cansuddenly become sensitive to it when (13)to it often enough.The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14)to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) newreceptors if necessary. This may (16)explain why we are not usually sensitive toour own smells — we simply do not need to be. We are not (17)of the usual smellof our own house, but we (18)new smells when we visit someone else's. The brainfinds it best to keep smell receptors (19)for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20)the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.1. [A] although[B]as[C]but[D] while2. [A]above[B] unlike[C] excluding[D] besides3. [A] limited[B] committed[C] dedicated[D] confined4. [A] catching[B] ignoring[C] missing[D] tracking5. [A] anyway[B] though[C] instead[D] therefore6. [A]even if[B] if only[C] only if[D] as if7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering[C] determining[D] detecting8. [A] diluted[B] dissolved[C] dispersed[D] diffused9. [A] when[B] since[C] for[D] whereas10. [A] unusual[B] particular[C] unique[D] typical11. [A] signs[B] stimuli[C] messages[D] impulses12. [A] at first[B]at all[C]at large[D] at times13. [A] subjected[B] left[C] drawn[D] exposed14. [A] ineffective[B] incompetent[C] inefficient[D] insufficient15. [A] introduce[B] summon[C] trigger[D] create16. [A] still[B]also[C] otherwise[D] nevertheless17. [A] sure[B] sick[C] aware[D] tired18. [A] tolerate[B] repel[C] neglect[D] notice19. [A] available[B] reliable[C] identifiable[D] suitable20. [A] similar to[B] such as[C] along with[D] aside from2006年真题The homeless make up a growing percentage of America's population. _ 1_homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can't possibly _ 2 _ . Tohelp homeless people _ 3_ independence, the federal government must support job trainingprograms, _ 4_ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. _ 5_ everyoneagrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates _ 6_ anywhere from600,000 to 3 million. _ 7_ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that thenumber of the homeless is _ 8_ , one of the federal government's studies _ 9_ that thenumber of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.Finding ways to _ 10_ this growing homeless population has become increasinglydifficult. _ 1 1 _ when homeless individuals manage to find a _ 1 2 _ that will give themthree meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day_13_ the street. P art of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol ordrugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,_14_ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday _ 15_ skills need to turn theirlives _ 16_ . Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve onlywhen there are _ 17_ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. _ 18_Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,_19_ it, “There has to be _ 2 0 _ of programs. Whafs need is a package deal.”1. [A] Indeed[B] Likewise2. [A] stand[B] cope3. [A] in[B] for4. [A] raise[B] add5. [A] Generally[B] Almost6. [A] cover[B]change7. [A]now that[B]although8. [A]inflating[B]expanding9. [A]predicts[B]displays10. [A]assist[B]track11. [A] Hence[B]But12. [A]lodging[B]shelter13. [A]searching[B]strolling14. [A]when[B]once15. [A]life[B]existence16. [A]around[B]over17. [A]complex[B]comprehensive18. [A]So[B]Since19. [A]puts[B] interprets20. [A]supervisionB]manipulation[C] Therefore[D] Furthermore[C] approve[D] retain[C] w汕[D] toward[C]take[D] keep[C] Hardly[D] Not[C] range[D]differ[C]provided[D]Except that[C]increasing[D]extending[C]proves[D]discovers[C] sustain[D]dismiss[C]Even[D]Only[C]dwelling[D]house[C]crowding[D]wandering[C]while[D]whereas[C]survival[D]maintenance[C]on[D]up[C]complementary[D]compensating[C]As[D]Thus[C]assumes[D]makes[C]regulation[D]coordination94-06参考答案(1994) Passage l.ACBDC(1995) Passage 2.BCCBDABCDDCADAB(1996) Passage 3.CDABCADBCA(1997) Passage 4. ACDABDCBAD(1998) Passage 5. ABDADDABCD(1999) Passage 6. DABABCDCAD(2000) Passage 7. CABACDBDCD(2001) Passage 8. DADBACDBBA BCBAC ADCDC(2002) Passage 9. ADCBBADDCB DAACB DACBC(2003) Passage 10. ABCDCBDCAD ADBDC DBACA(2004) Passage 11. CDADABCDAB ACDBA BBDAC(2005) passagell. CBACBADADB CADCC BCDAB(2006) passage 13. ABCAACACDC BBCAD2008年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, Cor D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)The idea that some groups of people may be more intelligent than others is one of thosehypotheses that dare not speak its name. But Gregory Cochran is _ 1_ to say it anyway. Heis that _ 2_ bird, a scientist who works independently__ 3_ any institution. He helpedpopularize the idea that some diseases not _ 4_ thought to have a bacterial cause wereactually infections, which aroused much controversy when it was first suggested._ 5 _ he, however, might tremble at the _ 6 _ of what