2022年考研英语阅读习题演练 (16).docx

本文格式为Word版，下载可编辑2022年考研英语阅读习题演练 (16) Rewards and punishments are used in different ways by different communities to maintain social order and preserve cultural values.In all cultures，parents must teach their children to avoid danger and to observe the communitys moral precepts.Adults also condition each others observance of social norms，using methods ranging form mild forms of censure，such as looking away when someone makes an inappropriate remark，to imprisoning or executing individuals for behavior considered deviant or dangerous.The caning of American teenager Michael Fay in Singapore for vandalism in 1994 brought wide media attention to cultural differences in the application of punishment.Faced with increasing violence at home，many Americans endorsed Singapores use of corporal punishment to maintain social order.Was Fays punishment effective? Whether he subsequently avoids vandalism is unknown，but the punishment did apparently lead to his avoidance of Singaporewhich he left promptly.　　The operant techniques societies use to maintain social control vary in part with the dangers and threats that confront them.The Gusii of Kenya，with a history of tribal warfare，face threats not only from outsiders but also from natural forces，including wild animals.Gusii parents tend to rely more on punishment and fear than on rewards in conditioning appropriate social behavior in their children.Caning，food deprivation，and withdrawing shelter and protection are common forms of punishment.　　In contrast，the Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca，Mexico，are a highly cohesive community，with little internal conflict，and social norms that encourage cooperation.Their social patterns appear adaptive，for the Mixtecans are dominated by the nearby Spanish Mexicans，who control the official government and many economic resources in their region.The Mixtecans do not generally impose fines or jail sentences or use physical punishment to deter aggression in either adults or children.Rather，they tend to rely on soothing persuasion.Social ostracism is the most feared punishment，and social ties within the community are very strong，so responses that reinforce these ties are effective in maintaining social order.　　In the United States，fear of social ostracism or stigma was once a more powerful force in maintaining control over antisocial behavior，especially in small communities.Today，even imprisonment does not appear to be an adequate deterrent to many forms of crime，especially violent crime.Although one reason is the inconsistent application of punishment，another may be the fact that imprisonment no longer carries the intense stigma it once had，so that prison is no longer as an effective punishment.　　1.The best title of this passage would be____.　　[A] Crime and Punishment　　[B] Reward and Punishment　　[C] Social Order　　[D] Two Case Studies：Gusii of Kenya and Mixtecans of Juxtlahuaca　　2.According to the passage，what is a universal cultural norm in maintaining social order?　　[A] Children must be obedient to their parents.　　[B] People must publicly complain when someone misbehaves.　　[C] People should do their parts to ensure that others comply with social rules.　　[D] People should publicly humiliate the wrongdoers.　　3.What can be inferred from the Michael Fay case?　　[A] Many Americans were opposed to the corporal punishment that Michael Fay received in Singapore.　　[B] The American media did not pay any attention to cultural differences until 1994.　　[C] The caning was effective because Michael Fay subsequently refrained from vandalism.　　[D] Michael Fay left Singapore immediately after the caning punishment.　　4.What would a Gusii mother from Kenya most likely do to punish her children?　　[A] To stop giving them pocket money.　　[B] To persuade them in a gentle way.　　[C] To verbally humiliate them.　　[D] To threaten to expel them from the home.　　5.The wordstigmamost probably means____.　　[A] irony [B] verbal　　[C] persuasion [D] bad reputation　　核心词汇　　Preserve vt.爱护，保持 observe vt.遵守 mild adj.温柔的　　execute Vt.处死，执行 applicationn.应用 vary vi.变化，不同　　confront vt.使面临 warfare，1.战斗 tend vi.趋向 shelter n.庇护所　　cohesive adj.内聚的 intemal adj.口讲。

内部的 region n.区域，地区　　physical n.身体的　　为了维持社会秩序以及保持文化价值，不同的社会会采纳应用不同的方式进行奖惩在全部的文化中，父母必需教会孩子躲避危急并遵守社会的道德准则成年人同样会使用不同的方式来调整彼此对社会道德标准的遵守，这些方式从稍微指责比如当某人言语不得体时对其表示轻视到由于个人不道德的行为或是危急行为而对其进行监禁或者处决1994年，在新加坡的一个美国少年迈克尔费伊由于有意破坏公共财产而遭到鞭刑，实施这一惩处的文化差异引起了媒体的广泛关注面对越来越多的家庭暴力，许多美国人对新加坡用体罚来维持社会秩序的做法都表示赞同对费伊的惩处有效吗?之后他是否不再有意破坏公共财产?我们不得而知;但是，很明显，这样的惩处使他很快就离开了新加坡　　社会为了维持其社会秩序所使用的可行方式也会部分地随着它们所面临的危急及损害而转变肯尼亚的古西人有着很长时间部落战斗的历史，古西人所面临的威逼不仅来自于外族，还来自于自然力气包括野生动物的困扰古西人的父母情愿更多地依靠惩处及恐吓而不是奖赏来调整他们子女的社会行为鞭打、禁食及逐出家门都是惩处的常见形式　　与之相反，墨西哥朱克斯拉华卡的密克斯特坎人则组成了一个高度团结的社会，很少发生内鄙冲突，那里的社会准则就是鼓舞人与人之间的合作。

密克斯特坎人的社会模式看起来很具有适应由于他们被四周的西班牙裔墨西哥人所统治，西班牙裔墨西哥人掌握了当地的官方政府及许多经济资源通常状况下，密克斯特坎人并不采纳应用罚款和判刑或是用体罚的方式来避开成年人和孩子的犯罪相反，他们更情愿用安抚劝告的方式社会排挤是最让人可怕的惩处，社区内的社会联系非常亲密，因此，用于加强这些联系的响应在维护社会秩序时显得非常有效　　在美国，特殊是在一些小社区中，对社会排挤或是羞辱的恐惊对于掌握反社会行为来说曾经是比较强大的力气现在，甚至监禁看起来都不足以制止许多形式的犯罪，特殊是暴力犯罪虽然一个缘由是由于实行惩处的不全都性，但。