罗立胜学术综合英语Unit4.ppt

mainUnit 4Social Behavior2012Part A Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationThe Men’s Movement The men’s movement is a social movement that includes a number of philosophies and organizations that seek to support men, change the male gender role and improve men’s rights in regard to marriage and child access and victims of violence. Major movements within the men’s movement include men’s liberation, Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningphilosophies(哲学；哲理 )organizations组织机构seek to追求, 争取, 设法in regard to关于； 至于victims n.受害者；受骗者；牺牲domesticadj.家庭的；国内的；驯养的 n.佣人；家仆violencen.猛烈；暴力；暴行；强暴Liberation n.解放；解放运动（为获得平等权利和地位的行为）masculism, men’s health, anti-sexism and men’s / fathers’ rights. Participants vary in terms of religion, politics and sexuality with a number of women also involved. The movement is predominantly Western, although since the early 1990s, men’s movements have been growing in non-Western countries.Section A Pre-listening-Background InformationPre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningMasculism男征发生 in terms of就 ... 而言；在 ... 方面Religion 宗教信仰 Politics 政治Participant 参与者sexuality n.性别；性方面的事情；性欲 predominantlyadv.主要地；占优势地；压倒性地 Section A anti-sexismanti-sexism: a movement against sexism, which means anti-sexists don’t accept the beliefs of sexism. The main beliefs and attitudes of sexism are listed as below:1) The belief that one sex is superior to the other.2) The belief that men and women are very different and this should be strongly reflected in society, language, right to have sex, and the law.3) Simple hatred of men (misandry) or women (misogyny).Hatred 仇恨 misandry仇视男性 misogyny厌恶女性 Section A. New Words and Expressions1take on决定做；承担决定做；承担countermovement反向运动反向运动monolithic整体的整体的unify成为一体，使统一成为一体，使统一identify确认确认label描述；归类描述；归类mytho-poetic与神话和诗歌与神话和诗歌有关的有关的initiate接纳接纳ritual仪式仪式affirm肯定地说，断言肯定地说，断言masculine男子气的，阳刚气的男子气的，阳刚气的Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningSection A. New Words and Expressions2feminist男女平等主义者男女平等主义者vocal直言的直言的integral构成整体所必需的构成整体所必需的orientation方向，定位方向，定位sensitivity敏感（性）敏感（性）mythology神话神话masculinity阳刚之气阳刚之气subscribe to同意，赞成同意，赞成weakling软弱的人软弱的人wimp懦弱的人懦弱的人diverse多种多样的多种多样的Pre-listeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BListeningI. Effect of the Women’s Movement on the Men’s MovementII. Forms the Men’s Movement TakesA. B. C. D. III. ConclusionSection A Listen Task 1Listen to the lecture and try to get its main ideas by taking notes. Fill in the blanks according to your notes.Male feminists________________The Men’s Movement is very diverse.________________________________________Pre-listeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BListeningMen’s support groups________________________Male activists_______________Mytho-poetic_______________Task 2.1Listen to the lecture again and try to answer the following questions.1. What family tasks are men sharing more and more with women?Child care and housework.2. What are the two jobs that used to be done exclusively by women?Teaching and nursingPre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 2.23. What problems might a man run into in a workplace where there are a lot of women?Communication and management problems.4. What does the male feminist speak out against?Violence and inequality.5. Why does the second type of men’s group appeal to men?Because they can give and find support from other men.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 2.36. What are male activists trying to do?They are trying to get back men’s power.7. Give a brief description of the mytho-poetic Men’s Movement.This group initiates men using mythology, poetry (hence the name mytho-poetic), and other rituals, such as dancing, to explore and affirm the value of masculinity and masculine approaches to problem solving.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BThe Men’s Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man? As a result of the Women’s Movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of the tasks involved in child care and housework. In addition to these changes inside the home, men are today entering occupations that used to be considered women’s jobs. More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Other men are finding that they have more female colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to women’s styles of communication and management, eatenScript1.1which can differ considerably from those of men. At work, as well as at home, many men today in modern North American society have to play very different roles than their fathers did. They are, as a result, joining with other men in a countermovement called the Men’s Movement to seek to provide one another with the support they need to cope with the roles expected of men in today’s world. Exactly what forms does the Men’s Movement take, and what do men in the Men’s Movement hope to achieve by being active in the movement? To begin with, the Men’s Movement has no unified, monolithic philosophy. teaScript1.2Script1.3Although there are a number of unifying themes, there are also some interesting differences among the basic groups associated with the Men’s Movement. Several writers who write about the Men’s Movement have identified four basic groups of men active in the movement. The first group is labeled the male feminists, and these men work for women’s rights and equality between the sexes. Some of the men in this first group are vocal about blaming other men for much of the violence against women and for the inequality that exists between men and women in relationships and the job market. NoteScript1.4Not all members of the Men’s Movement, however, consider this first group of men to be an integral part of the Men’s Movement. To be sure, the other three groups focus more on men’s issues than do the so-called male feminists. The second orientation in the Men’s Movement attracts men who join men’s support groups to meet regularly and give and receive psychological support in dealing with problems created by the new roles they have to play at home and at work. These men are attempting to learn to better express their feelings and emotions, and to show sensitivity without being ashamed. A third group in the Men’s Movement consists of men who want to get back the power they feel they have lost because of the advances made by women as a result of the Women’s Movement and feminist causes. They are male activists. Finally, there is an approach to the movement called the mytho-poetic Men’s Movement. The men involved in this aspect of the Men’s Movement believe that men should be initiated into manhood as men were initiated when people still lived in small tribes and bands in more ancient cultures. This group initiates men using mythology, poetry (hence the name mytho-poetic), and other rituals, such as dancing, to explore andScript1.5Script1.6and affirm the value of masculinity and masculine approaches to problem solving. Men who subscribe to this viewpoint worry that too much contact with women and too little contact with other men has turned men into weaklings or wimps. So, the Men’s Movement is very diverse. A man who wants to join the movement has many options of just how he will explore the question, “What does it mean to be a man in today’s world?”The Men’s Movement: What Does It Mean to Be a Man? As a result of the Women’s Movement, more women are working outside the home, and many men are playing a more active role in family life and are taking on some of the tasks involved in child care and housework. In addition to these changes inside the home, men are today entering occupations that used to be considered women’s jobs. More men are becoming nurses and teachers of young children. Other men are finding that they have more female colleagues and bosses at work than ever before, and they are having to adapt to women’s styles of communication and management, eatenScript2.1which can differ considerably from those of men. At work, as well as at home, many men today in modern North American society have to play very different roles than their fathers did. They are, as a result, joining with other men in a countermovement called the Men’s Movement to seek to