he is about to do. Togetherwith another two scientists, he is publishing a paper which not only _ 7_ that one group ofhumanity is more intelligent than the others, but explains the process that has brought thisabout. The group in _ 8 _ are a particular people originated from central Europe. Theprocess is natural selection.This group generally do well in IQ test, _ 9_ 12-15 points above the _10_ value of100, and have contributed _ 1 1 _ to the intellectual and cultural life of the West, as the_12_ of their elites, including several world-renowned scientists, _ 13_ . They also suffermore often than most people from a number of nasty genetic diseases, such as breast cancer.These facts, _ 14_ , have previously been thought unrelated. The former has been _ 15_to social effects, such as a strong tradition of _ 16_ education. The latter was seen as a (an)_17_ of genetic isolation. Dr. Cochran suggests that the intelligence and diseases areintimately _ 18_ . His argument is that the unusual history of these people has _ 19_them to unique evolutionary pressures that have resulted in this _ 20_ state of affairs.1. [A] selected[B] prepared[C] obliged[D] pleased2. [A] unique[B] particular[C] special[D] rare3. [A] of[B] with[C] in[D] against4. [A] subsequently[B] presently[C] previously[D] lately5. [A] Only[B] So[C] Even[D] Hence6. [A] thought[B] sight[C] cost[D] risk7. [A] advises[B] suggests[C] protests[D] objects8. [A] progress[B] fact[C] need[D] question9. [A] attaining[B] scoring[C] reaching[D] calculating10. [A] normal[B] common[C] mean[D] total11. [A] unconsciously[B] disproportionately[C] indefinitely[D] unaccountably12. [A] missions[B] fortunes[C] interests[D] careers13. [A] affirm[B] witness[C] observe[D] approve14. [A] moreover[B] therefore[C] however[D] meanwhile15. [A] given up[B] got over[C] carried on[D] put down16. [A] assessing[B] supervising[C] administering[D] valuing17. [A] development[B] origin[C] consequence[D] instrument18. [A] linked[B] integrated[C] woven[D] combined19. [A] limited[B] subjected[C] converted[D] directed20. [A] paradoxical[B] incompatible[C] inevitable[D] continuousSection I: Use of English (10 points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.A7.B8.D9.B10. c11. B12. D13. A14. C15. D16. D17. C18. A19. B20. A2007年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section IUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B],[C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)By 1830 the former Spanish and P ortuguese colonies had become independent nations.The roughly 20 million _ 1_ of these nations looked ___2_ to the future. Bom in thecrisis of the old regime and Iberian Colonialism, many of the leaders of independence_ 3 _ the ideals of representative government, careers _ 4 _ to talent, freedom ofcommerce and trade, the _ 5 _ to private property, and a belief in the individual as the basisof society. _ 6_ there was a belief that the new nations should be sovereign and independentstates, large enough to be economically viable and integrated by a _ 7_ set of laws.On the issue of _ 8 _ of religion and the position of the church, _ 9 _ , there was lessagreement ___l0_ the leadership. Roman Catholicism had been the state religion and theonly one _11_ by the Spanish crown. 12_ most leaders sought to maintainCatholicism _13_ the official religion of the new states, some sought to end the ___14_of other faiths. The defense of the Church became a rallying _ 15_ for the conservativeforces.The ideals of the early leaders of independence were often egalitarian, valuing equalityof everything. Bolivar had received aid from Haiti and had _16_ in return to abolishslavery in the areas he liberated. By 1854 slavery had been abolished everywhere exceptSpain's __ 17_ colonies. Early promises to end Indian tribute and taxes on people of mixedorigin came much _ 18_ because the new nations still needed the revenue such policies_19_ . Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the populationwas ___20_ self-rule and democracy.1.[A] natives[B] inhabitants[C] peoples[D] individuals2.[A] confusedly[B] cheerfully[C] worriedly[D] hopefully3.[A] shared[B] forgot[C] attained[D] rejected4.[A] related[B] close[C] open[D] devoted5.[A] access[B] succession[C] right[D] return6.[A] P resumably[B] Incidentally[C] Obviously[D] Generally7.[A] unique[B] common[C] particular[D] typical8.[A] freedom[B] origin[C] impact[D] reform9.[A] therefore[B] however[C]indeed[D] moreover10.[A] with[B]about[C] among[D] by11.[A] allowed[B] preached[C] granted[D] funded12. [A] Since[B] If[C] Unless[D] While13.[A] as[B] for[C] under[D] against14.[A] spread[B] interference[C] exclusion[D] influence15.[A] support[B] cry[C] plea[D] wish16.[A] urged[B] intended[C] expected[D] promised17.[A] controlling[B] former[C] remaining[D] original18.[A] slower[B] faster[C] easier[D] tougher19.