
2.英语语法图解(超级详细版).doc
26页语法网络图(超级具体版)一.名词I. 名词的种类:专有名词一般名词国名地名人名,团队机构名称可数名词不可数名词个体名词集体名词抽象名词物质名词II. 名词的数:1. 规则名词的复数形式:名词的复数形式,一般在单数形式背面加-s或-es现将构成措施与读音规则列表如下:规则例词1一般状况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days2以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes3以-f或-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaf-leaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs4以辅音字母加y结尾的名词,变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities5以元音字母加y结尾的名词,或专有名词以y结尾的,加-stoy-toys, boy-boys, day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys6以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos7以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos8以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2. 不规则名词复数:英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,现归纳如下:规则例词1变化名词中的元音字母或其她形式man-men, woman-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice 2单复数相似sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species li, yuan, jin, 3只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents4某些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff5部分集体名词既可以作单数(整体)也可以作复数(成员)audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government, population, crew, team, public, enemy, party6复数形式表达特别含义customs(海关), forces(军队), times(时代), spirits(情绪), drinks(饮料), sands(沙滩), papers(文献报纸), manners(礼貌), looks(外表), brains(头脑智力), greens(青菜), ruins(废墟)7表达“某国人”加-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,-womenEnglishmen, Frenchwomen8合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII. 名词的所有格:名词在句中表达所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。
所有格分两种:一是名词词尾加’s构成,二是由介词of加名词构成前者多表达有生命的东西,后者多表达无生命的东西1. ’s所有格的构成:单数名词在末尾加’sthe boy’s father, Jack’s book, her son-in-law’s photo,复数名词一般在末尾加’the teachers’ room, the twins’ mother, 不规则复数名词后加’sthe children’s toys, women’s rights, 以s结尾的人名所有格加’s或者’Dickens’ novels, Charles’s job, the Smiths’ house表达各自的所有关系时,各名词末尾均须加’sJapan’s and America’s problems, Jane’s and Mary’s bikes表达共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加’sJapan and America’s problems, Jane and Mary’s father表达"某人家""店铺",所有格后名词省略the doctor’s, the barber’s, the tailor’s, my uncle’s2. ’s所有格的用法:1表达时间today’s newspaper, five weeks’ holiday 2表达自然现象the earth’s atmosphere, the tree’s branches3表达国家都市等地方的名词the country’s plan, the world’s population, China’s industry4表达工作群体the ship’s crew, majority’s view, the team’s victory5表达度量衡及价值a mile’s journey, five dollars’ worth of apples6与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life’s time, the play’s plot7某些固定词组a bird’s eye view, a stone’s throw, at one’s wit’s end(不知所措)3. of所有格的用法:用于无生命的东西:the legs of the chair, the cover of the book用于有生命的东西,特别是有较长定语时:the classrooms of the first-year students用于名词化的词:the struggle of the oppressed 二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词(a, an),定冠词(the),和零冠词。
I. 不定冠词的用法:1指一类人或事,相称于a kind ofA plane is a machine that can fly.2第一次提及某人某物,非特指A boy is waiting for you.3表达“每一”相称于every,oneWe study eight hours a day.4表达“相似”相称于the sameWe are nearly of an age.5用于人名前,表达不结识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.6用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time7用于quite, rather, many, half, what, such之后This room is rather a big one.8用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II. 定冠词的用法:1表达某一类人或物The horse is a useful animal.2用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean3表达说话双方都理解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door? 4用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar5用于形容词和分词前表达一类人the reach, the living, the wounded6表达“一家人”或“夫妇”the Greens, the Wangs7用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高档前He is the taller of the two children.8用于国家党派等以及江河湖海,山川群岛的名词前the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French9用于表达发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.10在逢十的复数数词之前,指世纪的某个年代in the 1990’s11用于表达单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.12用于方位名词,身体部位名词,及表达时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III. 零冠词的用法:1专有名词,物质名词,抽象名词,人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack, China, love, air2名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every等限制I want this book, not that one. / Whose purse is this?3季节,月份,星期,节假日,一日三餐前March, Sunday, National Day, spring4表达职位,身份,头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.5学科,语言,球类,棋类名词前He likes playing football/chess.6与by连用表达交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by land7以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night8 表达泛指的复数名词前Hors。