provide one another with the support they need to cope with the roles expected of men in today’s world. Exactly what forms does the Men’s Movement take, and what do men in the Men’s Movement hope to achieve by being active in the movement? To begin with, the Men’s Movement has no unified, monolithic philosophy. teaScript2.2Script2.3Although there are a number of unifying themes, there are also some interesting differences among the basic groups associated with the Men’s Movement. Several writers who write about the Men’s Movement have identified four basic groups of men active in the movement. The first group is labeled the male feminists, and these men work for women’s rights and equality between the sexes. Some of the men in this first group are vocal about blaming other men for much of the violence against women and for the inequality that exists between men and women in relationships and the job market. NoteScript2.4Not all members of the Men’s Movement, however, consider this first group of men to be an integral part of the Men’s Movement. To be sure, the other three groups focus more on men’s issues than do the so-called male feminists. The second orientation in the Men’s Movement attracts men who join men’s support groups to meet regularly and give and receive psychological support in dealing with problems created by the new roles they have to play at home and at work. These men are attempting to learn to better express their feelings and emotions, and to show sensitivity without being ashamed. A third group in the Men’s Movement consists of men who want to get back the power they feel they have lost because of the advances made by women as a result of the Women’s Movement and feminist causes. They are male activists. Finally, there is an approach to the movement called the mytho-poetic Men’s Movement. The men involved in this aspect of the Men’s Movement believe that men should be initiated into manhood as men were initiated when people still lived in small tribes and bands in more ancient cultures. This group initiates men using mythology, poetry (hence the name mytho-poetic), and other rituals, such as dancing, to explore andScript2.5Script2.6and affirm the value of masculinity and masculine approaches to problem solving. Men who subscribe to this viewpoint worry that too much contact with women and too little contact with other men has turned men into weaklings or wimps. So, the Men’s Movement is very diverse. A man who wants to join the movement has many options of just how he will explore the question, “What does it mean to be a man in today’s world?”Section B Background InformationStay-at-home Dad Traditionally speaking, men are considered bread-earner of the family and women the family caregiver who do household chores such as child-rearing, aged-nursing, cooking and cleaning. However, as the anti-sexism movement goes, more and more stay-at-home dads emerge who become the main caregiver and homemaker of the household. Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P.2 There are both pros and cons for the role of stay-at-home dads. One of the disadvantages is that men may feel losing their usefulness when women take over what used to be their turf. Many families with stay-at-home dads face marital problems as wives outshine their spouses and hurt their pride. However, there are indeed numerous families which keep the rapport between the husbands and wives, and fully enjoy the advantages of stay-at-home dads. First of all, father and the child could develop a stronger bond. Secondly, the stay-at-home dad arrangement allows the mother to work without having to use a daycare or a nanny. Free fromPre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P.3the stress of childcare, working mothers are able to actively pursue their career. Lastly, stay-at-home dads tend to have a fresh view of family and life, who would put more stress on relationship, affection over financial gains.Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BNo, you can’t go and have a drink with your friends:Your one and only duty is to protect us from predators!L-B-P. New Words and Expressions1I’m done doing ...我已完成我已完成……subject使遭受使遭受sole唯一的唯一的overwhelming无法抗拒的，压倒一切的无法抗拒的，压倒一切的a handful令人头痛的事令人头痛的事lay off使下岗使下岗laundromat自助洗衣店自助洗衣店a real trip头都晕了头都晕了Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BL-B-P. New Words and Expressions2underestimate低估低估stressed紧张的，有压力的紧张的，有压力的nonexistent没有的，不存在的没有的，不存在的rock the boat捣乱捣乱hassle困难困难entitle使有资格使有资格paycheck薪水薪水put the bread on the table养家糊口养家糊口Pre-listeningListeningNew Words and ExpressionsBackground InformationPart APart BTask 1.1Husbands and Wives: A Caller from NorthbridgeIn this conversation, you will hear a husband very seriously trying to figure out who does what, why.Pre-listeningListeningTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsPart APart BTask 1.2You are going to hear the conversation between Jerry Williams, Shirley Sloan Fader, and the husband who calls in. Choose the word or phrase in each set of brackets that gives the correct information according to the conversation. The man who has called the radio program ( , is working full-time, doesn’t want to work). These days, his wife is (looking for work, , working part-time), and when she comes home she ( , washes the clothes, is too tired to talk to him).Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Detailshasbeen laid offworkingfull-timehelps with the houseworkTask 1.3 The man is now surprised to learn that when he was working full-time, his wife (was quite lazy, watched TV a lot, ). For example, she (slept a lot, , watched game shows). He now understands that for many years, he ( , didn’t like what she did, wanted to work at home). Shirley Sloan Fader says that she thinks it is a good idea for wives ( , to stay at home, to have part-time jobs) because families need (a nonworking mother, , a nonworking father). Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Detailshad a lot of work to do at hometook the children to many places in thecarunderestimated what she didto work outside the hometwo incomesTask 1.4Fader thinks that if both the husband and wife are working outside the home, their marriage will be ( , weaker, no different).Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsstrongerTask 2.1Listen to the conversation again and decide whether the following statements are true or false.1. These days, the man is working full-time in a business office.2. The man and his wife have four children.3. Their youngest child is in her teens.4. The man is younger than his wife.5. They are fortunate that the washer and dryer never break.Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for DetailsF( )F( )T( )T( )F( )Task 2.2Pre-listeningListeningPart APart BTask 1 Listen and Take NotesTask 2 Listen for Details6. The man now really appreciates all the work his wife did in the home.7. We learn something about the sex life of the man and his wife.8. Shirley thinks a husband should work and a wife should stay at home.9. Now this man’s wife is receiving a paycheck, and he isn’t.T( )T( )F( )T( )L-B-L.1 Script1J: And now some final calls for Shirley Sloan Fader and “Wait a minute. You can’t have it all,” she says to working women. Hello.M: Hi, Jerry.J: Yes, sir.M: Jerry, I’m calling from Northbridge, and Shirley, hi, how are you?S: Hi.M: This is just one of those days where all day I’ve been getting what I need. I turn on the radio after I’m done doing my housework, and I got what I needed inHusbands and Wives: A Caller from NorthbridgeM: the last ten minutes I’ve listened. I will never, ever subject my wife to what she’s been doing since we’ve been married for the last eight years.During the last year of our marriage, I was the sole worker. She was home due to, you know, unemployment. Two weeks after she started a job, I was laid off. And I just can’t believe it － she would come home and do this and then “Honey, honey － let me do it. Let me do it.” And now I’m sitting in a little office that I had to create in my basement with － I just can’t believe all the things that she accomplished even when she was just home. It’s completely overwhelming.L-B-L.1 Script2L-B-L.1 Script3J: How old are you?M: I’m thirty-four. She’s