[A] created[B] produced[C] contributed[D] preferred20.[A] puzzled by[B] hostile to[C] pessimistic about [D] unprepared forSection I: Use of English (10 points)1.B2.D3.A4.C5.C6.D7.B8.A9.B10. c11. A12. D13. A14. C15. B16. D17. C18. A19. B20. D2010年全国硕士研究生入学统•考试英语试题Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank, and mark[A], [B],[C]or[D]on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)In 1924 American? National Research Council sent to engineers to supervise a series of industrialexperiments at a large telephone-parts factory called the Hawthorne P lant near Chicago. It hopedthey would learn how stop-floor lignting_ 1 _ workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended_ 2__ giving their name to the u Hawthorne effectv , the extremely influential idea that thevery___3 to being experimented upon changed subjects' behavior.The idea arose because of the _ 4___ behavior of the women in the Hawthorne plant. Accordingto _ 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also whenit was dimmed. It did not _ 6 what was done in the experiment;___7_somcting waschanged productivity rose. A(n)___8___that they were being experimented upon seemed to be9___to alter workersJ behavior 10 itself. After several decades, the same data were_11 _ to econometric the analysis. Hawthorne experiments has another surprise store _12 _ thedescriptions on record, no systematic 13_ was found that levels of productivity were related tochanges in lighting. It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may be have letto_ 14_ interpretation of what happed._ 15___, lighting was always changed on aSunday .When work started again on Monday, output _ 1 6 ___rose compared with the previousSaturday and_ 17 _ to rise for the next couple of days._ 18_, a comparison with data forweeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Monday,workers_ 19_ to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case , before _ 20 _ aplateau and then slackening off. This suggests that the alleged v Hawthorne effect “ is hard to pindown.1. [A] affected [B]achieved [C]exlracted [D]restored2. [A]at [B]up [C]with [D]Off3. [A]truth [B]sight [C]act [D]proof4. [A] controversial [B]pcrplexing [c]mischievous [D]ambiguous5. [A]requirement [B]explanations [C]accounts [D]assessments6. [A]conclude [B]matter [C]indicate [D]work7. [A]as far as [B]fbr fear that [C]in case that [D]so long as8. [A]awarcness [B]expectation [C]sentimcnt [D]illusion9. [A]suitable [B]excessive [C]enough [D]abundant10. [A]about [B]fbr [C]on [D]by11. [A]compared [B]shown [C]subjected [D]conveyed12. [A]contrary to [B]consistent with [C]parallcl with [D]pealliar to13. [A]evidence [B]guidance [C]implication [D]source14. [A]disputable [B]enlightening [C]reliable [D]mislcadmg15. [A]In contrast [B]For example [C]In consequence [D]As usual16. [A]duly [B]accidentally [C]unpredictably [D]suddenly17. [A]failed [B]ceased [C]started [D]continued18. [A]Therefbre [B]Furthermore [C]However[D]Meanwhile19. [A]Attempted [B]tended [C]chose [D]intenced20. [A]breaking [B]climbbing [C]surpassmg [D]hitingSection I Use of English1. A2. B3. C4. B 5. C 6. B7. D8. A 9. C 10. D ll. C 12. A 13. A 14. D 15. B16. A 17. D 18. C 19. B20. D阅读新题型2010P artBDirections:For Questions 41-45,choose the most suitable paragraphs froin the first A-G and fill theminto the numbered boxes to from a coherent text P aragraph E has been correctly placed. There isone paragraph which dose not fit in with the text. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEETl.(10points)[A]The first and more important is the consumer's growing preference for eating out; theconsumption of food and drink in places other than homes has risen from about 32 percent of totalconsumption in 1995 to 35 percent in 2000 and is expected to approach 38 percent by 2005. Thisdevelopment is boosting wholesale demand from the food service segment by 4 to 5 percent a yearEurope compared with growth in retail demand of 1 to 2 percent. Meanwhile as the recession islooming large, people arc getting anxious. They tend to keep a tighter hold on their purse andconsider eating at home a realistic alternative.[B]Retail sales of food and drink in Europe's largest markets are at a standstill,lesvingEuropean grocery retailers hungry for opportunities to grow.Most leading retailers have alteadytried e-commerce,with limit success,and expansion abroad.But almost all have ignored thebig.profitable opportunity in their own backyard the wholesale food and drink trade,whochappears to be just the kind of market retailers need.[C]Will such variations bring about a change in the overall structure of the food anddrinkmarket?Definitcly not.The functioning of the market is basrd on flexibleTrends dominated by potential buyers.In other words it is up to the buyer tather than theseller to decide what to buy.At any rate this change will ultimately be acclaimed by anever-growing number of both domestic and international consumers regardless of how long thecurrent consumer pattern will take hold.