超详细非谓语动词讲解.doc
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非谓语动词
例如： He was punished by his parents.〔谓语动词被动语态 He avoided being punished by his parents.〔动名词的被动式 We have written the composition.〔谓语动词的完成时 Having written the composition, we handed it in.〔现在分词的完成式 （4） 都可以有逻辑主语 They started the work at once.〔谓语动词的逻辑主语 The boss ordered them to start the work.〔动词不定式的逻辑主语 We are League members.〔谓语动词的主语 We being League member, the work was well done. 〔现在分词的逻辑主语 不定式一、形式功能：动词不定式：〔to+do,具有名词、形容词、副词的特征否定式：not +
He seems to know a lot. 他看起来懂得很多 We plan to pay a visit. 我们计划花钱去参观He wants to be an artist. 他想成为一个艺术家The patient asked to be operated on at once. 病人要求马上手术 The teacher ordered the work to be done. 老师要求完成工作2） 进行式：不定式的进行式所表示的动作与谓语动词动作同时发生,例如：The boy pretended to be working hard. 男孩假装工作得很努力He seems to be reading in his room. 看起来他正在他的房间里面读书〔3完成式：不定式的完成式表示的动作发生在谓语动词动作之前,例如：I regretted having told a lie. 我后悔我说谎了I happened to have seen the film. 我偶然看过这部电影He is pleased to have met his friend. 他很高兴能遇上他的朋友。
二、不定式的句法功能：（1） 作主语：To finish the work in ten minutes is very hard. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的To lose your heart means failure. 灰心意味着失败动词不定式短语作主语时,常用it作形式主语,真正的主语不定式置于句后,例如上面两句可用如下形式：It is very hard to finish the work in ten minutes. 十分钟之内完成这项工作是很难的It means failure to lose your heart. 灰心意味着失败常用句式有：〔1作主语：1、 It+be+名词+to do2、It takes sb.+some time+to do3、It+be+形容词+of sb +to do①与careless,clever,good,foolish,honest,kind,lazy,nice,right,silly,stupid,wise,wrong , careful , polite , 等表示赞扬或批评的形容词连用,不定式前的sb.可作其逻辑主语②与for连用的通常是一些表示可能性、难易程度、必要性等含义的形容词： possible,impossible,easy,hard,difficult,necessary It’s necessary for you to study hard .〔necessary 修饰 to study hard,表示学习努力是有必要的 It’s foolish of him to do it .〔foolish 修饰逻辑主语him 〔2作表语：放be动词后,构成表语Her job is to clean the hall. 她的工作是打扫大厅。
He appears to have caught a cold. 他似乎感冒了 注意：（3） 作宾语： ①动词+不定式如：He managed to escape from the fire.I find it hard to get along with him.〔it 作形式宾语下列动词通常用不定式作宾语：want, hope, wish, offer, fail, plan, learn, pretend, refuse, manage, help, promise, prefer, like , begin , try , need , forget , agree , know , teach , help , arrange , dare , decide , determine , prepare , continue , ask , mean , choose , expect ,choose, get等②动词+疑问词+to , "特殊疑问句+不定式"相当于名词,作宾语如：I don’t know what to do next/ how to do it next.I can’t decide when to go there.注意：不定式短语作宾语时,如果还带有宾语补足语,往往把不定式短语放在宾语补足语之后,用it 作形式宾语。
如：I find it necessary to learn a foreign language.We think it important to obey the laws . 不定式动词可充当介词宾语,如：I have no choice but to stay here. 我只能留在这里,别无选择 He did nothing last Sunday but repair his bike. 他上周日除了修他的自行车什么也没干 Marx found it important to study the situation in Russia. 马克思发现研究俄国的情况是很重要的4） 作宾语补足语：①动词+宾语+不定式〔to do He warned me to be careful.I want you to speak to Tom.What makes you think so?〔不带to的不定式注：可以用动词不定式做宾补的动词有：ask, tell, order ,want ,get, would like, like, advise, invite, allow, help, wish,warn, expect, prefer, encourage,beg, permit, persuade,prepare, cause, force, call on, wait for, invite. 此外,介词有时也与这种复合宾语连用,如：With a lot of work to do, he didn't go to the cinema． 他有很多工作要做,所以没去电影院。
②表见解、看法的动词结构可为：动词+宾语+ to be 的不定式结构：We consider Tom to be one of the best students in our class.The book is believed to be useful.〔被动语态③There +不定式We didn’t expect there to be so many people there.我们没料到会有那么多人在那里注意：〔1有些动词需用 as 短语作补语,像regard, think, believe, take, consider如：We regard Tom as our best teacher. 我们认为汤姆是我们最好的老师Mary took him as her father. 玛丽把他当作自己的父亲〔2在动词feel 〔一感,hear, listen to〔二听,have, let, make〔三让,notice, see, watch, observe, look at〔五看<即：吾看三室两厅一感觉>等后面的补足语中,不定式不带to,但变为被动语态后,必须带to如：They saw the boy fall off the tree. The boy was seen to fall off the tree.<3>help后面作宾语补足语的不定式可以带to,也可以不带to.I often help him 〔toclean the room.（5） 作定语：动词不定式作定语,放在所修饰的名词或代词后。
与所修饰名词有如下关系：1） He is looking for a room to live in.〔动状关系He has got a chance to go abroad.〔同位关系3主谓关系：She is always the last < person> to speak at the meeting . ----I’m going to the post office , for I have a letter to post . < 逻辑主语是I > -------Thank you. But I have no letters to be posted now < 逻辑主语不是I > 4动宾关系： I have a meeting to attend. 我有一个会议要出席 注意：如果作定语的不定式是一个短语,则要保留不定式短语中的副词或介词如：I need a pen to write with .