thirty-six.J: Children?M: Two teenage girls.J: Right.M: Lucky us. And it’s a handful. And then, of course, after you’re laid off and everything goes from bad to worse － the washing machine breaks. The dryer’s fine, so I only have to waste an hour going to the laundromat to wash and then come back and dry, and you know it’s just one thing after another. And I tell her about how my day went after she comes home, M: and she says, “Honey, remember when the washer broke before, when you were working?” And it’s a real trip, and I really underestimated － I don’t know if underestimated is the word － I really took for granted all the things that were done around here and －J: Are you working yourself now?M: No, this is just it. Two weeks after she got a job, I was laid off, and now I’m home, and I don’t know how she got it all done when she was working. She was working and doing the housework and the laundry and doing this and taking the kids here and taking the kids there, and it just never ever ends.L-B-L.1 Script4L-B-L.1 Script5S: Right. And that’s why they are so stressed. And that’s why so many people have answeredJerry’s questions saying their sex life is nonexistent or we won’t ask you.M: Well, it is right now.S: Because most men have no idea of how much there is to do, and the women up to now have been afraid － they don’t want to rock the boat. They think it’s going to be a hassle, but they haven’t felt entitled, and the more they understand that their job is doing for their man, they will feel more entitled.For example, a man who is laid off, as you are, hasL-B-L.1 Script6S: the time － when there’s another paycheck coming in － he has the time to look for an appropriate job. When a man is the sole support and he has to put the bread on the table this week, he has to take any kind of job he could possibly get, and so her paycheck saves him from that － nicer things. When men come home now and tell their wives about their day, the woman is out there in the world, too. She really can understand. They are more teammates. The marriage has more support going when they are both supporting the family and both taking care of it.L-B-L.2 Script1J: And now some final calls for Shirley Sloan Fader and “Wait a minute. You can’t have it all,” she says to working women. Hello.M: Hi, Jerry.J: Yes, sir.M: Jerry, I’m calling from Northbridge, and Shirley, hi, how are you?S: Hi.M: This is just one of those days where all day I’ve been getting what I need. I turn on the radio after I’m done doing my housework, and I got what I needed inHusbands and Wives: A Caller from NorthbridgeM: the last ten minutes I’ve listened. I will never, ever subject my wife to what she’s been doing since we’ve been married for the last eight years.During the last year of our marriage, I was the sole worker. She was home due to, you know, unemployment. Two weeks after she started a job, I was laid off. And I just can’t believe it － she would come home and do this and then “Honey, honey － let me do it. Let me do it.” And now I’m sitting in a little office that I had to create in my basement with － I just can’t believe all the things that she accomplished even when she was just home. It’s completely overwhelming.L-B-L.2 Script2L-B-L.2 Script3J: How old are you?M: I’m thirty-four. She’s thirty-six.J: Children?M: Two teenage girls.J: Right.M: Lucky us. And it’s a handful. And then, of course, after you’re laid off and everything goes from bad to worse － the washing machine breaks. The dryer’s fine, so I only have to waste an hour going to the laundromat to wash and then come back and dry, and you know it’s just one thing after another. And I tell her about how my day went after she comes home, M: and she says, “Honey, remember when the washer broke before, when you were working?” And it’s a real trip, and I really underestimated － I don’t know if underestimated is the word － I really took for granted all the things that were done around here and －J: Are you working yourself now?M: No, this is just it. Two weeks after she got a job, I was laid off, and now I’m home, and I don’t know how she got it all done when she was working. She was working and doing the housework and the laundry and doing this and taking the kids here and taking the kids there, and it just never ever ends.L-B-L.2 Script4L-B-L.2 Script5S: Right. And that’s why they are so stressed. And that’s why so many people have answeredJerry’s questions saying their sex life is nonexistent or we won’t ask you.M: Well, it is right now.S: Because most men have no idea of how much there is to do, and the women up to now have been afraid － they don’t want to rock the boat. They think it’s going to be a hassle, but they haven’t felt entitled, and the more they understand that their job is doing for their man, they will feel more entitled.For example, a man who is laid off, as you are, hasL-B-L.2 Script6S: the time － when there’s another paycheck coming in － he has the time to look for an appropriate job. When a man is the sole support and he has to put the bread on the table this week, he has to take any kind of job he could possibly get, and so her paycheck saves him from that － nicer things. When men come home now and tell their wives about their day, the woman is out there in the world, too. She really can understand. They are more teammates. The marriage has more support going when they are both supporting the family and both taking care of it.Part B- Pair Work1Form pairs and answer the following questions. After a brief discussion, some students will be invited to present their ideas in front of the class. Think about the relationship between husbands and wives as you consider the following married couple. The wife, Mary, does not work outside the home. Mary and her husband, Peter, have two children, a four-year-old boy and a nine-year-old girl. Make a list of all the things that Mary must do during the week so that the home can run smoothly and efficiently.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work2Pair Work Peter leaves the house each morning for work at 7:30 a.m. and he returns from work at about 6:00 p.m. Do you think that he should help Mary with any of the housework? Explain your answer. Make a list of all the things that you think Peter could do if he and Mary decided that he should help to make the home run smoothly and efficiently. Now think about this: Peter loses his job. Mary then finds a good job outside the home. Describe one of Peter’s typical days after he has become a househusband. What, if anything, do you think he is going to learn?Part B- Pair Work3Pair Work In general, do you think that it is a good thing for both a husband and wife to work outside the home? Why or why not? Would your answer be the same if the couple had one or more children under the age of five?1. A list of all the things that Mary must do during the week.2. Do you think that Peter should help Mary with any of the housework? Explain your answer. 3. Make a list of all the things that you think Peter could do.4. Describe one of Peter’s typical days after he has become a househusband. What, if anything, do you think he is going to learn?5. In general, do you think that it is a good thing for both a husband and a wife to work outside the home? Why or why not? Would your answer be the same if the couple had one or more children under the age of five?Part B- Pair Work4Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R11. Making meals for the family.Taking care of the kids.Doing the washing.Doing the cleaning.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R22. Peter should lend a hand to the housework. As a member of the family, undoubtedly he should share some of the housework.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R33. Doing some shopping on his way home.Taking care of the kids.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R44. He will be at a loss for all the trivial things from receiving the parcel to preparing the kids to school. Being a full-time househusband requires patience. He has to learn to be patient and to deal with things calmly.