
否定句式面面观.doc
3页浅议否定句式甘肃靖远煤业公司一中(730913) 雒喜彪在中学英语教材中出现的否定句式主要有以下四种一、使用not的否定句式:1. 当句子的谓语动词是系动词be的形式,或者谓语部分含有助动词(be, have, has, will, shall等)或情态动词(can, could, must, would, may, should, had, would rather, had better等)时,在其后直接加not如:He will not come. 他不会来的I can’t speak French. 我不会讲法语You had better not go there. 你最好别去那2. 当含动词不等式、分词或动名词否定式的句子时,在其前直接加上not如:The teacher told us not to spit in the classroom. 老师告诉我们不要在教师里吐痰Not understanding the meaning of the word, he couldn’t explain the sentence. 不明白单词的意思,他无法解释这个句子Tom’s not coming made her very angry. 汤姆没来使她很不高兴。
3.当肯定句中谓语动词只是行为动词时,否定句要用“助动词do(does, did)+not+动词原形”表示如:She doesn’t study English well. 她英语学的不好We don’t go to school on Sundays. 我们星期天不上学4.祈使句的否定句式,在其句首要加Don’t如: Don’t read in bed. 不要躺在床上看书二、使用not以外的否定词构成否定句式1. 部分否定句式:以not加不定代词all, both, every, each及every的复合词做主语或主语定语的否定词,或not加副词always, wholly, completely, entirely等来否定谓语动词如:Both of them didn’t attend the meeting.(=Not both of them attended the meeting.) 他们两个未必都参加了会议Not all the ants go out for food. 不是所有的蚂蚁都出去觅食的Not every student can answer the question. 并非每一个学生都会回答这个问题。
2. 半否定句式:主要是通过hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely等半否定词表示的否定句 如:I can hardly write his name. 我几乎不能写我的名字He seldom goes there. 他很少去那儿3. 全部否定句式:主要通过none of +n., neither of +n., 或其他否定词, 如nobody, nothing, neither, nor, neither…nor…等表示全部否定 如:None of you watched carefully enough. 你们当中谁都观察得不够仔细Nobody agrees with what you said. 没有人同意你的说法Neither Tom nor John can help us. 汤姆和约翰都不能帮我们4. 含蓄否定句式:有些句中含有某些特定的词组,如prevent(stop)…from, too…to, would rather…than, refuse to do, fail to do, instead of等这些形式上看不到否定,但含有否定意义的句子。
如:The child is too young to go to school. 这孩子太小不能上学I would rather have a cold drink than coffee. 我宁愿来杯冷饮,也不愿喝咖啡The rain prevented him from going there. 那场雨使他无法去那儿I failed to(could not)understand it. 我无法理解它5. 含有否定词缀un-, im-, in-, dis- 等的词构成的否定句式That’s unfair. 那是不公平的It’s impossible. 这是不可能的三、转移否定句式在英语复合句中,有时主句形式是否定的,但在意义上却没有否定,而是否定了从句,即所谓“主句否定形式,从句否定意义”,或者说,从句的否定转移到主句中这种语法现象叫做否定的转移常见于下列几种情况1. 当主句的谓语动词为表示“相信,观点,推测,臆测”等动词(如:believe、think、expect、imagine、guess、suppose、be sure等)时,或当说话者要提出看法时如:I don’t think it’s necessary to buy a new one. 我认为没有必要买一个新的。
We don’t believe that he can finish it alone. 我们相信他不能独立完成这项工作I don’t suppose(that)you are right, are you? 我看你不对吧?2. 当view、belief、wish、thought、opinion等名词做主句的表语时如:It is not my opinion that he is up to the job. 我认为他不适合这工作It is not our wish that you will break your promise.我们希望你不要违背诺言3. 由because引导的原因状语从句是否定意义时如:I didn’t leave home because I was afraid of my father. 我不是因为害怕父亲而离开家的注意:如上句否定leave,而肯定because从句,则要在主句和从句中间用逗号隔开,写成:I didn’t leave home, because I was afraid of my father. 译为:我没有离开家,因为我怕我父亲。
4. 在seem to do ,seem(look、sound、feel)+as if 和It seems that结构中如:It doesn’t seem that he’s telling the truth. 看来他没有讲真话It doesn’t sound as if they know what to do. 听上去好像他们不知道该做什么It doesn’t look like it’s going to rain. 看来不会下雨5. 当happen, prove, pretend 后跟动词不定式时如:She didn’t happen to be there. 她碰巧不在那儿He didn’t pretend to know me. 他假装不认识我四、并列否定句式1. 在否定句中,并列成分的列举,通常用or,而不是用and如:It has no feet or legs. 它没有脚和腿There is no air or water there. 那里没有空气和水2. 表示否定列举时,如用and,则否定的是后一部分内容如:He cannot write and speak. 他会写,但不会说。
The TV sets are not made in Shanghai and in Nanjing. 这些电视机是上海造的,而不是南京造的3. 如果表示全部否定,则and连接的两个部分都要用否定词如:I have no eyes and no ears.(=I have neither eyes nor ears.) 我没眼睛,也没有耳朵Read in light which is not too bright and not too dim. 在不太亮也不太暗的灯光下看书4. 一个句子如出现两个否定词就是双重否定,被否定的两个部分可用and连接句式是:“主语+否定谓语+without+n.或v+ing形式”如:Men can’t live without air, water and food. 没有空气、水和食物,人不能活5. 与and不同的是not…as well as这一结构,它否定的是as well as 前面的内容如:The novel isn’t interesting as well as instructive. 这本小说无趣,但有教育意义。