[D] All in all,this clearly seems to be a market in which big retailers that master theintricacies of wholesaling in Europe may well expect to rake in substantial profits there by.Atleast,that is how it looks as a whole.Closer inspection reveals import differences among thebiggest national markets,especially in their customer segments and wholesale structures,as well asthe competitive dynamics of individual food and drink categories.Big retailers must understandthese differences before they can identify the segments of European wholesaling in whichparticular abilities might unseat smaller but enerenched competitors.New skills and unfamiliarbusiness models are needed too.[E] Despite variations in detail,wholesale markets in the countries that have been closelyexamined—France,Gennany,Italy,and Spain—are made out of same building blocks.Demandcomes mainly from two sources:independent morn-and-pop grocery stores which,unlike largeretail chains,are two small to buy straight from producers,and food service operators range fromsnack machines to large institutional catering ventures,but most of these businesses are known inthe trade as 4thoreca^^:hotels,restaurants,and cafes.Overall, Europe's retail wholesale market, butthe figures,when added together,mask two opposing trends.[F] For example, wholesale food and drink sales come to S268 billion in France, Germany,Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom in 2000-more than 40 percent of retail sales. Moreover,average overall margins are higher in wholesale than in retail; wholesale demand from the foodservice sector is growing quickly as more Europeans eat out more often;and changes in thecompetitive dynamics of this fragmented industry are at last making it feasible for wholesalers toconsiderate.[G] However, none of these requirements should deter large retails and even some large goodproducers and existing wholesalers from trying their hand,for those that master the intricacies ofwholesaling in Europe stand to reap considerable gains.41 ― 42 - 43 — 44 — E — 45新题型41. B42. F43. D44. G45. A阅读理解新题型08Part BDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41- 45, choosethe most suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are twoextra choices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10 points)The time for sharpening pencils, arranging your desk, and doing almost anything elseinstead of writing has ended. The first draft will appear on the page only if you stop avoidingthe inevitable and sit, stand up, or lie down to write. (41)Be flexible. Your outline should smoothly conduct you from one point to the next, but donot permit it to railroad you. If a relevant and important idea occurs to you now, work it intothe draft. (42) Grammar, punctuation, and spelling can wait until yourevise. Concentrate on what you are saying. Good writing most often occurs when you are inhot pursuit of an idea rather than in a nervous search for errors.(43) Your pages will be easier to keep track of that way, and, if youhave to clip a paragraph to place it elsewhere, you will not lose any writing on the other side.If you are working on a word processor, you can take advantage of its capacity to makeadditions and deletions as well as move entire paragraphs by making just a few simplekeyboard commands. Some software programs can also check spelling and certaingrammatical elements in your writing. (44) These printouts are alsoeasier to read than the screen when you work on revisions.Once you have a first draft on paper, you can delete material that is unrelated to yourthesis and add material necessary to illustrate your points and make your paper convincing.The student who wrote "The A & P as a State of Mind“ wisely dropped a paragraph thatquestioned whether Sammy displays chauvinistic attitudes toward women. (45)Remember that your initial draft is only that. You should go through the paper manytimes - and then again - working to substantiate and clarify your ideas. You may even end upwith several entire versions of the paper. Rewrite. The sentences within each paragraphshould be related to a single topic. Transitions should connect one paragraph to the next sothat there are no abrupt or confusing shifts. Awkward or wordy phrasing or unclear sentencesand paragraphs should be mercilessly poked and prodded into shape.[A] To make revising easier, leave wide margins and extra space between lines so that youcan easily add words, sentences, and corrections. Write on only one side of the paper.[B] After you have clearly and adequately developed the body of your paper, pay particularattention to the introductory and concluding paragraphs. It's probably best to write theintroduction last, after you know precisely what you are introducing. Concludingparagraphs demand equal attention because they leave the reader with a final impression.