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R5.15. Mothers’ increasing labor market participation is posed as a key aspect of a growing trend towards individualization － both for ill and for good. In “for ill” versions, mothers’ employment is regarded as undermining commitment to family relationships and leading to a loss of community. In “for good” versions, family and community relationships become contingent upon values of equality and respect.Pair WorkPart B- Pair Work R5.2Pair Work However, it may not be easy for a family to stay in good order if both husband and wife work outside. No one would willingly clean the dirty floor or wash the dirty clothes. I hope one of the couple can sacrifice for the family especially when they have kids under the age of five.Before ReadingWatch a video clip from The Simpson and answer the following questions: Does love conflict with family responsibility?Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1.1Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1.2Marge: Hmm. I get the feeling there’s something you haven’t told me, Homer.Homer: Huh? Oh. I love you, Marge.Marge: You tell me that all the time.Homer: Oh, good, because I do love you. I don’t deserve you as much as a guy with a fat wallet ... and a credit card that won’t set off that horrible beeping.Marge: I think it does have something to do with your Christmas bonus. I keep asking for it, but －Homer: Marge, um, let me be honest with you.Marge: Yes?Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-A-1.3Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingHomer: Well, I would － I － I want to do the Christmas shopping this year.Marge: Uh, sure, okay.R-B-T1His Politeness Is Her PowerlessnessDeborah Tannen There are many different kinds of evidence that women and men are judged differently even if they talk the same way. This tendency makes mischief in discussions of women, men and power. If a linguistic strategy is used by a woman, it is seen as powerless; if it is used by a man, it is seen as powerful. Often, the labeling of “women’s language” as “powerless language” reflects the view of women’s behavior through the lens of men’s.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T2 Because they are not struggling to be one-up, women often find themselves framed as one-down. Any situation is ripe for misinterpretation. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article in which a couple, both psychologists, were jointly interviewed. The journalist asked them the meaning of “being very polite.” The two experts responded simultaneously, giving different answers. The man said, “Subservience.” The woman said, “Sensitivity.”Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T3Both experts were right, but each was describing the view of a different gender. Experts and nonexperts alike tend to see anything women do as evidence of powerlessness. The same newspaper article quotes another psychologist as saying, “A man might ask a woman, ‘Will you please go to the store?’ where a woman might say, ‘Gee, I really need a few things from the store, but I’m so tired.’” The woman’s style is called “covert,” a term suggesting negative qualities like being “sneaky” and “underhanded.” The reason offered for this is power. The woman doesn’t feel she has the right to ask directly.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading Granted, women have lower status than men in our American society. But this is not necessarily why they prefer not to make outright demands. The explanation for a woman’s indirectness could just as well be her seeking connection. If you get your way as a result of having demanded it, the payoff is satisfying in terms of status: You’re one-up because others are doing as you told them. But if you get your way because others happened to want the same thing, or because they offered freely, the payoff is rapport. You’re neither one-up nor one-down by being happily connected to others whose wants are the same as yours. R-B-T4Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T5Furthermore, if indirectness is understood by both parties, then there is nothing covert about it: That a request is being made is clear. Calling an indirect communication covert reflects the view of someone for whom the direct style seems “natural” and “logical” － a view more common among men.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading Indirectness itself does not reflect powerlessness. It’s easy to think of situations where indirectness is the prerogative of others in power. For example, a wealthy couple who knows that their servants will do their bidding need not give direct orders, but simply state wishes: The woman of the house says, “It’s chilly in here,” and the servant sets about raising the temperature. The man of the house says, “It’s dinner time,” and the servant sees about having dinner served. Perhaps the ultimate indirectness is getting someone to do something without saying anything at all: The hostess rings a bell and a maid brings the next course; R-B-T6Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T7or a parent enters the room where children are misbehaving and stands with hands on hips, and the children immediately stop what they’re doing. Entire cultures operate on elaborate systems of indirectness. For example, I discovered in a small research project that most Greeks assumed a wife who asked, “Would you like to go to the party?” was hinting that she wanted to go. They felt that she wouldn’t bring it up if she didn’t want to go. Furthermore, they felt, she would not state here preference outright because that would sound like a demand. Indirectness was the appropriate means for communicating her preference.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T8 Japanese culture has developed indirectness to a fine art. For example, a Japanese anthropologist, Harumi Befu, explains the delicate exchange of tended the invitation, Befu first had to determine whether it was meant literally or just pro forma, much as an American might say, “We’ll have to have you over for dinner some time” but would not expect you to turn up at the door. Having decided the invitation was meant literally and having accepted, Befu was then asked what he would like to eat. Following custom, he said anything would do, but his friend, also following custom, Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readingpressed him to specify. Host and guest repeated this exchange an appropriate number of times, until Befu deemed it polite to answer the question － politely － by saying tea over rice － as the last course of a sumptuous meal. Befu was not surprised by the feast because he knew that protocol required it. HadR-B-T9 Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Readinghe been given what he asked for, he would have been insulted. But protocol also required that he make a great show of being surprised.R-B-T10 This account of mutual indirectness in a lunch invitation may strike Americans as excessive. But far more cultures in the world use elaborate systems of indirectness than value directness. Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingOnly modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for us it is more a value than a practice. Evidence from other cultures also makes it clear that indirectness does not itself reflect low status. Rather, our assumptions about the status of women compel us to interpret anything they do as reflecting low status. Anthropologist Elinor Keenan, for example, found that in a Malagasy-speaking village on the island of Madagascar, it is women who are direct and men who are indirect. And the villagers see the men’s indirect way of speaking, using metaphors and proverbs, as the better way. For them, indirectness, like the men who use it, has high status. They regard women’s direct style as clumsy and crude, debasing the beautiful subtlety of men’s language. R-B-T11Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T12Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains constant is that women’s style is negatively valuated － seen as lower in status than the men’s.Before ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-B-T1- make mischief make mischief: cause problems or confusion 引起麻烦或者混乱引起麻烦或者混乱She was always making mischief between them.她老是在他们之间拨弄是非。

