Medical-English-1.ppt

MEDICAL ENGLISHThis Basic Course in Medical English is This Basic Course in Medical English is Intended to Help Students Understand Intended to Help Students Understand Medical Terminology: Word structure, Medical Terminology: Word structure, Pronunciation and Meanings.Pronunciation and Meanings.2021/6/32021/6/31 1•Medical terminology, like any living language, is not static. It has become a dynamic tool of not only those in the medical professions but also insurers, lawyers, equipment suppliers, pharmaceutical representatives, and others who interact with health care providers and consumers. 2021/6/32021/6/32 2•To keep apace of medical science medical language must expand and change. •Learning the basics is important, but constant updating is needed.2021/6/32021/6/33 3•It is important to remember as we begin our studies of Medical English that like the English language itself we are studying a language that is constantly changing…adding new words and phrases at an astonishing rate. At the same time other words because of new breakthroughs in medicine become discarded or obsolete.2021/6/32021/6/34 4•Basically medical vocabulary includes terms built from Greek and Latin word parts, some of which were used by Hippocrates and Aristotle more than 2400 years ago. There are also eponyms, acronyms, and terms from modern language. 2021/6/32021/6/35 5Greek and Latin Terms2021/6/32021/6/36 6Eponyms such as Parkinson’s disease. •A word based on or derived from a person’s name. Parkinson was the doctor who discovered the disease so his name is used.2021/6/32021/6/37 7•Acronyms such as laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation) L-A-S-E-R..LASER. A word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a set phrase or series of words. (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) O-P-E-C..OPEC2021/6/32021/6/38 82021/6/32021/6/39 9•Modern Language such as Nuclear Medicine Scanner2021/6/32021/6/31010•The majority of medical terms in current use are composed of Greek and Latin word parts. These terms can be learned by two ways: (1) memorizing terms or (2) learning word parts and how they fit together to form medical terms. 2021/6/32021/6/31111•Memorization can be boring so learning word parts and how they fit together provides the best way to learning so many medical terms. Therefore the word part method is used to learn terms composed of word parts. The memorization method is used to learn other terms not built from word parts, such as Coronary artery bypass graft or Alzheimer Disease.2021/6/32021/6/31212•Medical words are like individual jigsaw puzzles. Once you divide the terms into their component parts and learn the meaning of the individual parts you can use that knowledge to understand many other new terms.2021/6/32021/6/31313•For example, the term HEMATOLOGY is divided into three parts: HEMAT/ O/ LOGY Root combining vowel suffix (blood) (study of)2021/6/32021/6/31414•When analyzing a medical term, begin at the end of the word. The ending is called the suffix. All medical terms contain suffixes. The suffix in HEMATOLOGY is LOGY, which means study of. Now look at the beginning of the term. HEMAT is the word root. The root gives the essential meaning of the term. The root HEMAT means blood. 2021/6/32021/6/31515•The third part of this term, which is the letter O has no meaning of its own but is an important connector between the root HEMAT and the suffix LOGY. It is called a combining vowel. The letter O is the combining vowel usually found in medical terms. A combining vowel is a word part usually an O that is used to ease pronunciation.2021/6/32021/6/31616•Putting together the meaning of the suffix and the root, the term HEMATOLOGY means the study of blood. 2021/6/32021/6/31717•Here is another familiar medical term: ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. You probably know this term, often abbreviated as EKG or ECG. This is how you divide it into its parts.2021/6/32021/6/31818ELECTR O CARDI O GRAMRoot combining vowelcombining vowel root combining vowelcombining vowel suffixElectricity Heart record2021/6/32021/6/31919•Start with the suffix at the end of the term. The suffix GRAM means a record. Now look at the beginning of the term ELECTR is a word root and it means electricity. This medical term has two roots. The second root is CARDI meaning heart. Whenever you see CARDI in other medical terms you will know that it means heart. 