[C] It's worth remembering, however, that though a clean copy fresh off a printer may lookterrific, it will read only as well as the thinking and writing that have gone into it. Manywriters prudently store their data on disks and print their pages each time they finish adraft to avoid losing any material because of power failures or other problems.[D] It makes no difference how you write, just so you do. Now that you have developed atopic into a tentative thesis, you can assemble your notes and begin to flesh out whateveroutline you have made.[E] Although this is an interesting issue, it has nothing to do with the thesis, which explainshow the setting influences Sammy's decision to quit his job. Instead of including thatparagraph, she added one that described Lengcl's crabbed response to the girls so thatshe could lead up to the A & P "policy“ he enforces.[F] In the final paragraph about the significance of the setting in "A & P J the student bringstogether the reasons Sammy quit his job by referring to his refusal to accept Lengefsstore policies.[G] By using the first draft as a means of thinking about what you want to say, you will verylikely discover more than your notes originally suggested. P lenty of good writers don'tuse outlines at all but discover ordering principles as they write. Do not attempt tocompose a perfectly correct draft the first time around.参考答案：Section II: Reading Comprehension (60 points)Part B (10 points)41. D42. G43. A44. C45. E07PartBDirections:You are going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do toguide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A- G that best fits themeaning of each numbered part of the text (41-45). The first and last paragraphs of the textare not numbered. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark youranswers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)A. Set a Good Example for Your KidsB. Build Your Kids' Work SkillsC. P lace Time Limits on Leisure ActivitiesD. Talk about the Future on a Regular BasisE. Help Kids Develop Coping StrategiesF. Help Your Kids Figure Out Who They AreG. Build Your Kids' Sense of ResponsibilityHow Can a P arent Help?Mothers and fathers can do a lot to ensure a safe landing in early adulthood for their kids.Even if a job's starting salary seems too small to satisfy an emerging adulfs need for rapidcontent, the transition from school to work can be less of a setback if the start-up adult isready for the move. Here are a few measures, drawn from my book Ready or Not, Here LifeComes, that parents can take to prevent what I call 6twork-life unreadiness.”41You can start this process when they are 11 or 12. P eriodically review their emergingstrengths and weaknesses with them and work together on any shortcomings, like difficulty incommunicating well or collaborating. Also, identify the kinds of interests they keep comingback to, as these offer clues to the careers that will fit them best.I 42 | |Kids need a range of authentic role models - as opposed to members of their clique, popstars and vaunted athletes. Have regular dinner-table discussions about people the familyknows and how they got where they are. Discuss the joys and downsides of your own careerand encourage your kids to form some ideas about their own future. When asked what theywant to do, they should be discouraged from saying “I have no idea." They can change theirminds 200 times, but having only a foggy view of the future is of little good.43Teachers are responsible fbr teaching kids how to learn; parents should be responsiblefbr teaching them how to work. Assign responsibilities around the house and make surehomework deadlines are met. Encourage teenagers to take a part-time job. Kids need plentyof practice delaying gratification and deploying effective organizational skills, such asmanaging time and setting priorities.I 44 | |P laying video games encourages immediate content. And hours of watching TV showswith canned laughter only teaches kids to process information in a passive way. At the sametime, listening through earphones to the same monotonous beats fbr long stretches encourageskids to stay inside their bubble instead of pursuing other endeavors. All these activities canprevent the growth of important communication and thinking skills and make it difficult fbrkids to develop the kind of sustained concentration they will need fbr most jobs.45 | |They should know how to deal with setbacks, stresses and feelings of inadequacy. Theyshould also learn how to solve problems and resolve conflicts, ways to brainstonn and thinkcritically. Discussions at home can help kids practice doing these things and help them applythese skills to everyday life situations.What