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英语修辞方法28(上课用).doc

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    • Rhetorical Devices in English 1. 明喻simile 英语的明喻是英语中最常用、最简便的修辞格之一,在文学作品中尤其如此它根据人们的联想,利用不同事物之间的相似点,借助比喻词(如like,as等)起连接作用,清楚地说明甲事物在某方面像乙事物 Rhetoric In Practice (《英文实用修辞学》)一书这样来解释明喻: “A simile is an expressed 1ikeness.The simplest and most direct way of connoting an idea with something else is by means of using similes.Simile is the neuter singular of the Latin adjective‘similis,’meaning like.” 1. 关于英语Simile,有两点须加以说明: 一、Simile(明喻)通常由三部分构成,即本体(tenor或subject)、 喻体(vehicle或reference)和比喻词(comparative word或indicator of resemblance)。

      可图示如下:Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress: those who are without want to get in, ↓ ↓ ↓(tenor) (comparative word) (vehicle)and those within want to get out. ( P. M. Quitard) 二、本体与喻体一般为两个不同事物(如属同类也应具不同性质或特征),比喻方可成立例如: ① Peter is as tall as his father. ② Peter is as tall as a Maypole. 稍加分析可以看出,例①不算明喻,只是一个比较句,因为Peter及其father同属人类;而例②才是比喻句,因为Peter与Maypole分属人与物2. 引导明喻的比喻词(comparative words)( 1 ) 介词as,like,of等 ( 2 ) 连词as (犹如),what (犹如),as if, as though, than, and, the way 等。

      3 ) 动词seem,resemble (名词resemblance),treat/honour/regard/consider/respect as,compare to,liken to,pass(胜过),remind of,be similar to,等 4 ) 词组may/might as well…(as)(做…就好像做…),no more/less…than/not any more…than(如同…一样) ,so speak/as it were (可以说,可以比喻地说)2. 暗喻、隐喻metaphor 关于隐喻,Webster’s New World Dictionary说 “a figure of speech containing an implied comparison,in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another” 这个解释十分简明,意思是说,隐喻是一种隐含着比喻的修辞格,它的通常和基本的用法是,表述某一事物的词或者词组被用来比喻另外的一种事物。

      由于它的比喻是隐藏着的,那么它的主体与喻体的关系就显得十分的紧密隐喻(metaphor)是相对于明喻(simile)而言的,运用隐喻这一修辞方法的人,一般在句中不明确告诉读者A像B或B像A,而是简捷地说A是B或B就是A隐喻的表达形式 ( 1 ) 名词型 ( noun metaphors ) All the world’s a stage, and all the men and women merely players. ( William Shakespeare ) 整个世界是座舞台,男男女女,演员而已 2 ) 动词型 ( verb metaphors ) The boy wolfed down the food the moment he grabbed it. 那男孩儿一抓到食物便狼吞虎咽般地吃了下去 3 )形容词型 ( adjective metaphors ) The girl is a dead shot. 这位姑娘是神枪手! ( 4 ) 副词型 ( adverbial metaphors )He flatly refused us.他坚决拒绝我们。

      5 )谚语型 (proverbs serving as metaphors ) Look before you leap. 三思而后行3. 提喻synecdoche指用部分代表整体或者用整体代表部分,以特殊代表一般或者用一般代表特殊例如: He earns his bread by writing. 他靠写作挣钱谋生 The farms were short of hands during the harvest season. 在收获季节农场缺乏劳动力 Australia beat Canada at cricket. 澳大利亚队在板球比赛中击败了加拿大队 4. 拟人personification拟人辞格顾名思义就是把物拟成人Webster’s New World Dictionary定义personification为: “a figure of speech in which a thing, quality, or idea is represented as a person. 在修辞学上,拟人法是指把非人的东西(如动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等)当作人来描写,并赋予它们以人的特性、外表及活动方式等。

      在拟人法中,把那些只适用于描写人的动词、形容词、名词、人称代词等用来描写非人的东西,使之具有人的属性表达方式: 1)把自然现象或物拟人化 2)把机器与用具拟人化3)把动物、植物拟人化4)把抽象的事物或概念拟人化 5. 夸张hyperbole1. 定义 Hyperbole: A figure of speech consisting in exaggerated or extravagant statement, used to express a strong feeling or produce a strong impression, and not intended to be understood literally (OED); extravagant exaggeration that represents something as much greater or less, better or worse, or more intense than it really is or that depicts impossible as actual (as “mile-high ice-cream cones”) (WED). 英语Hyperbole (夸张)一词源于希腊语的huperbole,原意为excess (超过)。

      这是一种故意夸大其词或言过其实(overstatement)的修辞手法,其特点是对表达对象进行有违常识或不合逻辑的夸张性描写,以此来取得强烈的修辞效果试比较以下例句: (1) He ran down the avenue, making a loud noise. (2) He ran down the avenue, making a noise like ten horses at a gallop. 显而易见,例(1)为一般性描写,而例(2)则属夸张性描写,远比例(1)生动形象,使人有如临其境,如闻其声之感表达方式 英语Hyperbole按构成方式大体可分为五类,现分别举例说明 ( 1 ) 用数词表示 We must fight for every inch of land. 我们必须寸土必争 ( 2 ) 用动词、名词、形容词或副词表示 动词 Tanks thunders down the road. 坦克轰隆轰隆地沿着路开过来名词 Life is happiness, each minute might have been an age of happiness. 形容词 It is a cruel hard job. 这是一件十分艰苦的工作。

      3)用形容词比较级和最高级表示形容词比较级I’ve never had a better or a more comfortable dinner.我从来没有吃过比这更好更舒坦的美餐这个句子虽然用了比较级,实际上含有最高级的意义,突出强调这顿美餐使他享受无比4)用虚拟语气表示 l am so hungry I could eat a horse. 饥饿使我胃大无比 6. 叠言 rhetorical repetition这种修辞法是指在特定的语境中,将相同的结构,相同意义词组成句子重叠使用,以增强语气和力量   1、It must be created by the blood and the work of all of us who believe in the future, who believe in man and his glorious man—made destiny.   它必须用我们这些对于未来,对于人类以及人类自己创造的伟大命运具有信心的人的鲜血和汗水去创造 7. 借代、换喻metonymy1. 定义 关于英语的metonymy, Webster’s New International Dictionary是这样解释的: “A figure of speech that consists in using the name of one thing for that of something else with which it is associated.”这一段话大意是说,metonymy是这样的一个辞格,即用一事物的名称来代替另一事物,当然这一事物与另一事物是有关联的。

      《韦氏大辞典》这样的解释,与metonymy的希腊语原义 “a change of name”在主要意义上是一致的2. 特点 借代(metonymy)具有这样几个特点: 1) 甲事物与乙事物不相类似 2) 甲事物与乙事物有不可分离的关系 3) 以乙事物的名称来代替甲事物3. 借代类型( 1 ) 以事物的特征代替事物、人本身The blue eyes walked into the office. 蓝眼睛走进了办公室 ( 2 ) 以工具代替动作或行为者He was raised to the。

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