【精品文档】107中英文双语土木工程工程造价相关的毕业设计外文文献翻译成品：工程造价管理.docx

此文档是毕业设计外文翻译成品（ 含英文原文+中文翻译），无需调整复杂的格式！下载之后直接可用，方便快捷！本文价格不贵,也就几十块钱！一辈子也就一次的事！外文标题：Project Cost Management外文作者：Low Sui Pheng文献出处:Project Management for the Built Environment,2018：97-112(如觉得年份太老，可改为近2年，毕竟很多毕业生都这样做)英文4347单词，中文6851汉字Project Cost ManagementHaving identified the resources needed to complete the project, it is now necessary to estimate how much each of these resources cost. The sum of all costs related to all resources is the total project costs. Cost estimating is the process of calculating and computing the costs of all the resources that have been identified to be necessary to complete the project. Such resources can be identified from the project scope statement, work breakdown structure, components and activities. Cost estimates for resources can in turn be affected by quality choice, risk influence and procurement matters. Resources typically include materials, manpower and machine. In addition, costs of these resources can be influenced by management competence, methods of construction and money to fund the project. Collectively, this can be abbreviated as the 6 M’s. Estimating the costs of resources can be affected by economic conditions, currency fluctuations, market competition and other variations such as those relating to availability as well as demand and supply situation.IntroductionThese may collectively affect the total costs of the estimates. Upon completion of cost estimating, the cost estimates for resources are derived. These show the costs needed to procure the resources necessary to complete the project. However, costs to the builder are not the same as costs to the client. The builder adds a profit margin to his costs that will then show up as a price to the client. Apart from identifying the resources needed to complete the project, the quantities of such resources must also be determined correspondingly. The amount of resources or the duration needed to use the resources is in turn estimated using labour constants and equipment outputs. For example, labour constants show the quantities of bricks that can be laid in one hour by a team of three bricklayers; i.e. square meter per hour. The duration needed by the team of three bricklayers can then be determined to estimate the labour costs associated with the bricklaying activity. Equipment outputs show for example the volume of earth that an excavator can dig in one hour; i.e. cubic meter per hour. The duration needed to excavate the entire site can then be determined to estimate the machinery costs associated with the excavation activity.Apart from estimating the costs for using a team of bricklayers or an excavator,cost estimating also needs to know how much each of the resources costs. For example, it is necessary to know how much a bricklayer is paid; i.e. $ per hour.Likewise, it is necessary to know how much it costs to rent an excavator for a day;i.e. $ per day or $ per use. Where materials are concerned, their rates should also be made known for cost estimating. For example, it is necessary to know how much concrete costs; i.e. $ per cubic meter. Likewise, it is necessary to know how much steel reinforcement bars cost; i.e. $ per ton. If the rates for such manpower, machine and materials are not known, then these have to be estimated from various sources such as the relevant vendors.Cost Componentsa.Four types of costsCost estimating takes into account the various types of costs incurred for an activity that is needed to complete the project. There are generally four different types of costs to be considered for cost estimating. The first type is direct costs which refer to costs that are directly attributed to the project and cannot be shared among other projects that are also progressing at the same time. Examples of direct costs include hotel charges, airfares, long distance telephone charges, drafting expenses to produce drawings, architectural modelling costs, etc. The second type is indirect costs which are also often referred to as overheads. Indirect costs are typically costs that can be shared among projects that are running at the same time. These include for example rentals and utilities bills for head office premises as well as software licensing fees for the entire organization. A company vehicle that is shared among different projects is another example of indirect costs to the organization. The third type is variable costs which as the name suggests, can vary depending on market conditions. For example, costs of materials can vary depending on the demand and supply situation in the marketplace. Such a situation can occur during an economic recession where supply may exceed demand, causing prices of materials to come down.On the other hand, supplies from overseas may be severely curtailed because of trade restrictions which then cause prices to increase. The fourth type is fixed costs which as the name suggests, will remain the same throughout the project. For examp。