专八翻译讲解课件.ppt

TEM8: Translation 1) Grade Score Description 教学大纲和考试大纲对学生翻译能力教学大纲和考试大纲对学生翻译能力的要求的要求v教学大纲教学大纲v八级要求：能运用翻译的理论和技巧，将英美报刊上的文章以及文学原著译成汉语，或将我国报刊、杂志上的文章和一般文学作品译成英语，速度为每小时250～300个英文单词英文要求忠实原意，语言流畅能担任一般外事活动的口译v考试大纲考试大纲vIV．翻译 (Part V：Translation) v测试要求：汉译英项目要求应试者运用汉译英的理论和技巧，翻译我国报刊杂志上的论述文和国情介绍，以及一般文学作品的节录速度为每小时250～300汉字译文必须忠实原意，语言通顺英译汉项目要求应试者运用英译汉的理论和技巧，翻译英、美报刊杂志上有关政治、经济、历史、文化等方面的论述文以及文学原著的节录速度为每小时约250～300词译文要求忠实原意，语言流畅本题分为两项：Section A及Section B考试时间共计60分钟Section A：150词左右的段落被底线划出，要求根据上下文将此段落译成英语Section B：150词左右的段落被底线划出，要求根据上下文将此段落译成汉语。

翻译试题的特点翻译试题的特点v1、文体：v•汉译英：记叙、介绍、散文、论说v•英译汉：散文、论说、评论、演讲v2、语域：v•人文历史，无科技翻译v3、内容：无专门学术领域知识v注意：注意：v•1. 各年的翻译选段都是较正式的语体，未见不正式的讽刺性杂文，也未见不正式的小说对话即使涉及文学，也是作家的作品或思想介绍v•2. 为了帮助考生更好地理解待翻译的篇段，一般都提供较多的上下文但考生务必只翻译划线部分v•3. 从历届翻译考题看，以人生哲理、道德教育方面的内容为多，需着重关注v • 4. 重点推荐书目：v 张培基 《英译中国现代散文选》v 乔萍 等《散文佳作108篇》Chinese-English Translationv10-9 Excellent translationvThe translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor errors in vocabulary, syntax, punctuation or spelling. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns).v8-7 Good translation with few inaccuraciesvThe translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).Chinese-English Translationv6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuraciesvThe translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors of vocabulary, syntax, spelling or punctuation. The translation is, for the most part, readable.v4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuraciesvhalf, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadablev2-1 Poor translationvless than halfvAlmost all sentences contain errors of…vFor the most part, unreadablev重在表达English-Chinese Translationv9-10 Excellent translationvThe translation faithfully reflects all the original passage with only 1 or 2 minor lexical errors. It adequately reflects the style and tone of the original passage. The translation is elegant (appropriate choice of words, a variety in sentence patterns).v8-7 Good translation with few inaccuraciesvThe translation reflects almost all the original passage with relatively few significant errors in comprehending individual words, phrases, sentences or ideas. The translation is readable (generally clear, smooth and cohesive).English-Chinese Translationv6-5 Passable translation with some inaccuraciesvThe translation adequately reflects most of the original passage with occasional errors in comprehending individual words, phrases, sentences or ideas. The translation is, for the most part, readable.v4-3 Inadequate translation with frequent inaccuraciesvhalf, with frequent errors; in some parts, unreadablev2-1 Poor translationvless than halfvAlmost all sentences contain errors of…vFor the most part, unreadablev重在理解例：2003年英译汉 v第一句话为一个评分单元，一个词汇小错误扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分；v第二句话和第三句话为第二个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分；v从第四句话到he replies为第三个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣1分；v第一自然段的最后一句话为第四个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣2分；v最后一自然段为第五个评分单元，小错扣0.5分，大错扣1分，最多扣3分。

应试策略应试策略v（一）时间分配v水平？速度？v（二）书写工整v卷面，字迹，字体v（三）难点应对v绝对难点＋相对难点v（四）直译意译v英译汉：直译为主v汉译英：意译为先TEM8: Translation 2) Common Problems Identified in the Examinees’ WorkA Case Study of CE Translation (2003)v 得病以前，得病以前，我我受父母受父母宠爱宠爱，在家中，在家中横行霸道横行霸道，一旦，一旦隔离隔离，，拘禁拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我我顿感顿感打入冷打入冷宫宫，十分郁郁不得志起来十分郁郁不得志起来一个春天的傍晚，园中百花一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，怒放，父母父母在园中设宴，一时在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢宾客云集，笑语四溢我我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，一片繁华，自己的自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤喜气洋洋。

