海工建造规范培训DNV建造标准C401中.ppt

DNV-OS-C401 ”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Jon DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures This is what’s all about04/09/20242DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures Course Purpose. 培训目的培训目的nTo give a brief overview of DNV offshore standards.n介绍DNV海工标准nTo give basic knowledge of fabrication standard OS C-401n介绍海工建造标准OS C-401的基础知识04/09/20243DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures DNV’s ROLE IN OFFSHORE CLASSIFICATIONnDET NORSKE VERITAS (DNV) is an autonomous and independent foundation with the objectives of safeguarding life, property and the environment, at sea and onshore. nDET NORSKE VERITAS(简称DNV)是一家独立的公司。

致力于在海上或海岸上保护工作人员的生命，公共财产及设备的安全和对环境进行保护nDNV undertakes classification, certification, and other verification and consultancy services relating to quality of ships, offshore units and installations, and onshore industries worldwide, and carries out research in relation to these functions.nDNV提供在下列领域内为客户提供分级、验证、认证和咨询服务：造船、海工部件和安装、海岸工程以及在这些相关领域的专业研究04/09/20244Offshore Standards海工标准包括：DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”uA: Quality and Safety Methodologyu 质量和安全控制方法uB: Materials Technologyu材料技术uC: Structuresu结构uD: Systemsu系统uE: Special Facilitiesu特殊设备uF: Pipelines and Risersu安装管道和竖管A A B B C CD D E EF F04/09/20245DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures Offshore Standards. 海工标准海工标准 nProvide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the offshore industry as well as the technical basis for DNV offshore services.n海工标准为海工建造提供技术条款和可接受的标准04/09/20246DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures Recommended Practices. nProvide proven technology and sound engineering practice as well as guidance for the higher level Offshore Service Specifications and Offshore Standards.n提供技术和录音实例以及提供高水平的海工服务规格和海工标准指南。