她老是在他们之间拨弄是非e.g.R-B-T2- ambiguity ambiguity: n. presence of more than one meaning 不止一种意思，歧义；模棱两可不止一种意思，歧义；模棱两可She was quick to notice the ambiguity in the article.她很快就察觉出了文中的那些模棱两可的意思她很快就察觉出了文中的那些模棱两可的意思e.g.R-B-T2- rapport rapport: n. sympathetic and harmonious relationship 关系关系The actor developed a close rapport with his audience.该演员与观众建立了密切的关系该演员与观众建立了密切的关系e.g.R-B-T6- set about set about: start doing 开始，着手开始，着手He was overlooked when they set about choosing a new manager. 选新经理时没有考虑他选新经理时没有考虑他。

e.g.R-B-T3- gee gee: interj. used to express surprise, admiration, etc. 哎呀哎呀Gee, I can hardly wait till it’s dark.哎呀，我简直等不到天黑了哎呀，我简直等不到天黑了e.g.R-B-T3- covert covert: a. concealed; not opened; secret 隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的隐蔽的，不公开的，秘密的I propose holding a lively face-to-face debate and avoid any covert politics.我我建建议议进进行行活活跃跃的的面面对对面面的的辩辩论论，，避避免免任任何何隐隐秘秘的的政治花样政治花样e.g.R-B-T3- sneaky sneaky: a. done or acting in a secret or deceptive way 鬼鬼祟祟的，偷偷摸摸的鬼鬼祟祟的，偷偷摸摸的I took a sneaky glance at my watch.我偷偷瞄了一眼我的手表我偷偷瞄了一眼我的手表。

e.g.R-B-T7- elaborate elaborate: a. very detailed and complicated 详尽而复杂的详尽而复杂的What you’ve told me of your plan sounds most interesting; would you care to elaborate?你给我讲的这个计划很有意思，你能详细地谈一谈吗？你给我讲的这个计划很有意思，你能详细地谈一谈吗？e.g.R-B-T8- literally literally: ad. in a literal manner; exactly 按照字面意思；精确地按照字面意思；精确地Idioms usually cannot be translated literally in another language. 习语通常不能照字面译成另一种语言习语通常不能照字面译成另一种语言e.g.R-B-T9- deem deem: v. consider 认为认为He deems it his duty to help his needy friends.他认为帮助穷朋友是他的义务他认为帮助穷朋友是他的义务。

e.g.R-B-T11- crude crude: a. not showing taste or refinement 粗俗的，粗鲁的粗俗的，粗鲁的It’s crude to spit on the ground.随地吐痰这种做法很粗俗随地吐痰这种做法很粗俗e.g.R-B-T2- This ambiguity accounts1 This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless. “by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless”是定语是定语从句，用来修饰从句，用来修饰 nonexperts其中，定语从句的主其中，定语从句的主干部分为干部分为women’s ways of thinking are branded powerless. 而而“uttered in a spirit of rapport”为为过去分词短语过去分词短语，充当，充当 thinking 的定语，此处为省略的定语，此处为省略了的定语从句。

了的定语从句R-B-T2- This ambiguity accounts12The ambiguity contributes to the reason why experts as well as non-experts misunderstand women’s utterance, whose original purpose is to be in good rapport with the one she talks to, instead of being powerless.Part AR-B-T2- Nowhere is thisNowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article in which a couple, both psychologists, were jointly interviewed. nowhere 是表示否定的副词这里将其提前，使是表示否定的副词这里将其提前，使句子使用倒装语序，句子的正常语序应为句子使用倒装语序，句子的正常语序应为 This inherent ambiguity is nowhere clearer than ...。

A brief comment in a newspaper article about an interview conducted to a couple can best describe this inherent ambiguity.R-B-T8- Having decided the Having decided the invitation was meant literally and having accepted, Befu was then asked what he would like to eat.该句中的该句中的“having decided”和和“having accepted”是现在分词充当状语的情况，这里相是现在分词充当状语的情况，这里相当于当于after引导的时间状语从句引导的时间状语从句Befu was asked what he would prefer to eat after he found out that it was a real invitation and accepted it.R-B-T9- Had he been Had he been given what he asked for, he would have been insulted. 这句话是这句话是 if 引导的条件状语从句的倒装句。

正常引导的条件状语从句的倒装句正常语序为语序为 if he had been given what he asked for, he would have been insulted.He who had been given what he wanted would feel unhappy.在在“more ... than ...”中，肯定中，肯定“more”后面的而后面的而否定否定“than”后面的，约等于后面的，约等于“是是……而不是而不是……”，，如：如：1) The difference between pure linguistics and applied linguistics is more apparent than real.2) This book seems to be more a manual than a text.3) Catherine is more diligent than intelligent.4) Hearing the loud noise, the boy was more surprised than frightened.R-B-T10- Only modern Western1Only modern Western societies place a priority on direct communication, and even for us it is more a value than a practice.R-B-T10- Only modern Western2It is only the modern western world that attaches great importance to direct communication, which, even for us, seems to be a value but not a practice.Part AR-B-1.2 T1他这样说是彬彬有礼，她这样说是低微无能他这样说是彬彬有礼，她这样说是低微无能黛博拉黛博拉··塔嫩塔嫩 各种各样的证据表明：即使女性和男性说话方式相同，人各种各样的证据表明：即使女性和男性说话方式相同，人们对他们的看法还是不同。