2021/6/32021/6/32020•READ THE MEANING OF MEDICAL TERMS FROM SUFFIX, BACK TO THE BEGINNING OF THE TERM, THEN ACROSS.2021/6/32021/6/32121•Thus the entire term means record of the electricity in the heart. It is the electricity within the heart that causes the heart muscle to contract pumping blood throughout your body. The contraction and relaxation of heart muscles are called the heartbeat. 2021/6/32021/6/32222•Notice the two combining vowels in ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. Looking for the vowel O in medical terms will help you divide the term into its parts. One combining vowel (O) lies between roots (ELECTR AND CARDI) and another lies between the root (CARDI) and the suffix (GRAM).2021/6/32021/6/32323•The combining vowel plus the root is called a combining form. For example, there are two combining forms in the word ELECTROCARDIOGRAM. These combining forms are ELECTRO meaning electricity and CARDIO meaning heart.2021/6/32021/6/32424Combining Vowels•In the word men/o/pause…o is the combining vowel used between two word roots.•In the medical term arthr/o/pathy…o is the combining vowel used between the word root arthr and the suffix -pathy (which means disease). 2021/6/32021/6/32525•In the medical term sub/hepat/ic….the combining vowel is not used between the prefix sub- and the word root hepat.2021/6/32021/6/32626The combining vowel is:•Used to connect two word roots.•Used to connect a word root and a suffix•Not used to connect a prefix and a word root.2021/6/32021/6/32727Guidelines for using Combining vowels:1. When connecting a word root to a suffix, a combining vowel is used if the suffix does not begin with a vowel.Example: •In the medical term arthr/o/pathy….the suffix –pathy does not begin with a vowel.2021/6/32021/6/328282. When connecting a word root and a suffix, a combining vowel is usually not used if the suffix begins with a vowel.Example:•In the medical term hepat/ic….the suffix –ic begins with a vowel; therefore a combining vowel is not used.2021/6/32021/6/329293.When connecting two word roots, a combining vowel is usually used even if vowels are present at the junction.•Example:•In the medical term oste/o/arthr/it is…o is the combining vowel used, even though the word root oste (which means bone) ends with the vowel e, and the word root arthr begins with the vowel a.2021/6/32021/6/330304. When connecting a prefix and a word root, a combining vowel is not used.Example: •In the medical term sub/hept/ic…the combining vowel is not used between the prefix sub- and the word root hepat.2021/6/32021/6/33131COMBINING FORMS•A combining form is not a word part per se; rather it is the word root and the combining vowel. As we move through this course in order to help with the learning process we will learn word roots together with their combining vowels as combining forms.2021/6/32021/6/33232•In medical terminology books a combining form is a simply a word root with the combining vowel attached, separated by a vertical slash. arthr/o (joint), bi/o (life), cardi/o (heart).2021/6/32021/6/33333•Notice how the following medical term is analyzed. Can you locate the two combining forms in this term?GASTROENTEROLOGYGASTR O ENTER O LOGYRoot cv root cv suffix(stomach) (intestines) (study of)2021/6/32021/6/33434•The two combining forms are GASTR/O AND ENTER/O.•The entire word reading from suffix, back to the beginning and across means the study of the stomach and the intestines. 