04/09/20247DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures DNV Offshore Codes are offered within the following areas:-A) Qualification, Quality and Safety Methodology- 资格、品质和安全控制方法-B) Materials Technology- 材料技术-C) Structures- 结构-D) Systems- 系统-E) Special Facilities- 特殊设备-F) Pipelines and Risers- 安装管道和竖管-G) Asset Operation- 资产管理-H) Marine Operations- 海工运营04/09/20248DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Difference Ship Rules versus Offshore rules 船舶规范与海工规范不同的原因Rules for Offshore projects are in some areas quite different from the traditional Ship Rules, due to long time on location with no or limited possibilities leave the location. (> 20 – 25 years service time)海工产品必须在海上持续工作20－25年船舶可以进坞进行检验（中间检验、特检）04/09/20249DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Some important aspects:几个重要方面-Structural integrity and strength (Loads based on environmental conditions on actual location)-结构形式和强度（载荷根据工作地点的实际环境）-Accidental loads to be included in Design Loads (DAL)-设计载荷还考虑到可能受到的意外载荷-Fatigue (attention to details)疲劳问题-Maintenance保养维修-Corrosion protection防腐-In service inspection ( Access etc. should be planned and provided during newbuilding phase)使用过程中的检验-Increased reliability of Marine systems, utility systems and equipment.-提高各种系统和设备、设施的可靠性-Safety systems (Fire, explosion, abandon installation etc.)-防火、防爆、逃生等安全系统-Shelf state requirements to accommodation and working environment-当地的居住和工作环境要求04/09/202410DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nDNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nDNV-OS-C401海工结构建造和试验-CH. 1 INTRODUCTION 介绍-CH. 2 TECHNICAL PROVISIONS技术条款-CH. 3 CERTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION验证与入级04/09/202411DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” CH. 1 INTRODUCTIONA 200 Objective201 The objectives of this standard are to:§Provide an internationally acceptable standard to ensure the quality of all welding operations used in offshore fabrication, through identifying appropriate welding procedures, welder qualifications and test methods.§提供国际认可的标准，通过对焊接程序、焊工资格和测试方法的认证来保障海工焊接质量§Serve as a technical reference document in contractual matters between purchaser and contractor.§为买方和承包人就合同问题提供技术参考文件§Serve as guideline for designer, purchaser and contractor§为设计者、买方和承包商提供指导§Specify minimum requirements for welding operations subject to DNV certification and classification.§将焊接工作的要求最细化，使其符合DNV的认证和分级要求04/09/202412DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Chapter 2 Technical provisionsn 第二章：技术条款-Sec. 1 Welding Procedures and Qualification of Welders- 焊接工艺和焊工取证-Sec. 2 Fabrication and Tolerances建造与公差-Sec. 3 Non-Destructive Testing无损探伤-Sec. 4 Other Tests其它试验-Sec. 5 Corrosion Protection Systems防腐系统-Sec. 6 Miscellaneous其它 04/09/202413DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Sec. 1 Welding Procedures and Qualification of Welders 焊接工艺与焊工取证Welding procedures焊接工艺§Pre-Welding Procedure Specification to be prepared and accepted by purchaser.焊接预试验工艺必须得到船东认可§WPQT to be based on accepted Pre-WPS §按照焊接预试验工艺进行焊接工艺认可试验§WPS may be based on purchaser accepted WPQT and in conformance with an agreed qualification scheme.§焊接工艺建立在焊接工艺认可实验及其质量控制方案§WPS shall reflect conditions and equipment used for the actual production welding.焊接工艺须反映实际工作所使用的设备和相关条件§WPS shall reflect the working environment for the work shop or site where the production welding will be performed.§焊接工艺须反映实际工作场所的工作环境§Specific requirements to WPQT for C-Mn steels are found in OS-C401 Ch.2, Sec.1, C.§关于C-Mn系钢的焊接工艺与焊工资格的具体要求，详见OS-C401 Ch.2, Sec.1, C.04/09/202414DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”A WPS can be established by one of the following methods:编制焊接工艺说明书的方法：nPerforming of welding procedure test (WPQT) and subsequent review of the welding procedure qualification records (WPQR) n进行焊接工艺评定试验，并对相关记录进行评定nReview of previously qualified welding procedures tests (WPQT) which has been witnessed by a party recognized by the purchasern对其它船级社或其它组织认可的焊接工艺评定记录进行评定nReview of WPS评定焊接工艺说明书nReview and verification of documentation showing successful application of welding procedures over a prolonged period of time.对经过长期使用后被认为是成功的焊接工艺进行评定、验证04/09/202415DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Welders qualification焊工的评定§Welders who are welding in manual or partly mechanized welding processes shall be qualified in accordance with a recognized standard (E.g. EN 287, ISO 9609, ASME IX or ANSI/AWS D1.1)§手工焊和半自动焊焊工须得到相关组织的认可§Welders using fully mechanized welding or automatic welding processes, need generally not pass a qualification test, but shall receive adequate training for setting and operation of equipment.§自动焊的操作人员无需进行专门的考试，但需要通过专门的培训来学会设置和操作设备04/09/202416DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures” Sec.2. Fabrication and tolerances.第二章 建造与许可公差 Fabrication Planning建造方案As a prerequisite for fabrication, procedures, inspection and test plans and work instructions for execution and control of fabrication activities shall be established.工艺方案、检验和试验方案是执行和控制建造的先决条件Contractors involved in fabrication of structural members shall have a documented and implemented quality system according to ISO 9001 or equivalent. 承包商应该具有完善的质量体系Workmanship shall be in accordance with written procedures accepted by the purchaser. 必须按照船东认可的工艺进行施工All work shall be executed with adequate control by the contractor. Repair work shall be carried out in accordance with written procedures accepted by the purchaser . 所有施工过程必须有严格的控制，修补工作也必须按照认可的工艺进行04/09/202417DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Faults and deficiencies shall be corrected before painting or other means of permanent covers have been applied. 所有错误和缺陷必须在油漆和其它东西覆盖前得到修复Prior to commencement of the work the contractor shall submit a plan for NDT, NDT procedures and documents for NDT inspectors’ certification for acceptance by the purchaser. The programme shall contain information and documents for planning, controlling, reporting etc. Acceptance criteria for NDT shall be accepted by the purchaser if they are not specified in relevant documents.开工前承包商需要提供无损探伤方案，方案应包括整个过程控制和验收标准。

