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4萨特存在主义分析00.doc

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    •   萨特思想研究   通过运用萨特存在主义原理对《看不见的人》中主人公寻找真正存在历程的分析,本文揭示了人对自我价值和生存意义的不懈追寻这一主题故事的主人公—看不见的人,是一种非洲裔美国人她在战后美国种族歧视的背景下经历了存在的困境,曾经痛苦、绝望和孤单但她并没有屈服于这种命运,而是勇敢地克服了这些悲观的情感,超越了恶劣的环境,最后获得了自由并对自己的行动承当了责任由此,她实现了自我的真正存在而这一历程恰恰打上了萨特存在主义的烙印 本论文分为两个部分论文的第一部分,通过运用萨特的“自在存在”、“自欺” 和“她人”来探析主人公不可见性的存在状态论文的第二部分,则通过运用萨特的“自为存在”、“自由” 和“责任”来探析主人公可见性的存在状态看不见的人觉醒之前,作为一种精神上的奴隶,她最初的存在方式是“自在存在”在萨特看来,“‘自在存在’是一种物的存在方式,没有自由的意识,没有责任而看不见的人,此时正处在这种象物同样的生存方式她历来没故意识到自己有权利去进行自由地选择和行动她只是按照别人的意愿去定义自己,并试图实现别人对她的期待因此她的存在是一种毫无气愤、简朴的存在,即,自在的存在而她的心理则是“自欺”。

      萨特觉得“‘自欺’是自己对自己掩盖真相,是一种不是其所是的心理状态因此看不见的人对自己掩盖了种族歧视和压迫这一事实,而逃避到自欺中,觉得自己凭借着谦虚、恭顺的品行并努力地工作,最后会出人头地然而事实证明,她但是是个被别人视而不见的人,一种隐形人而她的不可见性,正是“她人”由于种族偏见而回绝看到她的成果在“她人”的眼中,看不见的人被剥夺了活生生的人性,变成了一种物体,一种为达其目的而被运用的工具在经历了种种痛苦的非人的生活后,看不见的人最后觉醒她总结了自己的过去,并在此基本上,决心要按照自己的自由意志来不加限制地定义自己从而她由“自在存在”而转变成“自为存在”在萨特看来,“‘自为存在’是一种人的真正存在方式,有自由的意识,有责任感,并能通过自由选择而发明新的自我的存在状态因此,看不见的人获得了自由,承当了责任,并最后走出了心理和社会的茫茫迷雾,寻找到了真正的自我价值和的本己的真正存在核心词: 真正存在;萨特存在主义;自由;责  AbstractThrough the analysis of the hero’s search for his true existence in Invisible Man by employing Sartrean existential theories, this thesis intends to reveal the individual’s persistent pursuit of his own worth and the sense of meaning. The hero, known as the invisible man in the novel, is an African American. He experiences his existential predicaments in the context of the anti-black racism in postwar America. For this reason, he feels anguished, despairing and lonely. But instead of being resigned to his tragic fate, he gains his freedom and assumes his responsibility for everything he does by overcoming his sufferings and transcending the vicious conditions. Thus, by going out of the nothingness of existence, he finds his true self. And his journey exactly bears a marked brand of Sartrean existentialism.My thesis consists of two chapters. In the first chapter, the thesis explores the invisible man’s invisible existence by employing Sartre’s “being-in-itself”, “self-deception”, and “the Other”. In the second chapter it explores the invisible man’s visible existence by employing Sartre’s “being-for-itself”, “freedom” and “responsibility”. Before the invisible man awakens, he originally exists on the level of “being-in-itself” as a spiritual slave. This mode of being, says Sartre, is “the mode of being of matter, which is not in any sense free and responsible.” Existing in this way, the invisible man doesn’t know he is entitled to the freedom of making choices and taking actions. Instead, he defines himself according to other people’ views and tries to fulfill their expectations. Therefore, the invisible man’s being is an inert and simple one as an object. Keeping him in this way, the invisible man believes innocently that if he worked very hard, he would have achieved his personal success. Thus, he falls in the self-deceptive state of mind. “Self-deception”, in Sartre’s opinion, is to “conceal the truth from oneself and it is what it is not.” Thus, the invisible man conceals the racial reality from himself and escapes into self-deception, believing that he will uplift himself with his humility and hard work. However, the facts turn out that he is only an invisible man whom other people refuse to see. For “the Other”, he is only an object, a tool exploited for his ends. Therefore, deprived of his individual humanity, the invisible man is reduced to an object. After experiencing this dehumanized life, he finally awakens. Then, after encapsulating his past experiences the invisible man resolves to define himself according to his free will. Thus, he converts his “being-in-itself” to “being-for-itself”. And this being, according to Sartre, “is in a sense free and responsible.” In this view, “man becomes what he makes of himself through his free choices and decisions.” Therefore, transcending his sufferings, the invisible man gains freedom and assumes the responsibility for everything he does. In this way, he comes out of the vast fog and finally finds his own worth and true existence. Key words: true existence; Sartrean existentialism; freedom; responsibility; raceContentsIntroduction…………………………………………………………………1Chapter I The Invisible Man’s Invisible Existence before He Awakens1. The Invisible Man’s Original Mode of Existence: Being-in-Itself…….72. The Invisible Man’s Psychology: Self-Deception……………………..163. The Invisible Man and The Other……………………………………..23Chapter II The Invisible Man’s Visible Existence after He Awakens1. The Invisible Man’s Final Mode of Being: Being-for-Itself…………30 2. The Invisible Man’s Final Freedom and Responsibility……………..36Conclusion………………………………………………….……………..43Notes………………………………………………………………………46Bibliography……………………………………….……………………..50 IntroductionSince Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man was published in 1952, it had achieved one of the most “sensational debuts” in American history. In this novel Ellison。

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