应用国际贸易(中英文双语)(共88页).ppt

Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Application:International Trade应用：国际贸易Chapter 9Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易What determines whether a country imports or exports a good?什么决定一个国家是否进口或出口一种物品?Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易Who gains and who loses from free trade among countries?在国际自由贸易中谁获利谁亏损？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.International Trade 国际贸易What are the arguments that people use to advocate trade restrictions?人们用来支持贸易限制的各种观点是什么？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without TradeAssume:nA country is isolated from rest of the world and produces steel.nThe market for steel consists of the buyers and sellers in the country. nNo one in the country is allowed to import or export steel.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有贸易时的均衡假设:n一个生产钢铁的国家孤立于其他国家n钢铁市场由这个国家的买者和卖者组成n这个国家的如何人都不允许进口或出口钢铁Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without International TradePriceof SteelEquilibriumPrice0Quantityof SteelEquilibriumquantityDomesticsupplyDomesticdemandProducersurplusConsumersurplusHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有国际贸易时的均衡钢铁的价格均衡价格0钢铁数量均衡数量国内供给国内需求生产者剩余消费者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Equilibrium Without TradeResults:nDomestic price adjusts to balance demand and supply.nThe sum of consumer and producer surplus measures the total benefits that buyers and sellers receive.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.没有贸易时的均衡结果:n国内价格调整使国内卖者的供給量与国内买者的需求量平衡。

n消费者剩余和生产者剩余的总和来衡量买者和卖者从钢铁市场上得到的总利益Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If the country decides to engage in international trade, will it be an importer or exporter of steel?如果这个国家决定参与国际贸易，它将是钢铁进口国还是出口国？Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative AdvantageThe effects of free trade can be shown by comparing the domestic price of a good without trade and the world price of the good. The world price refers to the prevailing price in the world markets.uA country will either be an exporter or an importer of the good.Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.世界价格与比较优势自由贸易的效果可以从没有贸易时国内物品价格与世界市场价格相比较中得到说明。

世界价格一种物品在世界市场上所流行的价格一个国家既可能是某种物品的出口国，也有可能是进口国Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If a country has a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be below the world price, and the country will be an exporter of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格低，这个国家就会是该物品的出口国Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.World Price and Comparative Advantage世界价格与比较优势If the country does not have a comparative advantage, then the domestic price will be higher than the world price, and the country will be an importer of the good.如果一个国家在某种物品生产方面没有比较优势，那么国内价格将比世界价格高，这个国家就会是该物品的进口国。

Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelDomesticdemandInternational Trade in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyWorldpricePrice after tradeExportsDomesticquantity demandedDomesticquantity suppliedPrice before trade钢铁价格0钢铁数量国内需求出口国的国际贸易国内供给世界价格贸易后的价格出口国内需求量国内供給量贸易前的价格Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeABCDExportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格0钢铁数量世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格ABCD出口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusbefore tradeBCProducer surplusbefore tradeHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格0钢铁数量世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易前的消费者剩余BC贸易前的生产者剩余Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.Priceof Steel0Quantityof SteelWorldpriceDomesticdemandHow Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryDomesticsupplyPrice after tradePrice before tradeAConsumer surplusafter tradeCBProducer surplusafter tradeDExportsHarcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.钢铁价格0数量钢铁世界价格国内需求自由贸易如何影响出口国的福利国内供给贸易后的价格贸易前的价格A贸易后的消费者剩余CB贸易后的生产者剩余D出口Harcourt, Inc. items and derived items copyright 2001 by Harcourt, Inc.How Free Trade Affects Welfare in an Exporting CountryThe area D shows the increase in total surplus and represents the gains from trade.Before TradeAfter TradeChangeConsumer SurplusA + BA- 。