这种倾向导致有关女性、男性和有们对他们的看法还是不同这种倾向导致有关女性、男性和有无能耐的讨论纷争不断女性说话讲究方式方法被认为是低微无能耐的讨论纷争不断女性说话讲究方式方法被认为是低微无能，而换成男性则被认为是有能力的表现视女性的语言为无能，而换成男性则被认为是有能力的表现视女性的语言为低微无能者的语言常常反映出男性看女性行为的视觉角度低微无能者的语言常常反映出男性看女性行为的视觉角度R-B-1.2 T2 女性不为高人一等而拼搏，往往就被认为是低人一等在女性不为高人一等而拼搏，往往就被认为是低人一等在任何情况下都极易发生误会这也说明了为什么专家和非专家任何情况下都极易发生误会这也说明了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解成低微无能的常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解成低微无能的表现没有什么能比一家报社刊登的采访片段更能清楚地说明表现没有什么能比一家报社刊登的采访片段更能清楚地说明这种根深蒂固的歧义采访对象是一对心理学家夫妇，当记者这种根深蒂固的歧义采访对象是一对心理学家夫妇，当记者问他们问他们““表现得非常有礼貌表现得非常有礼貌””的含义时，这两位专家同时给出的含义时，这两位专家同时给出不同的答案。

男性回答说：不同的答案男性回答说：““服从女性回答说：女性回答说：““敏感R-B-1.2 T3两位专家都是正确的，只不过每个人描述的是不同性别的观点两位专家都是正确的，只不过每个人描述的是不同性别的观点 专家和非专家都习惯把女性的任何行为看为低微无能的表专家和非专家都习惯把女性的任何行为看为低微无能的表现以上同一篇报刊文章援引另一位心理学家的话说：现以上同一篇报刊文章援引另一位心理学家的话说：“一个男一个男人会这样问一个女人：人会这样问一个女人：‘请你去一趟商店好吗请你去一趟商店好吗? ?’同样的情况下同样的情况下女人会说：女人会说：‘哎，我真的需要从商店买点东西，但是我实在太累哎，我真的需要从商店买点东西，但是我实在太累了’” 女性的这种表达方式被称为女性的这种表达方式被称为“隐蔽的隐蔽的”，该词含有，该词含有“鬼祟鬼祟”和和“秘密秘密”等贬义，而这样表述的原因归咎于一个等贬义，而这样表述的原因归咎于一个“权权”字，女人觉得她没有权利直接提出要求字，女人觉得她没有权利直接提出要求R-B-1.2 T4 的确，在我们（美国）社会里，女性的地位比男性低，但的确，在我们（美国）社会里，女性的地位比男性低，但这不等于说他们不愿意提出直截了当的要求。

女性的这种间接方这不等于说他们不愿意提出直截了当的要求女性的这种间接方式很可能是因为她们在努力寻找某种关系如果愿望在自己的要式很可能是因为她们在努力寻找某种关系如果愿望在自己的要求下得到满足，结果就是社会地位的胜利：你高人一等，因为别求下得到满足，结果就是社会地位的胜利：你高人一等，因为别人按你的意志行事而如果你的愿望得到满足是因为他人的愿望人按你的意志行事而如果你的愿望得到满足是因为他人的愿望恰好和你的一致，或者是因为对方心甘情愿，结果就是融洽和谐恰好和你的一致，或者是因为对方心甘情愿，结果就是融洽和谐当你和对方需求一致而一拍即合时，你既不高人一等，也不低人当你和对方需求一致而一拍即合时，你既不高人一等，也不低人一等R-B-1.2 T5而且如果双方都了解这种间接方式，那就根本不存在什么隐蔽：而且如果双方都了解这种间接方式，那就根本不存在什么隐蔽：提出的要求很明确称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些青睐直提出的要求很明确称间接的沟通方式为隐蔽反映出那些青睐直接沟通方式的人的观点，即直接的方式才是接沟通方式的人的观点，即直接的方式才是“自然的自然的”、、“合乎合乎逻辑的逻辑的”，这种观点在男性中更普遍。

这种观点在男性中更普遍R-B-1.2 T6 间接方式本身并不反映低微无能我们不难想象出权势者间接方式本身并不反映低微无能我们不难想象出权势者中有特权的人是怎样使用间接方式的例如，一对有钱的夫妇中有特权的人是怎样使用间接方式的例如，一对有钱的夫妇用不着直接向听命于他们的佣人发号施令，而只须简单地说明用不着直接向听命于他们的佣人发号施令，而只须简单地说明其愿望，房子的女主人说：其愿望，房子的女主人说：“这儿冷，这儿冷，”佣人会去调高室温；佣人会去调高室温；房子的男主人说：房子的男主人说：“是晚饭时间了，是晚饭时间了，”佣人就会摆桌上菜或佣人就会摆桌上菜或许终极的间接是什么都不用说就能使某人做某事；女主人按一许终极的间接是什么都不用说就能使某人做某事；女主人按一下铃，女仆端上下一道菜；下铃，女仆端上下一道菜；R-B-1.2 T7家长走近有孩子正在嬉闹的房间，双手叉腰一站，他们就会戛然家长走近有孩子正在嬉闹的房间，双手叉腰一站，他们就会戛然而止 所有文化都靠以所有文化都靠以“间接间接”二字所形成的复杂而精巧的体制去二字所形成的复杂而精巧的体制去运作例如，我在做一个小规模的研究项目时发现：当妻子问运作。