整个方案应包括计划、控制和汇报等方面的信息和文件如果没有特别的要求，承包商需接受NDT的验收标准04/09/202418DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Inspection.检验检验nTo be carried out in accordance with accepted inspection and test plans covering:检验要按照检验和试验方案进行，应包括：§correct identification and documentation and use of materials §材料跟踪§qualification and acceptance of fabrication procedures and personnel评定施工人员资质和建造方案§inspection of preparatory work (assembly, fit-up form work, reinforcement etc.)检验成型、装配、加强等准备工作§welding inspection焊接的检验§inspection of fabrication work for compliance with specifications and procedures确认施工人员资质以及是否按工艺施工§ witnessing NDT, control and testing跟踪无损探伤和其它试验§inspection of repairs修补工作的检验04/09/202419DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”ninspection of corrosion protection systems防腐系统的检验nensure functionality of examination or testing equipment and of recording and/or measuring devices vital for correct functioning of equipment and machinery used in fabrication.确保检验设备的可靠性nDue consideration shall be given to the access and the time required for adequate inspection during fabrication.确保留有足够的检验时间和通道nHigh non-conformance rates in execution of the work or in the product itself shall call for special considerations. Such special considerations may include, but not be limited to, increased inspection, re-qualification of personnel or other agreed remedial actions.n在建造过程中不按规定施工人次较多，或产品质量问题较多的情况下，需要采取增加检验、对施工人员重新评定以及其它弥补措施NOTE!!注意！！注意！！nInspectors shall be qualified according to a recognized scheme and shall be able to provide documentation of proficiency.n检验人员需要经过专门培训并得到认可04/09/202420DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Material Identification, Cutting and Forming 材料识别，切割和成型材料识别，切割和成型 Material identification材料识别材料识别-A traceability system that ensures correct installation and documentation of the material grades or strength classes shall be established by the contractor throughout the prefabrication and installation process.-建立材料跟踪系统确保正确使用材料，记录材料：材质、等级-Proper care shall be exercised during handling and storage to preserve identification of such material. -材料识别和跟踪应贯穿下料、运输、储存等全过程04/09/202421DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Cutting and forming.-The effect of work hardening shall be considered if shearing is used for cutting of material. Special attention shall be paid to the risk of cracked edges.材料剪切后边缘会产生硬化和裂纹，要特别注意-Attention shall be paid to excessive local hardening and carbon contaminations by thermal cutting. This may be reduced by suitable heat treatment or removed by mechanical means.-通过热工切割可能产生的局部硬化和渗碳，可以通过热处理和机械方法消除-Forming and straightening of materials shall be performed according to agreed procedures. Such work shall be controlled by the contractor.-成型和校平工艺需要得到认可，并得到有效控制-The degree of cold deformation of special and primary structural elements shall be less than 5%. If the deformation exceeds 5%, either heat treatment or strain ageing tests shall be carried out according to an agreed procedure.-主体结构和特殊结构的冷变形大于5％时，要通过认可的热处理方法校正04/09/202422DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Tolerances公差nAllowable fabrication tolerances shall be submitted to the purchaser for acceptance.规定公差需得到船东认可nSpecial considerations shall be given in providing proper alignment of structural members. Allowable fabrication tolerances shall be established on basis of due consideration to the criticality of the design.特别要注意结构对中问题nThe maximum fabrication tolerances may generally be taken in compliance with IACS Shipbuilding and Repair Quality Standard Part A Sec.6 and Sec.7.n建造工程可参照国际船级社的标准NOTE!! 注意注意nStraightness of members which are based on buckling calculations according to DNV-RP-C201 and/or DNV-RPC202 shall be within the tolerances given in Table E3.结构的直线度参照DNV-RP-C201 and/or DNV-RPC202 的E3表格n106 Alignments of the non-continuous plates in cruciform joints and butt welds shall be within the tolerances given inFig.1, Table E1 and Table E2.n非连续构件的对中参照以下E1（非连续）,E2（连续对接）表格的标准04/09/202423DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”表E1表示十字接头，依次分别为：特殊结构、重要结构和次要结构的错位表E2表示对接接头，依次分别为：特殊结构、重要结构和次要结构的错位04/09/202424DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”04/09/202425DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Assembly, Welding, Heat treatment and RepairsAssembly and Welding.装配和电焊装配和电焊nAssembly and welding operations shall be carried out by qualified personnel and supervision.装配工和电焊工都必须持证装配工和电焊工都必须持证nA fabrication sequence shall be established to ensure that the structure can be assembled in a manner which allows for effective control at all stages of work.为了对整个工程进行有效控制，必须编制建造次序nFit-up, preparation for welding and welding operations shall take place in accordance with procedures accepted by the purchaser.n装配、焊前准备工作、焊接都必须按认可的工艺进行nThe welding sequence shall be such that the amount of shrinkage, distortions and residual stresses are minimized. 焊接顺序要有利于焊接变形和残余应力的最小化焊接顺序要有利于焊接变形和残余应力的最小化04/09/202426DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nThe fit-up shall be checked for dimensional accuracy before welding. Surfaces to be welded shall be free from mill scale, slag, rust, grease, paint etc. Edges are to have a smooth and uniform surface. No welding shall be performed when the surfaces are damp. Suitable protection shall be arranged when welding is performed during inclement weather conditions. The groove shall be dry at the time of welding.n焊接前必须检验装配的准确性。

