
第五章深海半深海沉积.ppt
16页第四章第四章 深海深海——半深海碎屑体系半深海碎屑体系Chapter Four Pelagic Clastic System第一节第一节 概况概况((Introduction)) 一、研究历史一、研究历史1、主观认识阶段(、主观认识阶段(Subjective stage)) 长期以来,由于受技术条件的限制,传统沉积学主要根据机械分异原理(mechanic differentiation)预测深海中的沉积物类型及分布, 并认为深海环境中以泥和粘土为主,粗粒沉积物主要分布在陆地和浅水区2、勘测研究阶段(、勘测研究阶段(Prospecting stage)) 随 着 HMS Challenger 深 海 钻 探 计 划 的 进 行(1872~1876), 许多划时代的概念提出来了,如密度流(density current)、 包马序列(Bouma sequence)、海底扇(Submarine fan)等深流(Contourites)等 二、地貌特征二、地貌特征((General Morphology))坡坡折折点点((Break point))::大陆斜坡与大陆架的分界点水深大约200m。
分界点向陆地方向为陆架,坡度较缓,向海方向为大陆斜坡,坡度明显变陡,平均坡度为4o海海底底峡峡谷谷((Submarine canyon))::大陆斜坡上的深谷,横断面呈“V”字形,壁较陡,末端变缓,陆源沉积物或重力流的搬运通道海海底底扇扇((Submarine fan))::海底峡谷末端的扇形沉积体,其上发育水道深深海海槽槽((Trench))::大陆斜坡末端的深槽,又称深海地堑,可充填沉积物(厚达1000m)外脊(外脊( Outer Ridge ):):深海槽外侧的隆起区陆隆(陆隆(Continental RiseContinental Rise):):大陆斜坡末端的缓坡海海山山((Sea mount))::高出平均海底约1Km,有火山锥、平顶山等海丘(海丘(Abyssal hills):):高度小于1Km大洋中脊(大洋中脊(Mid-ocean ridge):):大洋中部的火山带方方解解石石补补偿偿深深度度CCD(calcite compensation depth):一般3800~4500m,在这一深度以下方解石被溶解Schematic representation of the routes of transportation of sand(solid arrow)and mud(dotted arrow)from river mouth to deep-sea basin floor.(after Moore 1969)Shore linewaveShelf Edgeriver海底峡谷海底峡谷Submarine canyonbasinOffshore currentScheme showing various morphological type of continental margins.(after Curray, 1969)Steep rift typeMarginal plateau typeShelf-rise typeBordering depression typeContinent terrace外脊外脊深海槽深海槽大陆架大陆架大陆斜坡大陆斜坡海岸平原海岸平原continental borderland typeOceanic border第二节第二节 沉积作用与沉积物沉积作用与沉积物Section Two Sedimentation and sediments一、沉积作用一、沉积作用((Sedimentation))1、、再再沉沉积积作作用用((Resedimentation))::导致沉积物在重力作用下沿斜坡向下搬运机理,包括坍塌(falls )、 蠕动(creep)、滑动(slide)、滑移(Slump)及各种重力流。
2、、正正常常沉沉积积作作用用((Normal bottom current))::非重力驱动深部流体的侵蚀、搬运和沉积等,如内部波浪和潮汐、深海峡谷流体(canyon current)和底底流流(bottom current)、等深流等深流(contour current)3、、沉沉降降((Setting))::slow setting in the pelagic water column.(A)Diagrammatic cross-section of a large submarine slump on a gentle slope(from Lewis, 1971). (B) relationship between the geometry of slump folds and the direction of slumping (from Wood cock,1976a)Process continuum of the main transport and depositional processes and deposits in the deep sea.二、沉积物二、沉积物((Sediments))1、深海软泥和粘土(、深海软泥和粘土(Pelagic oozes and clays)) 深海软泥(深海软泥(Pelagic oozes):): 钙质或硅质化石含量>30% 钙质软泥(calcareous oozes):CaCO3>30%,如包球虫软泥 硅质软泥(siliceous oozes):CaCO3<30%,硅质化石含量>30%,如放射虫软泥深海粘土(深海粘土(Pelagic clays):):钙质与硅质化石含量<30%.2、再沉积沉积物(、再沉积沉积物(Reworked sediments)) 海底扇海底扇(Submarine fan)) 浊积岩(浊积岩(Turbidite)) Mud balls in the sandy sediments. ( A) Box-core sample from disconnected short fan valley at a water depth of 1085m. (B)Miocene sediments at La Jolla, southern California.(after Shepard et al,1969)三、包马序列三、包马序列((Bouma Sequence))块状、递变层理段块状、递变层理段深海泥岩深海泥岩水平纹理泥岩水平纹理泥岩波状、卷曲纹理粉砂岩波状、卷曲纹理粉砂岩平行层理砂岩平行层理砂岩四、海底扇四、海底扇((Submarine Fan))砂砂质质扇扇((Sand Fan)): 又称为圆形扇,扇面上水道呈辫状,峡谷供给,规模比泥质扇小,直径:nKm~n*100km。
泥质扇(Mud Fan))::又称长形扇,三角洲供给,规模较大,长度:5km~1000km沉积物分布:从扇根到扇端为滑塌沉积物-碎屑流沉积物-液化流、颗粒流沉积物-近端浊流(高密度浊流)-末梢浊积岩(低密度浊流)Sedimentary environment Sedimentary environment models for submarine models for submarine fans.scales are variable for fans.scales are variable for each model: fan radius each model: fan radius normally not more than normally not more than 150km(for A),1500km(for 150km(for A),1500km(for B)and 15km(for C).the B)and 15km(for C).the steepest gradient is about steepest gradient is about 1010º(from Ttow,1985)º(from Ttow,1985)B:ElongateB:ElongateA:RadialA:RadialC:Fan-deltaC:Fan-delta海底扇沉积相平面海底扇沉积相平面海底扇沉积相平面海底扇沉积相平面分布模式图分布模式图分布模式图分布模式图(据(据(据(据Walker,1984)Walker,1984)进积型深海浊积扇进积型深海浊积扇垂直层序模式图垂直层序模式图(据(据Walker,1984)。