about the son or daughter who is grown but seems to be struggling and wanderingaimlessly through early adulthood? P arents still have a major role to play, but now it is moredelicate. They have to be careful not to come across as disappointed in their child. Theyshould exhibit strong interest and respect fbr whatever currently interests their fledging adult(as naive or ill conceived as it may seem) while becoming a partner in exploring options fbrthe future. Most of all, these new adults must feel that they are respected and supported by afamily that appreciates them.Part B (10 points)41. F42. D43. B44. C45. E06PartBDirections:In the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered gaps. There are two extrachoices, which you do not need to use in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1. (10 points)On the north bank of the Ohio river sits Evansville, Ind., home of David Williams, 52,and of a riverboat casino (a place where gambling games are played). During several years ofgambling in that casino, Williams, a state auditor earning $35,000 a year, lost approximately$175,000. He had never gambled before the casino sent him a coupon for $20 worth ofgambling.He visited the casino, lost the $20 and left. On his second visit he lost $800. The casinoissued to him, as a good customer, a "Fun Card”， which when used in the casino earns pointsfor meals and drinks, and enables the casino to track the user's gambling activities. ForWilliams, those activities become what he calls "electronic heroin**.(41). In 1997 he lost S21,000 to one slot machine in two days. In March 1997he lost $72,186. He sometimes played two slot machines at a time, all night, until the boatdocked at 5 a.m., then went back aboard when the casino opened at 9 a.m. Now he is suingthe casino, charging that it should have refused his patronage because it knew he was addicted.It did know he had a problem.In March 1998 a friend of Williams's got him involuntarily confined to a treatmentcenter fbr addictions, and wrote to inform the casino of Williams's gambling problem. Thecasino included a photo of Williams among those of banned gamblers, and wrote to him a"cease admissions^^ letter. Noting the medical/psychological nature of problem gamblingbehavior, the letter said that before being readmitted to the casino he would have to presentmedical/psychological information demonstrating that patronizing the casino would pose nothreat to his safety or well-being.(42) .The Wall Street Journal reports that the casino has 24 signs warning: "Enjoy the fun...and always bet with your head, not over it." Every entrance ticket lists a toll-free number fbrcounseling from the Indiana Department of Mental Health. Nevertheless, Williams5s suitcharges that the casino, knowing he was ''helplessly addicted to gambling,intentionallyworked to "lure" him to “engage in conduct against his will.,, Well.(43) .The fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders says"pathological gambling^^ involves persistent, recurring and uncontrollable pursuit less ofmoney than of thrill of taking risks in quest of a windfall.(44) . P ushed by science, or what claims to be science, society is reclassifyingwhat once were considered character flaws or moral failings as personality disorders akin tophysical disabilities.(45) .Forty-four states have lotteries, 29 have casinos, and most of these states are to varyingdegrees dependent on - you might say addicted to - revenues from wagering. And since thefirst Internet gambling site was created in 1995, competition for gamblers9 dollars has becomeintense. The Oct. 28 issue of Newsweek reported that 2 million gamblers patronize 1,800virtual casinos every week. With $3.5 billion being lost on Internet wagers this year, gamblinghas passed pornography as the Web's most profitable business.[A] Although no such evidence was presented, the casino's marketing department continuedto pepper him with mailings. And he entered the casino and used his Fun Card withoutbeing detected.[B] It is unclear what luring was required, given his compulsive behavior. And in what sensewas his will operative?[C] By the time he had lost $5,000 he said to himself that if he could get back to even, hewould quit. One night he won $5,500, but he did not quit.[D] Gambling has been a common feature of American life forever, but for a long time it wasbroadly considered a sin, or a social disease. Now it is a social policy: the mostimportant and aggressive promoter of gambling in America is the government.[E] David Williams's suit should trouble this gambling nation. But don't bet on it.[F] It is worrisome that society is medicalizing more and more behavioral problems, oftendefining as addictions what earlier, sterner generations explained as weakness of will.