焊接区域必须清除氧化皮、熔渣、铁锈、油渍、油漆等板缝必须保证平直严禁在潮湿的板缝上焊接，焊缝必须保持干燥天气恶劣的情况下，焊接前要采取适当的防护措施nPreheating shall preferably be performed with electric heating elements. Gas burners may be used under controlled conditions. Cutting torches should not be used.当板缝需要加热时，最好使用电加热烘枪的使用必须在严格控制下进行严禁使用割刀加热nFor welds of structural category special, primary and butt-welds in secondary structural elements a WPS shall be established for acceptance by the purchaser.主体结构、重要结构焊接的焊接工艺以及次要构件的对接缝的焊接工艺必须得到船东的认可04/09/202427DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nGuidance note:nThe weld connection between two components shall be assigned the structural category area equal to the higher category of the joined components. For stiffened plates not classified as structural category special, the weld connection between stiffener and stringer and girder web to plate may normally be assigned structural category secondary.两个构件焊接时，按照较高等级的材料的焊接要求进行。

非重要构件的扶强材的焊接、平台扶强材的焊接、桁材扶强材的焊接、扶强材之间的焊接都可以按照次要构件的焊接要求进行nTack welding shall, when integrated in production welding, be qualified. For welds specified in 112 a WPS shall be submitted to the purchaser for acceptance.n定位焊作为结构焊的一部分时，点焊工或焊工必须持证对于112项规定的焊接，焊接工艺需要得到船东的认可nAll fabrication welding shall be performed within the limits of essential variables of the qualified welding procedure. This also includes tack welding, seal welding, welding of lifting lugs and attachment welds as well as repair welding.n所有的焊接都不能超过认可的焊接工艺范围。

这包括：定位焊、盖面、吊耳和其它附件的焊接以及电焊修补工作04/09/202428DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nWhen resuming welding on partially filled joints in special areas, preheating shall be performed and the temperature within the specified tolerances, shall if not otherwise agreed, be equal to the interpass temperature for the welding pass in question.n在多道焊焊缝未一次性焊完的情况下，继续施焊前需要按要求对焊缝进行加热加热温度要符合规定要求或等同于同类焊缝的层间温度nGrooves produced by gouging shall be followed by grinding removing carbonized material and the groove shall be dressed to a shape consistent with tolerances in agreement with the purchaser.n碳刨坡口要用打磨的方法去除渗碳层，坡口成型的公差范围也要得到船东的认可。

nWelding consumables shall be classified with respect to strength , application area and hydrogen level according to recognized scheme.n焊材的使用要按照规范，符合强度、焊接位置的要求，氢含量也要符合相应的要求04/09/202429DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nRecycling of fluxes for submerged-arc welding shall be performed in a manner that ensures a mixture of new and used flux with continually homogenous properties.n焊剂的回收利用以及新老焊接的混合使用要保证焊剂的纯度nWelds shall be terminated in a manner that will ensure sound welds without end-craters. Extension bars and run-off plates shall be removed upon completion and cooling of the weld. The end of the weld shall be made smooth and flush with the edges of abutting parts.n起弧和息弧分别要使用，确保两端没有弧坑，引弧板和息弧板在焊缝冷却后去除。

端头电焊要光顺，与板边保持平直n121 Grinding of welds with the intention of increasing the fatigue life and/or reducing the probability of brittle fracture shall be carried out according to agreed specifications.n用打磨的方法来提高焊缝的疲劳寿命或者消除裂纹要符合规范04/09/202430DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nStorage and handling of welding consumables shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's recommendations, and in accordance with procedures giving details regarding conditions in storage rooms, temperature in storage ovens and quivers, length of exposure and conditions, as applicable.n焊材的使用和保存都要得到船东认可，包括：储存室的条件、烘箱、焊条筒的温度等。

nWelding production tests shall be made during fabrication of welds in special areas and in primary structural elements to verify that the produced welds are of acceptable quality. Minimum one test coupon is required from each applied welding process.n主体结构和重要结构的焊接要通过同等环境下的试验来验证其可靠性，每种结构至少做一个试验nImportant welding operations shall be carried out under daily supervision of an inspector, who has the experience and qualifications, which enable him to judge this type of work. The work of each welder shall be regularly examined.n重要结构焊接要有合格的人员监控。