例如，我在做一个小规模的研究项目时发现：当妻子问“你想去参加那个聚会吗？你想去参加那个聚会吗？”，大多数希腊人认为他们的妻子是在，大多数希腊人认为他们的妻子是在暗示她想去他们认为如果妻子不想去，她就不会提出这个问题暗示她想去他们认为如果妻子不想去，她就不会提出这个问题而且他们觉得妻子之所以不直截了当提出，是因为她不想使她的而且他们觉得妻子之所以不直截了当提出，是因为她不想使她的愿望听上去像是要求间接是传达她的意愿的最好方式愿望听上去像是要求间接是传达她的意愿的最好方式R-B-1.2 T8 日本文化把间接沟通方式发展成精美的艺术例如，一位日本文化把间接沟通方式发展成精美的艺术例如，一位名叫别府春海的日本人类学家这样描述一次简单的午餐邀请所名叫别府春海的日本人类学家这样描述一次简单的午餐邀请所涉及的微妙的间接交流当他的朋友发出邀请后，别府首先要涉及的微妙的间接交流当他的朋友发出邀请后，别府首先要弄清楚这个邀请是真正的邀请，还是仅仅出于客套，就像美国弄清楚这个邀请是真正的邀请，还是仅仅出于客套，就像美国人说人说“哪天有空请你到我们家吃晚饭哪天有空请你到我们家吃晚饭”而他并不期望你会出现而他并不期望你会出现在他的家门口一样。

别府在确定邀请是真实的并且接受以后，在他的家门口一样别府在确定邀请是真实的并且接受以后，对方就得问他想吃什么；按照习俗，他于是说吃什么都可以，对方就得问他想吃什么；按照习俗，他于是说吃什么都可以，而他的朋友也照例而他的朋友也照例R-B-1.2 T9一定要他说得具体一些，这样的交流在主人和客人之间适当重一定要他说得具体一些，这样的交流在主人和客人之间适当重复了几次，直到别府觉得有礼貌地作出回答才是谦谦之举，于复了几次，直到别府觉得有礼貌地作出回答才是谦谦之举，于是说米饭和茶当他就餐时，招待他的确实有米饭和茶是说米饭和茶当他就餐时，招待他的确实有米饭和茶——只不只不过这是一顿丰盛午餐的最后一个程序别府对饭菜之丰盛并不过这是一顿丰盛午餐的最后一个程序别府对饭菜之丰盛并不感到惊讶，因为他知道按礼节就是这样如果对方按照他的提感到惊讶，因为他知道按礼节就是这样如果对方按照他的提议款待他，他就等于受到了侮辱，当然礼节也要求他做出受宠议款待他，他就等于受到了侮辱，当然礼节也要求他做出受宠若惊的样子若惊的样子R-B-1.2 T10 以上描述的有关午餐邀请时双方所进行的间接交流在美国以上描述的有关午餐邀请时双方所进行的间接交流在美国人看来是过分了，然而相比直接的沟通方式，世界上更多的文化人看来是过分了，然而相比直接的沟通方式，世界上更多的文化崇尚细腻的间接沟通方式。

唯有现代西方社会推崇直接沟通方式，崇尚细腻的间接沟通方式唯有现代西方社会推崇直接沟通方式，而且即使对我们（美国人）来讲，这种方式更是一种价值观，而而且即使对我们（美国人）来讲，这种方式更是一种价值观，而不是实践不是实践R-B-1.2 T11 其他文化现象也清楚地表明间接本身并不能反映地位低下其他文化现象也清楚地表明间接本身并不能反映地位低下在一定程度上，是我们对女性地位的设定使我们把女性的所有在一定程度上，是我们对女性地位的设定使我们把女性的所有行为解释成为地位低下的表现例如，人类学家埃莉诺行为解释成为地位低下的表现例如，人类学家埃莉诺·基南发基南发现在马达加斯加岛的一个说马达加斯加语的村落里，说话直截现在马达加斯加岛的一个说马达加斯加语的村落里，说话直截了当的是女性，拐弯抹角的是男性而村民视男性使用隐喻和了当的是女性，拐弯抹角的是男性而村民视男性使用隐喻和谚语的间接说话方式为更佳方式在他们眼里，非直接方式和谚语的间接说话方式为更佳方式在他们眼里，非直接方式和使用这种方式的男人一样享有崇高地位，而女性的直接风格被使用这种方式的男人一样享有崇高地位，而女性的直接风格被视为笨拙、粗鲁、有损男性语言的精深微妙之魅力。

视为笨拙、粗鲁、有损男性语言的精深微妙之魅力R-B-1.2 T12关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总遭人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性是女性风格总遭人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性R-C-R1Choose the best answer to each question below. 1. Which of the following is true according to the passage?A. Compared with women, men are more eager to achieve the upper hand.B. Compared with men, women are more talkative. C. Men are more independent than women.D. Women are more easily hurt than men.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R22. What can we learn about women from their indirect style of speech?A. They do not like to think in terms of closeness and support.B. They formulate their requests as proposals rather than orders.C. They feel manipulated in exchanges with men. D. They are simply powerless.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R33. From the man’s answer to the journalist’s question about the meaning of “being very polite” we can tell that ____________.A. men live in a hierarchical worldB. men try to seek connectionC. men consider themselves one-upD. men often misinterpretVocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-R44. Based on what you know about women’s conversational style, what do you think a woman means when she says to her husband “Would you like to stop for a coffee?”A. She wants to know if her husband wants to stop for some coffee.B. She wants to stop for a cup of coffee.C. She is just being polite.D. She is asking the question to get an instant decision.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading5. What can we infer from the passage about the author’s idea?A. Communication between women and men is complicated.B. Men and women do not like to exchange ideas because of their different styles of speech.C. It is more difficult to communicate with someone from a different culture than with someone of the opposite sex.D. Directness is more appreciated than indirectness in most countries around the world.R-C-R5Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading pro forma A. quality of being delicate prerogativeB. presence of more than one meaning subservience C. sympathetic and harmonious relationship subtletyD. concealed; not open; secret ambiguityE. a special right, esp. belonging to a particular person or group rapportF. as a matter of convention covertG. obedience; submissivenessR-C-V1.1A. Match the following expressions used in the passage to their meaning. Put the letter of your choice in the bracket.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingF( )E( )G( )A( )B( )C( )D( )R-C-V1.2Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading misinterpretationH. expensive and splendid sumptuous I. wrong inference metaphor J. a word or phrase used to indicate sth. different from the literal meaningI( )H( )J( )R-C-V2.1B. Choose the most suitable word or phrase for each of the following sentences.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading1. Heavy smokers are twenty times more likely to be _____ by lung cancer than non-smokers.A. attackedB. grippedC. ravagedD. strickenR-C-V2.2Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading2. Most States emphasized eradication of violence, particularly domestic violence, as a national _____ area in national crime prevention strategies.A. prerequisiteB. requirementC. dominanceD. priority3. Some activists in the Women’s Movement call themselves feminists, while others who resist political activism choose not to _____ themselves “feminists” because they feel that the U.S. media often portrays feminists as people who are anti-men.A. rankB. labelC. brandD. claimR-C-V2.3Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-V2.4Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading4. Women _____ 10.5 percent of cabinet, ministerial and sub-ministerial offices in Commonwealth countries.A. accounted forB. made up forC. consisted ofD. comprised ofR-C-V2.5Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading5. If he still hesitated it was because he didn’t want to yield to the other man’s pressure, to Alec’s gift for _____.A. making his wayB. getting his wayC. going his wayD. paying his wayR-C-V2.6Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading6. He had never in the past hesitated to _____ if it served his curiosity.A. make believeB. make a show of himselfC. make mischiefD. make fun of himselfR-C-V2.7Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading7. In court, the accused man claimed that he was innocent, saying that he had been _____.A. betrayedB. framedC. deceivedD. defraudedR-C-V2.8Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading8. More and more athletes play games just for money. Sport is being _____ by commercialism.A. debasedB. debilitatedC. degeneratedD. decayedR-C-V2.9Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading9. Damaging the production machinery is an _____ attempt to slow down our output.A. undermannedB. underminedC. undergroundD. underhandedR-C-V2.10Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter Reading10. With an air of authority, as if every jug and bottle in the place existed to _____, the landlord gave Harold his drink.A. do his biddingB. do his bestC. do his jobD. do his duty这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性这种歧义的存在解释了为什么专家和非专家常常把女性以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解为无能的表现。

