小学英语小升初高频考点名词与冠词用法解析.doc

小升初英语高频考点名词与冠词用法解析一、名词分类与判断1.可数与不可数可数名词：能数个数，有单数和复数形式例：book, apple, desk不可数名词：整体概念，通常无复数例：water, milk, rice, bread, homework, advice, furniture, information, news判断技巧A.能直接在前面加数字的，多为可数：two booksB.需借助量词的，多为不可数：a piece of advice, a glass of waterC.抽象/物质多不可数，但有些词可数不可数皆可，含义不同：chicken（肉，不可数）；a chicken（一只鸡，可数）paper（纸，不可数）；a paper（一篇论文/报纸，可数）例句I bought two books and some paper.译：我买了两本书和一些纸He gave me a piece of advice.译：他给了我一条建议2.普通名词与专有名词普通名词：表示一类人或物例：city, teacher专有名词：特指人名、地名、机构名、节日等，首字母要大写例：Tom, China, the Pacific Ocean, Christmas3.集合名词（集体名词）表示一群人或事物的整体：class, family, team, police, cattle在语义上可看作整体（单数谓语）或个体（复数谓语），见“主谓一致”部分4.物质名词与抽象名词物质：wood, gold, water（多不可数）抽象：love, courage, happiness（多不可数）注意“a + 抽象/物质”常变成“一个具体实例/表现”：a love of music（对音乐的热爱）二、名词单复数变化1.规则变化一般加 -s：book→books, pen→pens以 s, x, z, ch, sh 结尾加 -es：bus→buses, box→boxes, watch→watches以辅音字母 + y 结尾：y→ies：city→cities, baby→babies以元音字母 + y 结尾：直接加 -s：toy→toys, day→days以 -f/-fe 结尾多变 -ves：leaf→leaves, knife→knives例外直接 -s：roof→roofs, belief→beliefs, chief→chiefs以 -o 结尾有两种：加 -es：tomato→tomatoes, potato→potatoes, hero→heroes加 -s：photo→photos, radio→radios, piano→pianos例句There are many tomatoes and two radios on the table.译：桌上有许多番茄和两台收音机。

2.不规则变化（高频）man→men, woman→women, child→children, tooth→teeth, foot→feet, mouse→mice, goose→geese, person→people, ox→oxen同形单复数：sheep, deer, fish（一般同形，表示种类时可用 fishes）, Chinese（单复同形）例句These children have clean teeth and bare feet.译：这些孩子牙齿很干净，光着脚丫3.复合名词复数主要词变复数：mothers-in-law, sons-in-law, passers-by, editors-in-chief可数短语名词：forget-me-nots（勿忘我花）例句Many passers-by stopped to help.译：许多过路人停下来帮忙4.专有名词复数表家族/复数成员：the Smiths（史密斯一家）节日/赛事本身为复数形式：the Olympics5.只用复数形式（做主语常接复数谓语）trousers, shorts, scissors, glasses（眼镜）, police（警察）若表示“一条/一把/一副”，用 a pair of + 复数名词，谓语用单数或跟语义一致：This pair of scissors is new.译：这把剪刀是新的。

My trousers are too long.译：我的裤子太长了三、名词在句中的功能与写作1.主语（Subject）The vase is beautiful.译：这个花瓶很漂亮Water is important to life.译：水对生命很重要2.宾语（Object）I like English.译：我喜欢英语She bought a new dress.译：她买了一条新裙子3.表语（Predicative/Complement）My dream is a teacher.译：我的梦想是当一名老师The trip was fun.译：这次旅行很有趣4.同位语（Apposition）My brother, Tom, is twelve.译：我弟弟汤姆十二岁The city of Hangzhou is famous.译：杭州这座城市很有名5.定语（作后置/前置修饰语）the school library（名词作定语，放前面）the students in Class 6（介词短语作定语，放后面）6.宾语补足语（Objective Complement）They named the baby Lucy.译：他们给宝宝取名露西。

四、数量与度量（核心“of”结构）1.基本数量搭配数词 + 可数名词复数：three books, five apples数词 + 度量单位：two kilos of rice, three liters of milk2.常见单位/集合名词容器/单位：a cup of, a glass of, a bottle of, a piece of, a slice of, a bowl of, a box of集合/群体：a group of, a crowd of, a herd of（牛群）, a school of（鱼群）例句I need two pieces of paper.译：我需要两张纸A bowl of rice is on the table.译：桌上有一碗米饭3.of 的数一致（关键点）The number of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语The number of students is forty.译：学生人数是四十A number of + 复数名词 + 复数谓语A number of students are playing basketball.译：许多学生正在打篮球。

One of + 复数名词 + 单数谓语（主语是“one”）One of the apples is bad.译：这些苹果中有一个坏了One of + 复数名词 + 定语从句：从句谓语随先行词（复数）He is one of the students who work hard.译：他是那些努力学习的学生之一从句主语是 students）4.部分—整体表达some of, most of, half of, all of, none of + the/代词Half of the class is/are here（整体or个体看语义）译：班里一半的人在这儿五、主谓一致中的名词考点1.集合名词（class, family, team…）作为整体看：谓语单数The team is winning.强调成员各自：谓语复数The team are arguing with each other.2.量词/数量短语主语a lot of / lots of / plenty of + 可数复/不可数：看后面名词决定谓语A lot of water is needed.A lot of students are waiting.fractions/percentages（分数/百分比）：看 of 后名词Twenty percent of the students are from Grade Six.Two-thirds of the cake is gone.3.特殊固定more than one + 可数单数 + 单数谓语More than one student has a dictionary.the + 形容词（表示一类人）：复数谓语The rich are not always happy.六、冠词系统1.a / an（泛指“一个”）a 用于辅音音开头；an 用于元音音开头a book, a university（/juː/为辅音音），an hour（h 不发音）首次提及、类别/职业、一次中的“某一个”：a teacher, a kind person例句I saw a cat.The cat was black.译：我看到一只猫。

这只猫是黑色的首次用 a，再用 the 指定那只）2.the（特指/独一无二/最高级等）指前文提到过的特定事物：the cat世界上独一无二：the sun, the earth序数词、最高级、the same, the only：the first, the best, the same idea, the only way乐器/发明（泛指概念）：play the piano; the telephone changed the world.3.零冠词 Ø（不加冠词）语言、学科、球类：English, math, football餐名、季节/月份/星期（泛指用法）：have breakfast; in spring; on Monday人名前、地名前（多为专有名词），抽象/物质名词泛指：Tom, China, honesty, water交通方式固定：by bus/train/air（但 on the bus 指“在公交车上”）4.专有名词是否加 the（高频清单）江河海湾海洋、群岛、山脉、沙漠、运河：要 thethe Yangtze River, the Pacific, the Himalayas, the Sahara, the Suez Canal单座山、湖泊、岛（单个）、洲、国家（大多数）：不用 theMount Qomolangma, Lake Ontario, Asia, China国家名若含 复数/联合/共和国/王国 等：要 thethe United States, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, the People’s Republic of China5.学校/医院等场所（含义差别）go to school（去上学，抽象职能，Ø）go to the school（去那所学校的建筑/具体地点，有 the）in hospital（住院，Ø） vs.in the hospital（在那家医院里）6.常见固定搭配in the morning/afternoon/evening。