所有焊工都要接受定期检查nThe welding shop and contractors shall keep a card index or register of all approved welders, with all relevant information regarding qualification tests, base metal , consumables, weld positions, joint design etc.每个车间和分包商都要建立焊工目录，目录要包含：焊工通过的试验以及相应的焊材、焊接方位、接头形式等信息04/09/202431DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Repairs.修补修补nRepairs shall be carried out in accordance with qualified repair procedures subject to agreement.修补必须按认可的工艺进行nGuidance to repair work may be found in IACS Shipbuilding and repair Quality Standard, Part A Sec.9 and Part B.n修补工作可以参考IACS的 Part A Sec.9 and Part BnMembers distorted by welding may be straightened by mechanical means or by carefully supervised application of a limited amount of localized heat. The application of heat or mechanical force shall be in accordance with a written procedure.焊接变形的机械校正或局部火工校正必须在严格的监控下按工艺进行。

nDefects in welds may be rectified by grinding, machining or welding. Welds of insufficient strength, ductility or notch toughness shall be completely removed prior to repair.n焊接缺陷可以通过打磨、机械加工或者电焊进行修补当焊缝没有足够的强度、延伸性或缺口韧性时，整个焊缝需要清除，进行重新焊接nThe mechanical properties of repair weld shall satisfy the minimum specified properties of the steel in question.n电焊的修补要确保结构的机械性能04/09/202432DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nRepair welding in the same area may be carried out twice. Further repairs shall be evaluated in each individual case.同一处电焊修补只能修补或返工两次，之后每一次修补前都必须进行评估确认。

nWhenever a defect is removed, the gouged and ground area shall be examined by magnetic particle testing or other suitable methods to verify complete removaln用碳刨或打磨清除缺陷后，要用磁粉探伤来确认缺陷已完全清除nThe preheating and working temperature shall when making shallow and local repairs in special and primary structural elements be raised 50ºC above the level specified for production welding and be at least 100ºC unless otherwise agreed.n主要构件和重要构件在修补前需要预热，预热温度要高于规定焊前温度50度，至少要达到100度nFor planar defects the repair length on either side of the defect shall be 50 mm longer than the size of the defect as confirmed by NDTn对无损探伤发现的缺陷进行修补时，返工的长度要确保两头都要超过缺陷长度50MM。

nTo ensure sound repair welds, the single repair length shall not be shorter than 50 mm. 任何地方的焊缝修补长度都必须大于50MM04/09/202433DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nMinor discontinuities may be removed by grinding or machining, making a smooth transition into the surrounding material. The thickness shall not be reduced to less than 93% of the nominal thickness but in no case by more than 3 mm. The extent of such repair shall be agreed upon.n部分小的缺陷可以通过打磨和机械加工来清除，清除区域要保持过渡光顺打磨和机械加工后板厚不得低于原板厚的93% ，减小的厚度不得大于3MM。

超过这个范围必须得到船东、船检的认可nAll repairs shall be re-inspected with the same NDT methods to the same or increased extent as necessary.n缺陷修补后需要用相同的无损探伤方法进行重新检验再次探伤的范围要大于前次探伤的范围04/09/202434DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Non-Destructive Testing.无损探伤无损探伤GeneralnPrior to commencement of fabrication the contractor shall submit a plan for NDT, NDT procedures and documents for NDT inspectors’ certification for acceptance by the purchaser. The program shall contain information and documents for planning, controlling and reporting.n开工前，厂方需要提交无损探伤的范围和方法，人员资质要得到船东认可。

nThe inspection categories shall be defined in accordance with DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 or DNV-OS-C201 Sec 4 and shall be specified in relevant design drawings.n检验范围要符合DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 或 DNV-OS-C201 Sec 4的规定 nWelds shall be subject to NDT in progress with fabrication. The results of these activities shall be consecutively reported to the purchaser.n建造过程中的无损探伤结果须及时提交船东04/09/202435DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nMethods of NDT shall be chosen with due regard to the conditions including the sensitivity of the method and the method’s ability to detect defects likely to occur as a consequence of the chosen welding process.n针对不同的焊接程序应该采用不同的无损探伤形式，确保探伤的准确性。

nFinal inspection and NDT of structural steel welds shall not be carried out before 48 hours after completion, except where PWHT （POST-WELD HEAT TREATMENT）is required. The time delay may upon agreement be reduced for NV 36 grades or lower and for NV 420 grades or lower for plate thicknesses less than 40 mm, if consistent low failure rate of delayed cracking has been documented for the materials and welding consumables in question.n除经过热处理的结构外，其它焊缝的检验和无损探伤应在焊接完成48小时后进行对于级别低于NV36（包括NV36）和板厚小于40MM的NV 42的材料焊接，如果连续的记录表明产生延迟裂纹的概率很低，则经过船东、船检同意，检验和无损探伤的开始时间可以少于48小时。

