动词的时态和语态及动词辨析.doc

动词的时态和语态及动词辨析【知识要点剖析】（一）时态概念时态是谓语动词所表示的动作或情况发生的时间的各种形式英语有16种动词时态形 式，但常见的有9种，见下表：时态 名称表示时间表达的意义例句般 现 在 时现 在习惯性或经常性动作Class begins at eight every morning状况He looks tired.瞬间动作There comes the bus过 去描述过去的事实，以求描绘 的生动性The river rises higher and higher, breaks the banks and fills all low places・将 来固定不变或不易变的动作 或状态Tomorrow is Sunday.（在时间或条件从句中）表 示将来的动作或状态When he arrives, we'll go out to meet him.不受时间限制的动作或状态The sun rises in the east.Practice makes perfect.般 过 去 时过去某时（或某段时间内）的动 作He traveled in Europe last year.状态He was in Beijing some yearsago.习惯动作When I was at college, I wrote home once a week.先后一连串动作He went to town, bought some books and visited his daughter.现在或将来非真实的动作或状态，属虚 拟的语气范畴Tt^s time wc went.Tf he arrived tomorrow, I should meet him at the airport.时态名称表示 时间表达的辽义例句般 将 来 时将 来某个时刻（或某段时间内） 将來要发生的动作，更多地 用于带有条件从句的主句中He will come next week. Fll ask her as soon as she comes・状态Your dress will be ready soon.现在预测现在某事可能要发生了It^s eleven o'clock・ Mary will be in bed by now.现在的习惯A lion will never attack an elephant.现在的需要Shall I help you ?对将来的事情现在作出决定—Which shirt do you want ?—Fll take the blue one, please・现 在 进 行 时现在某时（或某段时间内）正在 进行的动作He is writing a letter now. She is visiting Beijing this week・婉转口气Fm hoping to hear from you soon.带有感情色彩的叙述The boy is always talking in class・将 来按计划一般不易变更的动作The train is leaving at 11: OOp・ m.・（在时间或条件从句中）表 示将来的动作When you are cycling along the street, dorf t forget the traffic light.过 去 进 行 时过去某时（或某段时间内）进行 的动作I was doing my homework this time last night.故事发工的背景The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.带有感情色彩的叙述He was making trouble all the time.过去说话前不久的动作I was telling him his mother was ill.婉转口气I was hoping you could help me.过 去 将 来 时过 去间接引用某人过去的话和想 法He warned us that the journey would be dangerous・习惯性动作At dusk, these old ladies would sit in rocking chairs and talk.现在非真实的动作或状态If I were you, I would study French.客气的请求Would you mind helping me ?愿望I would like a cup of tea・时态 名称<< zJ、时间表达的意义例句现 在 完 成 时完 成 用 法现在时间前完成的动作留 下的结果或影响He has turned off the light. I have been to Beijing twice.现在时间前己做的动作He is reading she book that he has bought recently.（在时间或条件从句中）表 示在将来某个时间前先要做完的动作Fl! return the book to you as soon as I have finished it.未完成 用法直到现在为上尚未完成的 动作He has lived in Beijing since last summer.过 去兀 成 时宀兀 成 用法过去某一时训或某一事件 前完成的动作或状态By the end of last term we had learned twelve units.He had been in this college for five years before I came to study.未宀 兀成用法过去某一时刻或某一事件 前己发生但未完成的动作By December last year, he had worked in Beijing for five years・He had been in this college for five years before I came to study.其 他 用 法表示非莫实的，想象的过去 动作或状态I wish T had told him about it. If the had worked harder, she would have succeeded・They had meant to see me off at the airport, but they got there too late.（二）时态运用1. 现在时态表示将來时用现在时表示将来时往往出现在下列状语从句中：if, unless, even if等引导的条件状 i吾MJiJ； when, before, after, once, until, till, as soon as（thc moment, immediately）等 引导的时间状语从句；no matter what/who/which/whcn/whcrc/how 或 whatever/whoever/whichever/whenever/ wherever/however 弓|导的让步状语 从句。

在上述从句中如果主彳U是将來时（往往出现will, shall, can, must等情态动词或祈使句），从句用一般现在时表示一般将来时如：「11 not go unless I'm invited・Tell him the news as soon as he comes・有时这个时态表示按计划、规定要发生的动作（句中带有时间状语），但限于少数动词 女n begin, come, leave, go, arrive, start, stop, return, open, close 等如：The meeting begins at seven.The train starts at nine in the morning.当主句是过去将来时，用一般过去时表过去将來时如：He said he would go for a holiday when he finished his work.上述从句中还可用现在完成时表示将来完成时，此时强调从句动作在主句Z前发生如：You can't go out until you have finished your homework.（先完成作业再出去玩。

2. 过去时在语境中的运用在没有时确时间状语的情况下，考生对过去时的判定往往会失误，原因是只凭汉语育 译而不看语境语境中的过去时，往往表示“刚才、刚刚”之意，暗示现在已“不再这样” 女口: T never thought he would do that.（我从没想到他会做这样的事）3 •现在完成时与一般过去时考生很容易将现在完成时误川为一般过去时，原因是没有深刻领会“现在完成时强调 对现在造成的影响”这句话的含义一般过去时仅仅说明动作在过去，不强调对现在的影响 女口: ——Where have you put the recorder ? I can't find it anywhere!—I put it right here, but now it's gone.问句用现在完成时，表明说话者在找录音机，希望对方告诉他录音机在哪儿而答语 用过去时，因为“录音机已经不见了”刚才”把录音机放这儿与“现在不见了”没有肓接 关系再如：He has forgot to turn off the light. Look, it's still on.（他"忘 ” 了，到现在还没有意识 到）I'm sorry. I forgot to post your letter. Ifs still in my pocket.（我已意识至!J 自己“忘 ” T）4. 某些固定句式中的时态在某些固定句式中，其时态是固定、约定俗成的。

1） This/It is the first/second...time + that从句that从句一般用现在完成时,如果把前边 的is改为was,则that从句用过去完成时如：This is the first time I have come here.It was the third time （that） he had made the same mistake.2） It is/has been + 一段时间+ since从句since从句中一般用过去时,如果将前边的 is改为was,则since从句中用过去完成时如：It was ten years since wc had had such a wondcrfiil time.3） be about to do... when... 为“即将 （这时）突然 ”如：I was about to go out when the telephone rang.4） be（was/were） + doing...when...为"正在干 （这时）突然 ”如：They were reading when Tom sh。