2021/6/32021/6/33535Here are other words try to divide them into component parts. •GASTRIC- means pertaining to the stomach. Notice here that the combining vowel is dropped (not used) this is because the suffix (-IC) begins with a vowel (I). Words ending with –IC are adjectives and mean Pertaining to.2021/6/32021/6/33636•CARDIAC- means pertaining to the heart. Again we see that the combining vowel is dropped when the suffix (-AC) begins with a vowel. Words ending with –AC are adjectives and also mean pertaining to.2021/6/32021/6/33737•ENTERITIS- means inflammation of the intestines. Notice again that the combining vowel is dropped because the suffix (-ITIS) begins with a vowel.2021/6/32021/6/33838•GASTROENTERITIS- means inflammation of the stomach and intestines. Notice that the combining vowel (O) remains between the two roots here, even though the second root (Enter) begins with a vowel. 2021/6/32021/6/33939•In addition to roots, suffixes, combining forms and combining vowels, many medical terms have a word part attached to the beginning of the term. This is called a prefix, and can change the meaning of a term in important ways. For example watch what happens to the meaning of the following medical terms when the prefix changes.2021/6/32021/6/34040•SUBGASTRIC means pertaining to below the stomachSub is a prefix meaning below•TRANSGASTRIC means pertaining to across the stomachTrans is prefix meaning across•RETROGASTRIC means pertaining to behind the stomachRetro is a prefix meaning behind2021/6/32021/6/34141To understand the construction of medical terminology we can use English to explain it a little better.Word RootWord Root the word root is the word part that is the core of the word root is the word part that is the core of the word. The word root contains the fundamental the word. The word root contains the fundamental meaning of the word.meaning of the word.Examples:Examples:•In the word ‘player’…..In the word ‘player’…..playplay is the word root. is the word root.•In the medical term ‘arthritis’….In the medical term ‘arthritis’….arthrarthr ,which means ,which means joint, is the word root.joint, is the word root.•In the medical term ‘hepatitis’… In the medical term ‘hepatitis’… hepathepat ,which means ,which means liver, is the word root.liver, is the word root.2021/6/32021/6/34242Suffix the suffix is a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify the meaning.Examples•In the word ‘player’…..er is the suffix.•In the medical term ‘hepatic’…..ic,which means pertaining to,is the suffix. Hepat is the word root for liver, therefore hepatic means pertaining to the liver.•In the medical term ‘hepatitis’….itis ,which means inflammation, is the suffix. The term hepatitis means inflammation of the liver.2021/6/32021/6/34343Prefix Prefix the prefix is a word part attached to the beginning of the prefix is a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to modify its meaning.a word root to modify its meaning.ExamplesExamples•In the word ‘replay’……In the word ‘replay’……rere is the suffix. is the suffix.•In the medical term ‘subhepatic’….In the medical term ‘subhepatic’….subsub ,which means ,which means under, is the prefix.under, is the prefix. Hepat is the word root for liver, and –ic is the suffix for Hepat is the word root for liver, and –ic is the suffix for pertaining to. The medical term pertaining to. The medical term subhepaticsubhepatic means means pertaining to under the liver.pertaining to under the liver.•In the medical term ‘intravenous’……In the medical term ‘intravenous’……intraintra ,which ,which means within, is the prefix, means within, is the prefix, venven ,which means vein, is ,which means vein, is the root, and -the root, and -ousous ,which means pertaining to, is the ,which means pertaining to, is the suffix.suffix.2021/6/32021/6/34444Give the definitions of the following in your notebook: •A word root is: the word part that is the core of the word. The word root contains the fundamental meaning of the word.•A suffix is: a word part attached to the end of the word root to modify the meaning.•A prefix is: a word part attached to the beginning of a word root to modify its meaning.2021/6/32021/6/34545A QUICK REVIEW•ROOT ---GIVES ESSENTIAL MEANING OF THE TERM•SUFFIX ---IS THE WORD ENDING•PREFIX ---IS A SMALL PART ADDED AT THE BEGINNING OF A TERM2021/6/32021/6/34646•COMBINING VOWEL ---CONNECTS ROOTS AND SUFFIXES AND ROOTS TO OTHER ROOTS•COMBINING FORM ---IS THE COMBINATION OF THE ROOT AND THE COMBINING VOWEL2021/6/32021/6/34747REMEMBER:•READ THE MEANING OF MEDICAL WORDS FROM THE SUFFIX TO THE BEGINNING OF THE WORD AND THEN ACROSS.