04/09/202436DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nWhen heat treatment is performed, the final NDT shall be carried out when all heat treatments have been completed. n如果需要进行热处理，无损探伤应该安排在所有热处理完成后进行nAll welds shall be 100% visually inspected prior to carrying out NDT.n无损探伤前焊缝应进行100%外观检验nAll NDT shall be properly documented in such a way that the performed examination can be duplicated. The reports shall identify the defects present in the weld area and state if the weld satisfies the acceptance criteria or not.n所有无损探伤必须记录全面，确保可以按照同样的方式重做。

报告要指明缺陷所在位置以及是否符合规范要求04/09/202437DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”NDT Procedures无损探伤的程序nNDT shall be performed in accordance with agreed written procedures that, as a minimum, give detailed information on the following aspects:n无损探伤应按照书面的程序进行，应包括以下几个方面：-applicable code or standard 使用的代号和标准-materials and dimensions 材料和尺寸-welding process 焊接程序-joint configuration and dimensions 接头形式与尺寸-Technique 探伤方法-equipment, main and auxiliary 主要的和辅助设备-Sensitivity 灵敏度04/09/202438DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”-calibration techniques and calibration references 校准技术和校准基准-testing parameters and variables 试验参数和范围-assessment of imperfections 准确性的评价-reporting and documentation of results 结果的报告与存档-reference to applicable welding procedure(s) 关于适用的焊接工艺-personnel qualification 人员资质-acceptance criteria. 接受标准04/09/202439DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Personnel qualification无损探伤检验人员资质无损探伤检验人员资质nPersonnel performing NDT and interpretation of examination results shall be certified according to a recognized certification scheme subject to agreement and shall provide a valid certificate of proficiency. The certificate shall state the qualifications as to which examination method and within which category the operator is qualified.n进行无损探伤的职工和其检验结果都必须符合合同中规定的验证标准，且须提供有效的级别证书。

此证书须注明其具有运用何种检验方法的资格和操作人员的能力范围NOTE!!nThis requirement is also valid for Visual inspectors as visual inspection is the first, and maybe the most important step of NDT inspectionn此要求对视察员同样有效因为视察时第一位，同时也是作重要的步骤04/09/202440DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Extent of NDT无损探伤的范围nExtent of NDT shall be based on type and level of design stresses and on the importance of the connection in question. The welds shall be assigned inspection categories equal to the highest structural category of the two components.无损探伤的范围主要根据结构的重要性和设计应力来确定。

两个构件的焊接检验应该按照高级别构件的检验标准来进行检验nFor stiffened plates , which are not assigned Inspection category I, the weld connection between stiffener and stringer and girder web to the plate may normally be inspected according to Inspection Category III.n非重要构件的扶强材与扶强材的对接、扶强材与平台或桁材的焊接通常可以按照三类的标准进行检验nRadiographic examination may be replaced by ultrasonic examination and vice versa, when methodologically justifiable and in agreement with the purchaser.n在能达到同等效果的情况下，经过船东同意，拍片和超声波探伤可以互换nFrequent repairs shall result in increased extent of NDT.n返工越多，无损探伤的范围应越大。

04/09/202441DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nNDT shall normally be carried out to an extent not less than required in Table B1.n无损探伤的范围不得小于以下B1表的要求04/09/202442DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Acceptance criteria for NDT04/09/202443DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”04/09/202444DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”t 代表金属板厚度总体要求：焊接需保证形状和尺寸正确无误焊接应按标准程序完成并且焊接处与部件有效结合凹槽处焊接需进行轻微的或最小程度的加固，或进 行根部渗透，但不要超过3毫米。

脚缝焊表面须轻微凸起或凹陷，或者保持平面与底角平齐04/09/202445DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”1) 如果相同的缺陷（气孔或夹渣）之间的距离小于其中最大的一个缺陷的长度，可以考虑其是否为一个连续的缺陷如果过多的气孔或夹渣掩盖了其它的缺陷，则应进行拍片检测或超声波检测2) 如果气孔之间的距离小于气孔直径的3倍，可视其为形成线状或串状焊接表面不应出现线状的气孔3) 如焊接方向的缺陷的长度超过了其宽度的3倍，则视其为线状缺陷如夹渣线之间的距离小于缺陷横截面最大直径的3倍则视此夹渣线为一个缺陷4) 如发现平行的夹渣线，则要进行超声波检测5) 在一条线上的缺陷，如缺陷之间的距离小于最大的一个缺陷的长度，则视其为一个连续性的缺陷6) 见B304/09/202446DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”04/09/202447DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”04/09/202448DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”B5 超声波测试指示1)2)3)结构类别特殊结构重要结构次要结构回声最大波长4)，毫米参考水平的50%t/3 or maximum 10参考水平的100%t/2 or maximum 10参考水平的100%T or maximum 20不能存在任何大小和振幅的缺陷1）不论出现何种波长和振幅，只要是检验员基于经验，焊接方法和几何学的知识对其作出的判断的，都不能认为是裂纹、未 熔合或未焊透等缺陷。