一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜兜上心头上心头，禁不住痛哭起来禁不住痛哭起来词汇问题v忽视词的语境含义v拘禁：be taken into custody (be confined in)v忽视词的轻重色彩v宠爱：indulge, pamper (dote on)v忽视词的语体风格v隔离：be in quarantine (be isolated)v忽视词的修辞含义v兜上心头：come up to my heart (be overwhelmed by) 句法问题v译文句式单一，并列句一统译文v受汉语结构影响，断句不果断，亦步亦趋 v受汉语结构影响，译文句子主从不明，逻辑松散v一个春天的傍晚，园中百花怒放，父母在园中设宴，一时宾客云集，笑语四溢vAt one dusk in spring, flowers were blooming wildly in the garden, my parents were holding a banquet, in which guests were gathering, laughters could be heard everywhere.v修改为：On a spring evening, my parents gave a banquet in the garden where a profusion of flowers were in full bloom. In no time, a crowd of their guests gathered, cheering and laughing.v得病以前，我受父母宠爱，在家中横行霸道，一旦隔离，拘禁在花园山坡上一幢小房子里，我顿感打入冷宫，十分郁郁不得志起来。

vBefore I fell ill, I had been the bully under our roofs owing to my doting parents. Feeling like being deposed into a cold palace, I began to taste the bitterness of depression immediately after I was isolated and confined in a cabin on the hillside of our garden.v我在山坡的小屋里，悄悄掀起窗帘，窥见园中大千世界，一片繁华，自己的哥姐，堂表弟兄，也穿插其间，个个喜气洋洋vI secretly lifted the curtain, only to catch a glimpse of the hustling and bustling scene in the garden. I saw my elder sisters, brothers and cousins shuttling among the guests, full of joy.v译文语篇逻辑混乱，衔接连贯不自然。

v一霎时，一阵被人摒弃，为世所遗的悲愤兜上心头，禁不住痛哭起来v考生译文：It was so quick that I felt being deserted by people and by the whole world, bursting into tears.v参考译文：All of a sudden, I was overwhelmed by the feeling of being forgotten and abandoned. With grief and indignation, I could not help crying my heart out.语篇问题参考译文二：v Before I fell ill, I had been a spoiled child of my parents, getting things my way in the family. Once isolated and confined to a small house on the slope of the garden, I suddenly found myself in disfavor and my wings clipped. One spring evening, with myriads of flowers in full bloom in the garden, my parents held a garden party in honor of many guests, whose arrival at once filled the place with laughing chats. In the small house on the slope, I quietly lifted the curtain, only to be met by a great and prosperous world with my elder brothers and sisters and my cousins among the guests, all in jubilation. All at once, seized by a fit of forlorn rage, I could not help bursting into tears.A Case Study of EC Translation (2003)v In his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is building. He describes the broad streets, rows of houses, a bustling metropolis. But his cousin looks around bewildered. All she sees is a forest. “Where are the beauties and improvements which you were to show me?” she asks. He’s astonished she can’t see them. “Where! Why everywhere,” he replies. For though they are not yet built on earth, he has built them in his mind, and they are as concrete to him as if they were already constructed and finished. Cooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come. As Albert Einstein once said, “Life for the American is always becoming, never being.”词汇问题v形近词误译vclassic/classical/class novel: 经典/古典/阶级小说vbewildered/wild:困惑的/疯狂的vtrait/strait/traitor: 特征/海峡/叛徒v多义词误译vcousin: 堂表兄妹（表妹）vhero: 英雄（男主人公）vbeauty: 美女（美好的事物）词汇问题v忽视词的褒贬色彩vfuture-mindedness: 空想/未来狂想/展望症（超前意识）v忽视词的搭配vJames Fenimore Cooper has his hero…v设置了一个英雄（叙述了主人公……）v对专有名词的固定译法缺乏积累vCooper: 裤博，琥珀，科普，刻薄，古巴，扣波尔……（库柏）v“The Pioneers”：《先锋》,《前沿者》，《志愿者》，《青年一代》……（《拓荒者》）句法问题v句子成分分析不清，造成理解有误vIn his classic novel, “The Pioneers”, James Fenimore Cooper has his hero, a land developer, with his cousin on a tour of the city he is buildingv考生误译：v库柏是一个土地开发商v库柏是主人公v库柏在他的小说《先锋》中带着他的堂妹,一个土地开发商,他心目中的英雄,到他在建造的城市游览。

句法问题v没有把握文章主旨，造成中心句理解困难，表达时生硬，不会运用翻译技巧vCooper was illustrating a distinctly American trait, future-mindedness: the ability to see the present from the vantage point of the future; the freedom to feel unencumbered by the past and more emotionally attached to things to come.v考生误译：v从当前看到未来发展的能力,这个自由是不受过去妨碍的,情感化地与未来联系起来v能从过去及能感知的将来中去感受不被约束的自由v对过去感到的一种自由和更多地涉及到将要发生的事情的感悟参考译文v 在其经典小说《开拓者》中，詹姆士·菲尼摩尔·库珀让主人公，一个土地开发商，带他的表妹参观正在由他承建的一座城市他描述了宽阔的街道，林立的房屋，热闹的都市他的表妹环顾四周，大惑不解她所看见的只是一片树林v “你想让我看的那些美景和改造了的地方在哪儿啊?”她问道。

