本科学位论文正文部分写法.doc

1正文正文1.构成构成 Introduction Main Body Conclusion Works Cited 2.段落与结构段落与结构段落内部一致段落内部一致 语义连贯语义连贯 结构衔接结构衔接各部分之间应有过渡段落各部分之间应有过渡段落大小标题间应有引言段大小标题间应有引言段2例：例：1 Purpose and Scope of the Study Before defining the scope of our study, we will first make clear some related terms such as clause, clause complex and sentence by giving a historical review of the grammatical hierarchies of English and Chinese. 1.1 An Overview of the Grammatical Hierarchies of English and Chinese The grammatical hierarchies of the Chinese and the English language have caused some controversy among grammarians and linguists both at home and abroad. This paper will also start with this issue because identification of units of grammar is of great importance not only to the understanding of a language but to definition of the scope of this study as well. Important as it is, we will not make a detailed discussion about it because it is, after all, not the major concern of this study. 3We will only give a brief introduction of some grammarians’ opinions and then present our own view over this issue by making some modifications to them. In the process, we will focus our attention on clauses, clause complexes and sentences for the sake of our study. 1.1.1 The grammatical hierarchy of the English language It is usually assumed that the grammar of the English language is organized into five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Let’s look at Quirk’s categorization first. According to Quirk et al.(1985), units of grammar may be placed in a hierarchy of potential size or extensibility as follows………. 43．格式．格式（（1））引语引语 不超过两行的引语一般用文内注，不超过两行的引语一般用文内注， 长篇引用已出版和未出版的文献，别人长篇引用已出版和未出版的文献，别人 的谈话（包括学生的谈话）都应按引语的谈话（包括学生的谈话）都应按引语 段排列。

段排列 引语段上下与正文各空引语段上下与正文各空单倍行距一单倍行距一 行行，左右各缩进，左右各缩进5 5个字符正文和引语的段落均可用正文和引语的段落均可用Microsoft Word选项单中的选项单中的“格式格式\样式和格式样式和格式”的的 指令设置指令设置The term “topic” has a quite long history of interpretation. It was first mentioned by E. Sapir (1921) in his book Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech. He maintained that a sentence was the linguistic expression of a proposition and it connected the topic of speech and the statement about it. (p. 31) Then in 1958 in A Course in Modern Linguistics, C. F. Hockett said that the speaker announces a topic and then says something about it (p. 251) and he also noticed topics of the Chinese-box style(p. 253). Later in 1968, Chao wrote in A Grammar of Spoken Chinese:The grammatical meaning of subject and predicate in a Chinese sentence is topic and comment, rather than actor and action. Actor and action can apply as a particular case of topic and comment……But in Chinese, the proportion of applicability of the actor-action meanings … is still very low, perhaps not much higher 50 per cent, and the wider conception of topic and comment is much more appropriate. (pp. 69~70)5Li and Thompson (1976) look at the subject and the topic from the perspective of grammaticalization and think that subjects are essentially grammaticalized topics. In their opinion, in the process of grammaticalization, the subject was chosen as a grammatical element in English and, on the contrary, the topic was the choice in Chinese, that is, the topic has a high degree of grammaticalization in Chinese and so it can be regarded as a basic sentence element like S, V, and O. (p. 484) This opinion is shared by Xu L. J., Liu D. Q and Shao Z. H. (Shao, 2005, p. 89) But Zhu D. X. and Pan W. G. argue that it is not justifiable because the concepts at the semantic level and （（2）例子）例子全文例子统一编号：全文例子统一编号： （（1）） 、、 （（2）） 、、 （（3）） 、、…….. （（20）） 。

段落内例子不编段落内例子不编 号例子应与正文其他部分上下各空单例子应与正文其他部分上下各空单 倍行距一行，前左边缩进倍行距一行，前左边缩进5个字符中文例子需给出英语译文中文例子需给出英语译文例：例：4.1.1 Hypotactic clause complexesA complete set of connectives has been developed in modern Chinese to indicate the relation between clauses. However, in Old Chinese, there are only a few such connectives and hypotactic clause complexes only make up a very small part of multiple sentences. Yan Zheng’s survey of Sunzi reveals that 92.6 per cent of clause complexes are paratactic. Later, 6formal devices became more and more widely used and in today’s modern Chinese there have been about half of clause complexes with connective words. For example, among 870 clause complexes in Mao Zedong’s “On Protracted Wa” 456 of them are paratactic, amounting to 52 percent and so are 240 of the total 531 in Lu Xun’s The True Story of Ah Q. (Zhou, 2003, p.109) Now let’s look at an example to get an idea of the typical complex hypotactic sentence in Chinese:(16) 当当她初到的她初到的时候时候，四叔，四叔虽然虽然照例皱过眉，照例皱过眉，但鉴于但鉴于向来雇佣女工之难，也向来雇佣女工之难，也就就并不大反并不大反对，对，只是只是暗暗地告诫四婶说，这种人暗暗地告诫四婶说，这种人虽然虽然似乎很可怜，似乎很可怜，但是但是败坏风俗的，用她帮忙败坏风俗的，用她帮忙还可以，祭祀时候还可以，祭祀时候可可用不她沾手，一切饭菜，只好自己做，用不她沾手，一切饭菜，只好自己做，否则否则，不干不净，祖宗，不干不净，祖宗是不吃的。

是不吃的Though my uncle had frowned as before when she first arrived, they always had such trouble finding servants that he raised no serious objections, simply warnin。