这种情况出现后，就必须进行单独的测试或由另外的检验员来重新测试2）如果焊接的部位只有一边可以进行检测，当所有的指示的长度都大于t/4，并且特殊结构的参照曲线超过20%，其它类别的 结构超过50%，都可以视为裂纹，未溶合或未焊透等缺陷，除非有其它情况证明它不是这种情况出现后，就必须进行单 独的测试或由另外的检验员来重新测试3）纵向的缺陷的指示间歇性地高于或低于验收标准，当出现这种情况时，当超过验收标准所规定的缺陷之外的区域被修补 后，一般可以确定其缺陷类型如果缺陷被认定为是裂纹、未溶合、未焊透或夹渣线时，无论出现任何振幅，这些缺陷都 是不允许存在的4）当回声的振幅达到或超过规定的百分比时，长度会被定义为点与点之间的距离04/09/202449DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Other tests其它试验其它试验Tightness test密性试验密性试验nAll tanks to be tested for tightness, either by water or compressed air and efficient indicating liquid.所有舱室都必须做压水试验和压气试验。

nTightness test with air shall be carried out before protective coating is applied.气密试验应在油漆前进行nMax air pressure not to exceed 20kN/m2, and to be reduced to min. 15kN/m2 before test commences.n气密试验的气压应在1.5－2公斤之间nMin. water pressure to 25kN.m2 at the top of the tank.n压水试验的压力应保证舱室顶部的压力达到2.5公斤nThe outside of the tank to be dry and clean when water testing is applied. 压水试验前舱室外围应保持干燥04/09/202450DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Structural Test结构试验结构试验nAt least one of identical tanks to be structurally tested by water pressure if not otherwise agreed.一种类型的舱室至少选一个进行压水试验。

nBulkheads between tanks arranged to carry different liquids shall be hydraulically tested at least from one side.n如果两个相邻舱室装载不同的液体，至少在一个舱室内应进行压水试验nPressure to be maintained at least 20 min.压力至少保持20分钟nNo significant deformations or other damages to occur as a result of the testing.密性试验不应导致任何明显变形或结构破坏nIf structural test reveal weaknesses in the structure, further testing should be assessed.如果结构试验过程中发现结构强度不够，进一步试验前要对结构强度进行评估04/09/202451DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Production tests.生产性试验生产性试验nAt least one welding production shall be made during fabrication of welds in speciqal area and in primary structural elements to verify that the produced welds are of acceptable quality. n每种特殊结构和重要结构应至少做一个生产性试验。

nMinimum one test coupon is required from each applied welding process.n每种焊接程序应至少提交一份试验帖签报告04/09/202452DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Sacrificial anodes阳极保护（锌块）阳极保护（锌块）nAnode shapes and their fastening devices (studs, clamps, etc.) shall be subject to agreement with the purchaser.锌块的固定方式应由船东认可nFor anodes fastened by other means than welding, attention should be paid to the establishing of good electrical contact. Resistance measurements may be required.n如果采用电焊固定， 应测量电阻，确保导电性。

nWelding of connections shall be carried out to procedures accepted by the purchaser and by qualified welders.n锌块的焊接应由有资质的焊工按工艺进行nAnodes shall if not otherwise agreed, be connected to the structure in way of local stiffening. Any doubling plates to which anodes are welded, shall have a thickness normally not less than 10 mm, well rounded corners (r > 20 mm), and shall be continuously welded. n除特殊许可的情况下，锌块应焊接在有加强的结构上如果锌块焊接在重磅上，重磅板的厚度应大于10mm，四角应有大于20mm的圆角，并烧进行满焊04/09/202453DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”nMaterial grades of the doubling plates and anode studs or pads welded directly to main plating, shall be in accordance with the requirements given in DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 or DNV-OS-C201 Sec.4. The doubling plates shall be of the material strength group as the main plate. n安装锌块的重磅板或锌块马脚的材质应与被保护的主体结构相同。