v 他见表妹看不到那些东西，感到很惊讶哪儿?到处都是啊!”他答道虽然那些东西还未建成在大地上，但他已在心中将它们建好了对他来说，它们都是实实在在的，宛如已建成竣工一样 库珀这里阐明的是一种典型的美国人特性：着眼于未来，即能够从未来的角度看待现在；可以自由地不为过去所羁绊，而在情感上更多地依附于未来的事物正如阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦曾经说过的那样：“对美国人来说，生活总是在发展变化中，从来不会静止不变TEM8: Translation 3) Strategies to Tackle the Common Problemsv把握语篇逻辑发展，根据上下文逻辑理清句际关系，并结合段落主旨，理解难句汉译英时特别要注意语篇衔接和连贯v译文在文体风格上尽量和源文保持一致，专八翻译文体多为较为正式的文学文体v★译文句子要符合目的语规范，不要受源文句式结构的影响英语句子做到句式多样化，主从明确，逻辑紧凑汉语句子一般不要过长，碰到复杂的长句，按照一定的逻辑，断句重组v选词贴切，褒贬恰当，搭配合理，积累专有名词的固定译文TEM8: Translation 4) Translation Techniques Derived from a Contrastive Study of Syntactic Features Between English and Chinesesynthetic vs. analyticamplificationvChina was, and remains, and will be our friendly neighbor.v中国是我们的友好邻邦，中国是我们的友好邻邦，过去过去如此，如此，现在现在依然如此，依然如此，将来将来还会如此。

还会如此vBut for many, the fact that poor people are able to support themselves almost as well without government aid as they did with it is in itself a huge victory. v但是对很多人来说，但是对很多人来说，现在现在穷人在没有政府救济的情穷人在没有政府救济的情况下，仍能像况下，仍能像以前以前那样基本维持生计，这一事实本那样基本维持生计，这一事实本身就是个巨大的胜利身就是个巨大的胜利compact vs. diffusivecutting+splittingvA notion has taken hold in the US to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them. v在美国有这样一个根深蒂固的观念在美国有这样一个根深蒂固的观念：只有那些有能力：只有那些有能力抚养子女的人才受鼓励生育。

抚养子女的人才受鼓励生育 vEvery British motorist will tell you that radar is used most unfairly by the police to catch drivers who are accidentally going a little faster than the speed limit. v大凡英国的司机都会告诉你警察用雷达来抓那些只是大凡英国的司机都会告诉你警察用雷达来抓那些只是偶尔超速的司机，偶尔超速的司机，这种做法有失公平这种做法有失公平 compact vs. diffusive reconstructingvThe poor are the first to experience technological progress as a curse which destroys the old muscle-power jobs that previous generations used as a means of fighting their way out of poverty. v对于过去的几代人而言，旧式的体力劳动是他对于过去的几代人而言，旧式的体力劳动是他们用来摆脱贫困的手段，们用来摆脱贫困的手段，而而技术的进步则摧毁技术的进步则摧毁了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动，了穷人赖以生存的体力劳动，(因此因此)最先体会最先体会到技术进步之害的是穷人。

到技术进步之害的是穷人hypotactic vs. paratacticcutting+blending vHe had a disconcerting habit of expressing contradictory ideas in rapid succession.v他有个怪习惯，一会儿一个想法，并且自相他有个怪习惯，一会儿一个想法，并且自相矛盾 vHe showed her some sympathetic love, which resulted in her deep-rooted but unreasonable love. v他只是怜爱她，她却对他他只是怜爱她，她却对他一片痴情一片痴情 impersonal vs. personalconversion vAn idea suddenly struck me.v我我灵光一闪灵光一闪vThe thick carpet killed the sound of my footsteps.v我我走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有走在厚厚的地毯上，一点脚步声也没有v那天黄昏时分那天黄昏时分，他坐在河神台上，对着那座，他坐在河神台上，对着那座铜钟呆了老半天。

铜钟呆了老半天vThe dusk witnessed his long stay at the altar in face of that copper bell. passive vs. activeconversion v中国的规矩是中国的规矩是向上级介绍下级向上级介绍下级vA Chinese rule is that the inferior is introduced to the superior.static vs. dynamic conversion vThe absence of intelligence is an indication of satisfactory developments.v没有消息就没有消息就表明表明有令人满意的进展有令人满意的进展vThe author’s grasp of the rudiments of the theory of the subject is unquestionable.v毫无疑问，作者毫无疑问，作者掌握了掌握了关于这个主题的基本关于这个主题的基本理论abstract vs. concrete conversion vThe stars twinkled in transparent clarity.v星星在星星在清朗的天空清朗的天空中闪烁。

中闪烁v打架斗殴成了这伙人的打架斗殴成了这伙人的家常便饭家常便饭vScuffles and clashes have been daily occurrences for the gang. indirect vs. directconversion vThe book is quite beyond me.v这本书我实在看不懂这本书我实在看不懂vI couldn’t agree with you any more.v我非常赞成你的看法我非常赞成你的看法v可惜他不能来可惜他不能来v I wish he could come.substitutive vs. repetitiverepetition/deletion vHe hated failure; he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.v他憎恶失败，他一生中曾战胜他憎恶失败，他一生中曾战胜失败失败，超越，超越失失败败，并且鄙视别人的，并且鄙视别人的失败失败 v我的事情已经弄得我的事情已经弄得满城风雨，人人皆知满城风雨，人人皆知了。

了vThere had been too much publicity about my case.。