[G] The anonymous, lonely, undistracted nature of online gambling is especially conduciveto compulsive behavior. But even if the government knew how to move against Internetgambling, what would be its grounds for doing so?Part B (10 points)41. [C]42. [A]43. [B]44. [F]45. [D]05PartBDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the list A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are twoextra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET1. (10 points)Canada's premiers (the leaders of provincial governments), if they have any breath leftafter complaining about Ottawa at their late July annual meeting, might spare a moment to dosomething, together, to reduce health-care costs.They9re all groaning about soaring health budgets, the fastest-growing component ofwhich are pharmaceutical costs.41.What to do? Both the Romanow commission and the Kirby committee on health care —to say nothing of reports from other experts - recommended the creation of a national drugagency. Instead of each province having its own list of approved drugs, bureaucracy,procedures and limited bargaining power, all would pool resources, work with Ottawa, andcreate a national institution.42. ________But “national" doesn't have to mean that. "National“ could mean interprovincial —provinces combining efforts to create one body.Either way, one benefit of a "national" organization would be to negotiate better prices,if possible, with drug manufacturers. Instead of having one province — or a series of hospitalswithin a province - negotiate a price for a given drug on the provincial list, the nationalagency would negotiate on behalf of all provinces.Rather than, say, Quebec, negotiating on behalf of seven million people, the nationalagency would negotiate on behalf of 31 million people. Basic economics suggests the greaterthe potential consumers, the higher the likelihood of a better price.43. ________A small step has been taken in the direction of a national agency with the creation of theCanadian Co-ordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment, funded by Ottawa and theprovinces. Under it, a Common Drug Review recommends to provincial lists which newdrugs should be included. P redictably, and regrettably, Quebec refused to join.A few premiers are suspicious of any federal-provincial deal-making. They (particularlyQuebec and Alberta) just want Ottawa to fork over additional billions with few, if any, stringsattached. That's one reason why the idea of a national list hasn't gone anywhere, while drugcosts keep rising fast.44. ________P remiers love to quote Mr. Romanow's report selectively, especially the parts aboutmore federal money. P erhaps they should read what he had to say about drugs: "A nationaldrug agency would provide governments more influence on phannaceutical companies inorder to constrain the ever-increasing cost of drugs.”45.So when the premiers gather in Niagara Falls to assemble their usual complaint list, theyshould also get cracking about something in their jurisdiction that would help their budgetsand patients.[A] Quebec's resistance to a national agency is provincialist ideology. One of the firstadvocates for a national list was a researcher at Laval University. Quebec's DrugInsurance Fund has seen its costs skyrocket with annual increases from 14.3 percent to 26.8 per cent![B] Or they could read Mr. Kirby's report: "the substantial buying power of such anagency would strengthen the public prescription-drug insurance plans to negotiatethe lowest possible purchase prices from drug companies.[C] What does "national" mean? Roy Romanow and Senator Michael Kirbyrecommended a federal-provincial body much like the recently created NationalHealth Council.[D] The problem is simple and stark: health-care costs have been, are, and will continueto increase faster than government revenues.[E] According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information, prescription drug costshave risen since 1997 at twice the rate of overall health-care spending. P art of theincrease comes from drugs being used to replace other kinds of treatments. P art ofit arises from new drugs costing more than older kinds. P art of it is higher prices.[F] So, if the provinces want to run the health-care show, they should prove they can runit, starting with an interprovincial health list that would end duplication, saveadministrative costs, prevent one province from being played off against another,and bargain fbr better drug prices.[G] Of course, the pharmaceutical companies will scream. They like divided buyers;they can lobby better that way. They can use the threat of removing jobs from oneprovince to another. They can hope that, if one province includes a drug on its list,the pressure will cause others to include it on theirs. They wouldn't like a nationalagency, but self-interest would lead them to deal with it.Part B (10 points)41. [E]42. [C]43. [G]44. [F]45. [B]。