同时满足DNV-OS-C101 Sec.4 or DNV-OS-C201 Sec.4 的要求nFor anodes connected to bulkhead plating, girder web plates etc. having a thickness equal to or less than 15 mm, at least one of the studs shall be welded on or close to a local stiffener. n如果安装锌块的壁板或桁材的板厚小于等于15mm，锌块的一只脚应焊接在扶强材上或靠近扶强材的地方nAnodes connected to shell plating of trusses etc., where no internal stiffening is provided, shall be fastened to doubling plates permanently welded to the shell.n如果锌块需要安装在没有加强的外板上，应在马脚处加重磅板04/09/202454DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Ch.3 CERTIFICATION AND CLASSIFICATION第三章第三章 验证与入级验证与入级SCOPE范围范围nThis section lists requirements relating to certification and classification.n本章列出了验证与入级的具体要求。

nWhen this standard is used as basis for Classification, the term purchaser” shall apply to the Society and pertinent activities contractually associated with the “Contractor”.n当此标准被用作入级的依据时，“购买者”和“承包人”这两个术语将会成为契约性的关系，并适用于社会活动或与其相关的活动之中04/09/202455DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Specific Certification and Classification RequirementsBasic requirements入级的基本要求入级的基本要求nWelding of special, primary and secondary structures for hull, welding of superstructure, piping systems and equipment shall be carried out by approved welders, with approved welding consumables and at welding shops and –contractors recognised by DNV.n对于任何结构的焊接，焊工和焊材必须得到船级社的认可。

04/09/202456DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Welding shops and –contractorsnWelding shops and -contractors will have to prove their qualifications for the welding operations in question.厂方必须证明其资质nIt is assumed that the welding shops and –contractors make use of the necessary equipment for carrying out inspection of the welding operations in a satisfactory manner.厂方人员应能正确使用各种设备nImportant welding operations shall be carried out under daily supervision of an inspector, who has the experience and qualifications, which enable him to judge this type of work. The work of each welder shall be regularly examined.n重要结构的焊接应由专人每日进行监控，焊工应接受定期检验。

nThe welding shops and -contractors shall keep a card index or register of all approved welders. The register shall give information on training of the welders and date and results of qualification tests. Information about the base metal, type of welding consumable, joint design and welding positions shall be stated in the event of re-qualification tests. The surveyor shall be allowed to examine the register at any time.n厂房和承包商应建立卡片索引或将每位被认可的焊工注册注册信息包括焊工的培训信息，资质测试的日期和结果如有复核测试，则应注明初级金属、焊接消耗品的类型，焊接方案设计和焊接部位等信息。

检查员可随时查看这些信息04/09/202457DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Welding consumables焊材焊材nConsumables for welding of offshore structures intended for classification shall be approved by the Society.焊材要经船检认可nType approval of welding consumables will be considered subject to compliance with the requirements given in the Rules for Classification of Ships Pt.2 Ch.3 Sec.3.焊材的形式认可应符合规范要求nAll brand names under which a tested and approved welding consumable is marketed, shall be registered by the Society. In order to avoid duplication of tests, the manufacturer shall certify that the welding consumables marketed under alternative brand names are identical with the consumables tested for approval.n厂方要确保实际建造工程所使用的焊材与认可试验所使用的焊材一致，并将所有焊材分类等级。

04/09/202458DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Welding procedures and qualification of welders焊接工艺与焊工资质焊接工艺与焊工资质nThe welding procedure qualification test shall be witnessed by the surveyor.n焊接工艺认可实验应在验船师在场的情况下进行nWelding and testing of weld assemblies for approval of welders shall be performed in the presence of the surveyor. Upon successful completion, the Society will certify that the welder has passed the approval testing.nWhere certification is performed by other IACS members or independent organisations, e.g. accredited or nationally approved certification bodies, recognition of such certification will be evaluated on a case by case basis. The Society reserves the right, however, to require verification of welders' qualifications when deemed necessary. Such verification may include testing prior to production, extra NDT and/or welding production tests.nDNV 保留对其它船级社认可的焊工进行评估的权利，有权要求进行考试或试验。

04/09/202459DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”Records and Documentation记录与存档记录与存档nAdequate records related to the fabrication of the structure shall be prepared to document that the structure meets the specified requirements. Such records shall be compiled in parallel with the fabrication process. Compiled records shall be systematic and fully traceable. Such records shall reflect all relevant testing, alterations, additions, corrections and revisions made during the fabrication period in order to provide information required during the in- service life of the structure.n记录和归档应贯穿于这个建造过程，并具有系统性和可追溯性。

记录应包括：试验、变更、修正这些记录为使用过程中的检验提供信息04/09/202460DNV-OS-C401”Fabrication and Testing of Offshore Structures”GOOD LUCK04/09/202461。