Kulturkampf.ppt

1871 to 1914European Culture,La Belle Epoque[1871-1914]“The Beautiful Era”,OR,People and Ideas of the Late 19th and Early 20th Century,,,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,Materialism-Higher standard of living Development “zones”,Inner Zone  Britain, France, Germany, Belgium, Northern Italy, Western AustriaOuter Zone  Ireland, Iberian Peninsula, most of Italy, Europe east off GermanyUnderdeveloped Zone  Africa-Asia,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,,Increased European PopulationGrowth of Cities & Urban LifeMigration from Europe1850-1940  60 million left Europe Went to  US, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Australia & New Zealand“Second” Industrial Revolution Steam  electricityInternal combustion & diesel engines. Cars, planes, submarines.,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,“Second” Industrial Revolution Britain  “The World’s Industrial Workshop”Corporations  limited liability of investments.Mass production.Free Trade [esp. in England]World Markets Advance of Democracy Extension of the vote to the working class. Creating a “welfare state.”,The Appeal of SocialismBy the 1880s, most socialist parties were Marxist [esp. Germany & France]Not very successful in England.Faith in Science AloneScience at the core of industrialization.“New Wonders” of daily life.Charles DarwinOrigin of Species [1859] “survival of the fittest”,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]“Social Darwinism”  Herbert SpenserEugenicsNewtonian Science turned on its headEinstein  “Theory of Relativity”  nature & energy were  separate & distinct.Max Planck  Quantum Physics,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,Faith in Science Alone [con’t.]Professionalization of “new” sciences [anthropology, archeaology,etc.]PsychologyIvan Pavlov  conditioned responsesSigmund Freud  psychoanalysisThe Interpretation of Dreams [1900]The role of the unconscious [the id, ego, super ego].,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,New Trends in PhilosophyAgnosticismNihilismFriedrich NietzscheÜbermensch  “Super Man”IrrationalismExistentialismSören Kierkegaard  existence proceeds essence,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,Anti-Semitism -Theodore Herzl  Der Judenstaat [The Jewish State], 1896 “Father of Modern Zionism”Women’s MovementThe “New” ImperialismMilitarism  glorification of warInternal Religious Strugglesmodernists vs. fundamentalists,Characteristics of La Belle Epoch,Kulturkampf,The German term Kulturkampf (literally, "cultural fight") commonly refers to the early years of the 1871 German Empire, when Chancellor Otto von Bismark attempted to reduce the influence of the Catholics in Germany, but can be used to refer to similar cultural conflicts at other periods and in other places.,VS.,Kingdom of Prussia dominated most of Northern Germany, a Protestant state. The empire had evolved from the1866 North German Confederation, and the addition of the southern German states (especially Catholic Bavaria) was a threat to stability. Catholic minorities lived in Alsace and Lorraine. Bismarck deliberately formed the German Empire against any interference from Austria, a more powerful Catholic country than the others listed.,In 1872, Bismarck gave the state direct control of the schools in Prussia Expelled of the Jesuits, first from Prussia and then from Germany as a whole. The May Laws (of May, 1873) restricted the disciplinary powers of the church, placed the education of the clergy under state supervision, provided for the punishment of those who refused to cooperate. Next, civil ceremonies became obligatory for marriages in Germany. The church resisted these laws, and many clerics were imprisoned or removed from office for their refusal to comply.,Meanwhile, the Center party increased its strength significantly. After its large gains in the Reichstag elections of 1878, Bismarck began to moderate his policy, influenced also by the alienation of the liberals through his protective tariff policies. The death of Pope Pius IX(1878) aided the gradual resolution of the conflict. Many of the antichurch laws were repealed or fell into disuse. In 1887 a modus vivendi was reached with Pope Leo XIII. The Kulturkampf was probably the greatest blunder of Bismarck’s career.,Theodor Herzl(1860-1904),Born in Budapest, Hungary May 2, 1860Doctorate of Law from the University of ViennaA writer, a playwright and a journalist. Paris correspondent of the influential liberal Vienna newspaper Neue Freie PresseFirst President of the World Zionist Organization.,,First encountered Anti-Semitism in Paris during the Dreyfus Affair.Wrote The Ghetto in 1894 which assimilation and conversion are rejected as solutions. Hoped that The Ghetto would lead to debate and ultimately to a solution, based on mutual tolerance and respect between Christians and Jews.,Jewish State,Believed anti-Semitism was a stable and immutable factor in human society, which assimilation did not solve. Published Der Judenstaat (The Jewish State, 1896)Argued that the essence of the Jewish problem was not individual but national. The Jewish question was an international political question to be dealt with in the politics.,。