•DROP THE COMBINING VOWEL BEFORE A SUFFIX THAT STARTS WITH A VOWEL.•KEEP THE COMBINING VOWEL BETWEEN WORD ROOTS, EVEN IF THE ROOT BEGINGS WITH A VOWEL.2021/6/32021/6/34848Some more word roots, suffixes, prefixes and their meanings. Word rootsWord rootsDefinitionDefinitionarthrarthrjointjointhepathepatliverlivervenvenveinveinosteostebonebone2021/6/32021/6/34949SuffixsSuffixsDefinitionDefinition-itis -itis inflammationinflammation -ic -ic pertaining topertaining to -ous -ous pertaining topertaining to-pathy -pathy disease disease -oma -oma tumor or masstumor or mass-scope -scope instrument to visually examineinstrument to visually examine-gram -gram means record means record -scopy -scopy process of visual examination using a scope.process of visual examination using a scope.-sis -sis means state of means state of 2021/6/32021/6/35050Combining vowel -o-PrefixesDefinitionIntrawithinSubunderDiacomplete2021/6/32021/6/35151•Using the formula for defining a medical term that we learned above, try and define the following medical terms.•Remember the process: label each word part first and then begin by defining the suffix and then move to the beginning of the term to complete the definition.2021/6/32021/6/35252•Arthritis •Hepatitis•Subhepatic•Intravenous•Arthropathy•Osteitisinflammation of the jointArthr—WR itis--SHepat—WR itis--Sinflammation of the liverSub—P hepat—WR ic—Spertaining to under the liverIntra—P ven—WR ous--Spertaining to within the veinArthr—WR O—CV pathy--SDisease of the jointOste—WR itis--Sinflammation of the bone2021/6/32021/6/35353Take the word roots, combining forms and additional Take the word roots, combining forms and additional meanings given below and see if you can come up with meanings given below and see if you can come up with the meaning of the medical term.the meaning of the medical term.Word RootWord RootCombining Combining form form MeaningMeaningMedical Medical FormFormAdenAdenaden/oaden/oglandglandadenoma adenoma Meaning: Meaning: ArthrArthrarthr/oarthr/ojointjointarthritisarthritisMeaning: Meaning: BiBibi/obi/olifelifebiologybiologyMeaning:Meaning:Benign tumor of glandular cellsInflammation of a jointStudy of life2021/6/32021/6/35454Word RootWord RootCombining Combining Form Form Meaning Meaning Medical Medical FormFormCarcinCarcincarcin/ocarcin/ocancer, cancerouscancer, cancerouscarcinomacarcinomaMeaning: Meaning: CephalCephalcephal/ocephal/oheadheadcephaliccephalicMeaning:Meaning:CerebrCerebrcerebr/ocerebr/ocerebrum, largest cerebrum, largest part of brainpart of braincerebralcerebralMeaning:Meaning:CystCystcyst/ocyst/oUrinary bladderUrinary bladdercystoscopecystoscopeMeaning:Meaning:CytCytcyt/ocyt/ocellcellcytology cytology Meaning:Meaning:Cancerous tumorPertaining to the head Pertaining to the CEREBRUMInstrument(endoscope) used to view the urinary bladder.Study of cells2021/6/32021/6/35555Word RootWord RootCombining Combining FormFormMeaningMeaningMedical FormMedical Formdermatdermatdermat/odermat/oskinskindermatitisdermatitisMeaning:Meaning:electrelectrelectr/oelectr/oelectricityelectricityelectrocardiogram electrocardiogram Meaning:Meaning:encephalencephalencephal/oencephal/obrainbrainelectroencephalogram electroencephalogram Meaning:Meaning:enterenterenter/oenter/ointestines intestines (small)(small)enteritisenteritisMeaning:Meaning:erythrerythrerythr/oerythr/oredrederythrocyte erythrocyte Meaning:Meaning:Inflammation of the skinRecord of the electricity in the heartRecord of the electricity in the brainInflammation of the small intestineRed blood cell2021/6/32021/6/35656Word RootWord RootCombining Combining FormFormMeaningMeaningMedical Medical FormFormgastrgastrgastr/ogastr/ostomachstomachgastroscopygastroscopyMeaning:Meaning:gnosgnosgnos/ognos/oknowledgeknowledgediagnosisdiagnosisMeaning:Meaning:gynecgynecgynec/ogynec/owomen/femalewomen/femalegynecologygynecologyMeaning:Meaning:Visual examination of the stomachComplete knowledge of patient’s conditionStudy of female disorders2021/6/32021/6/35757部分资料从网络收集整理而来，供大家参考，感谢您的关注！。