查尔斯·巴贝奇-详解.docx

查尔斯巴贝奇-详解 (重定向自巴贝奇)本条目包含过多不是中文的内容，欢迎协助翻译若已有相当内容译为中文，可迳自去除本模板查尔斯巴贝奇(Charles Babbage,1792—1871)查尔斯巴贝奇(Charles Babbage,1792—1871):科学管理的先驱者，第一台可编程的机械计算机的设计者目录 1 查尔斯巴贝奇生平简介 2 查尔斯巴贝奇的主要著作 3 查尔斯巴贝奇的成就 4 查尔斯巴贝奇设计计算机 5 巴贝奇在管理方面的主要贡献查尔斯巴贝奇生平简介　　巴贝奇出生于一个富有的银行家的家庭，曾就读于剑桥大学三一学院 1812年他协助建立了分析学会，其宗旨是向英国介绍欧洲大陆在数学方面的成就该学会推动了数学在英国的复兴 1814年和1817年先后获得文学学士和硕士学位 1815—1827年期间在伦敦从事科学活动，1827—1828年期间在欧洲大陆考察工厂 1828—1839年期间在剑桥大学任卢卡斯数学教授（原为伊萨克牛顿的教席）　　巴贝奇在1812/1813年初次想到用机械来计算数学表；后来，制造了一台小型计算机，能进行8位数的某些数学运算1823年得到政府的支持，设计一台容量为20位数的计算机。

它的制造要求有较高的机械工程技术于是巴贝奇专心从事于这方面的研究他于1834年发明了分析机（现代电子计算机的前身）的原理在这项设计中，他曾设想根据储存数据的穿孔卡上的指令进行任何数学运算的可能性，并设想了现代计算机所具有的大多数其他特性，但因1842 年政府拒绝进一步支援，巴贝奇的计算器未能完成斯德歌尔摩的舒茨公司按他的设计于1855年制造了一台计算器便真正的计算机则至到电子时代才制成　　巴贝奇在24岁时就被选为英国皇家学会会员他参与创建了英国天文学会和统计学会，并且是天文学会金质奖章获得者他还是巴黎伦理科学院、爱尔兰皇家学会和美国科学学院的成员查尔斯巴贝奇的主要著作　　他的主要著作有： 《各种人寿保险机构的比较观点》（1826） 《关于科学在英国的衰落及其某些原因的思考》（1830） 《对数表样本》 《论机器和制造业的经济》（1832） 《有关征税原则的思考、关于财产税及其免除》（1848） 《一个哲学家生涯的片段》（1864）　　此外，还有以下一些论文： 《机器在数学表计算中的应用》（1822） 《论用符号表示机器动作的方法》（1826） 《关于调节机器的应用一般原则的论文》（1829）查尔斯巴贝奇的成就　　发明分析机　　1823年得到政府的支持，设计一台容量为20位数的计算机。

它的制造要求有较高的机械工程技术　　于是巴贝奇专心从事于这方面的研究他于1834年发明了分析机（现代电子计算机的前身）的原理在这项设计中，他曾设想根据储存数据的穿孔卡上的指令进行任何数学运算的可能性，并设想了现代计算机所具有的大多数其他特性，但因 1842 年政府拒绝进一步支援，巴贝奇的计算器未能完成斯德歌尔摩的舒茨公司按他的设计于1855年制造了一台计算器使真正的计算机时至到电子时代才制成 巴贝奇在24岁时就被选为英国皇家学会会员他参与创建了英国天文学会和统计学会，并且是天文学会金质奖章获得者他还是巴黎伦理科学院、爱尔兰皇家学会和美国科学学院的成员查尔斯巴贝奇设计计算机　　Babbage sought a method by which mathematical tables could be calculated mechanically, removing the high rate of human error. Three different factors seem to have influenced him: a dislike of untidiness; his experience working on logarithmic tables; and existing work on calculating machines carried out by Wilhelm Schickard, Blaise Pascal, and Gottfried Leibniz. He first discussed the principles of a calculating engine in a letter to Sir Humphry Davy in 1822.　　Babbages machines were among the first mechanical computers, although they were not actually completed, largely because of funding problems and personality issues. He directed the building of some steam-powered machines that achieved some success, suggesting that calculations could be mechanized. Although Babbages machines were mechanical and unwieldy, their basic architecture was very similar to a modern computer. The data and program memory were separated, operation was instruction based, the control unit could make conditional jumps and the machine had a separate I/O unit.　　差分机(Difference engine)　　In Babbage’s time, numerical tables were calculated by humans who were called ‘computers’, meaning "one who computes", much as a conductor is "one who conducts". At Cambridge, he saw the high error-rate of this human-driven process and started his life’s work of trying to calculate the tables mechanically. He began in 1822 with what he called the difference engine, made to compute values of polynomial functions. Unlike similar efforts of the time, Babbages difference engine was created to calculate a series of values automatically. By using the method of finite differences, it was possible to avoid the need for multiplication and division.　　The first difference engine was composed of around 25,000 parts, weighed fifteen tons (13,600 kg), and stood 8 ft (2.4 m) high. Although he received ample funding for the project, it was never completed. He later designed an improved version, "Difference Engine No. 2", which was not constructed until 1989-1991, using Babbages plans and 19th century manufacturing tolerances. It performed its first calculation at the London Science Museum returning results to 31 digits, far more than the average modern pocket calculator.　　完成模型(Completed models)　　The London Science Museum has constructed two Difference Engines, according to Babbages plans for the Difference Engine No 2. One is owned by the museum; the other, owned by technology millionaire Nathan Myhrvold, went on exhibit at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California on 10 May 2008.The two models that have been constructed are not replicas; until the assembly of the first Difference Engine No 2 by the London Science Museum, no model of the Difference Engine No 2 existed.　　分析引擎(Analytical engine)　　Soon after the attempt at making the difference engine crumbled, Babbage started designing a different, more complex machine called the Analytical Engine. The engine is not a single physical machine but a succession of designs that he tinkered with until his death in 1871. The main difference between the two engines is that the Analytical Engine could be programmed using punch cards. He realized that programs could be put on these cards so the person had only to create the program initially, and then put the cards in the machine and let it run. The analytical engine would have used loops of Jacquards punched cards to contr。