英语语法之句子成分.doc

一、句子成分（一）句子成分的定义：v 构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语和同位语句子成分详解表句子成分意义充当词类例句主语表示句子说的是什么人或什么事名，代，数，不定式，动名词，短语或句子We study in Linzi Middle School.谓语说明主语做什么，是什么或怎么样动词或动词词组She is dancing under the tree.宾语表示动作行为的对象同主语Both of us like English.表语与联系动词连用，一起构成谓语，说明主语的性质或特征同主语Her father is a chemist.His words sound reasonable.定语用来修饰名词或代词形，代，数，名, 副，介词短语或句子We have eight lessons every day.状语修饰动词，形容词，副词，表示动作发生的时间，地点，原因，目的，方式，结果等副词，介词短语或句子He works very hard.They held a party in Hollywood.宾语补足语逻辑上与宾语是主谓关系形容词，名词，介词短语等She always keeps the house clean.主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。

宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无！（二）主语：v 主语 (Subject)是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首但在there be结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示例如：1. During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular. （ ）2. We often speak English in class. （ ）3. One-third of the students in this class are girls. （ ）4. To swim in the river is a great pleasure. （ ）5. Smoking does harm to the health. （ ）6. The rich should help the poor. （ ）7. When we are going to have an English test has not been decided. （ ）8. It is necessary to master a foreign language. （ ）趁热打铁一．改错：1. Do exercise is good for your health.2. Eat much meat is bad for your health.二．指出下列句中主语的中心词：The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.三． 找出下面句子的主语：1. It is a pleasure to talk to you.2. Cleaning the house needs a lot of time.（三）谓语 v 谓语 (Predicate) 说明主语是什么，做什么或怎么样，由动词充当。

主语和谓语在人称和数上必须保持一致谓语动词有多种时态，它是句子的核心谓语的构成如下：v 1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成如： He practices running every morning. The plane took off at ten o’clock. Open the door ,please. Don’t laugh at others. 注意： 祈使句，省略主语youv 2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成如： You may keep the book for two weeks. He has caught a bad cold. （2）由系动词加表语构成如： We are students.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致趁热打铁一．找出下列句子的主谓：1. we are working .2. I can swim very well .3. The waiter brought a bottle of beer to me .4. Why does the wind blow ?5. The rain has been pulling down for a whole day .6. Go and get some water for me.7. Jim asked you to give his best wishes to everyone .8. You must get the car ready by tomorrow .二． 填空1. It is difficult for me __________( finish) so much work within one night. Can you help me?2. John with two of his friends ________ (go ) to play basketball every Sunday afternoon.3. _______ (get) up earth is good for your health.4. ________(get) up early, or you will miss the bus.（四）表语 表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。

表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、 副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示例如： 1. Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）2. Is it yours?（代词）3. The weather has turned cold.（形容词）4. The speech is exciting.（分词）5. Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）6. His job is to teach English.（不定式）7. His hobby is playing football.（动名词）8. The meeting is of great importance.（介词短语）9. Time is up. The class is over.（副词）10. The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linking verb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如： He is a teacher. 2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep, remain, stay, lie, 例如：He always kept silent at meeting. 3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem, appear, look, 例如：He seems (to be) very sad.  4）感官系动词主要有feel, smell, sound, taste, 例如：This kind of cloth feels very soft. 5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become, grow, turn, fall, get, go, come, run.例如：He became mad after that.  6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove, turn out, 表达"证实"，"变成"之意，例如：The rumor proved false. His plan turned out a success.  趁热打铁一． 找出下列句中的表语:① The old man was feeling very tired.② Why is he worried about Jim?③ The leaves have turned yellow.④ Soon They all became interested in the subject.⑤ She was the first to learn about it.二．选出最佳答案： 1. _______ everyone here today?A. Be B. Are  C. Is D. Am2. Harry is older than I.  But  he _______ younger than I.A. look B. looks C. looked D. looking3. It _______ like the singing of the birds.A. sounds B. looks C. smells D. tastes4. This kind of cake tastes _______.A. good B. well C. to be good D. to be well5. The children all looked _______ at the broken model plane and felt quite _______.A. sad, sad B. sadly, sadly C. sad, sadly D. sadly, sad6. This kind of paper _______ nice.A. feel B. felt C. is feeling D. feels7. This math problem is _______ and I can do it _______.A. easy, easily B. easily, easily C. easy, easy D. easily, easy8. Coffee is ready. How nice it _______! Would you like some?A. looks B. smells C. sounds D. feels9. In winter the days _______ colder and colder.A. gets B. getting C. got D. get10. He _______ pale at the thought.A. got B. looked C. turned D. seeme。