以友善语言表述出来的思维方式曲解为无能的表现R-C-T1.1A. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. 视视“女性的语言女性的语言”为为“低微无能者的语言低微无能者的语言”反映出男性反映出男性看女性行为的角度看女性行为的角度1. The labeling of “women’s language” as “powerless language” reflects the view of women’s behavior through the lens of men’s.2. This ambiguity accounts for much misinterpretation by experts as well as nonexperts, by which women’s ways of thinking, uttered in a spirit of rapport, are branded powerless.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T1.2一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有一篇报刊文章里的简评最能清楚地让我们看到这种固有歧义的存在。

歧义的存在3. Nowhere is this inherent ambiguity clearer than in a brief comment in a newspaper article.关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，关于男性或女性谁直接谁间接在不同地域有不同情况，不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性不变的是女性风格总被人贬低，其地位被视为低于男性4. Whether women or men are direct or indirect differs; what remains constant is that the women’s style is negatively valuated － seen as lower in status than the men’s.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingR-C-T2.1Since women often think in terms of closeness and support, they struggle to preserve intimacy.1. 因为女性常常从亲近和支持的角度思考，所以她们极力因为女性常常从亲近和支持的角度思考，所以她们极力保持亲密关系。

保持亲密关系in terms of））B. Translate the following sentences into English.Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingDon’t let her make mischief between you － she is only jealous.2. 别让她在你们之间挑拨别让她在你们之间挑拨——她就是太忌妒了她就是太忌妒了make mischief））There is a considerable measure of opposition both locally and in the media against the government’s plan to build another nuclear power plant. But the government will get its way in the end.R-C-T2.2Sexual harassment is an issue that frequently arises in the U.S. and that may strike you as peculiar, in part because your country may not have similar laws.3. 在美国，性骚扰是一个频繁出现、或许是让你觉得特别的在美国，性骚扰是一个频繁出现、或许是让你觉得特别的问题，部分原因是由于在你的国家可能没有类似的法律。

问题，部分原因是由于在你的国家可能没有类似的法律strike））4. 地方和媒体都大力反对政府修建另一座核电厂的计划不地方和媒体都大力反对政府修建另一座核电厂的计划不过政府最终会达到它的目的过政府最终会达到它的目的get one’s way））Vocabulary DevelopmentReading ComprehensionTranslationBefore ReadingDetailed ReadingAfter ReadingW-A-I Tables, bar graphs, line graphs, and pie charts are the most common devices for representing statistical information in visual ways. To extract information from them, you should answer the following three questions:Writing SkillsIntroductionHow to Write about GraphsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-I1.11. What is this table or graph about? To find out what a table or graph represents, read the title. It will usually tell you the subject and the kinds of information contained in the table or graph. In many cases, the period of time covered by the table or graph will appear in its title; if this information is not there, it will certainly appear in the notes below the graph. The notes also let you know where the numbers come from. When you see a table or graph, look at the “labels” on the horizontal and vertical lines － these areWriting SkillsIntroductionWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-I1.2Writing SkillsIntroductionWriting Practicecalled the X axis and Y axis respectively. They will tell you what categories of information are being compared (X axis) and what measure is being used to compare them (Y axis). Next, look for the “legend” － it tells you what the various colors, patterns, or symbols in the graph represent. Once you figure out the above, you are ready for written description. The following expressions are good starters for the first paragraph of your graph description:The table/chart/diagram/graph shows (that) …TableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-I1.3IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeThe table shows the changes in the number of ... over the period from ... to ... The bar chart illustrates ...The graph features …The graph provides some interesting data regarding ... This is a line graph, which describes the trend of ...TableBar GraphLine GraphPie Graph2. What does this table or graph say? Answering this question is the first step in extracting useful information from a table or graph. Examine the information contained in the table or graph, and then summarize in a sentence or two the history or trend reflected in that information. For example, if a table contains Qingdao tourism figures over a 10-year period, you can compare the annual figures and quickly see whether tourism has been increasing, remaining stable, or dropping. Words and expressions commonly used at this stage of description include:W-A-I2.1IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-I2.2IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practiceaccording to the table/chart/diagram/graphas (is) shown in the table/chart/diagram/graphas can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph描述上升的词描述上升的词 increase / raise / rise / go up / climb / boom / reach a peak / pick up描述下降的词描述下降的词 decrease / go down / drop / fall / decline / slump / dip描述变化的词描述变化的词 fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave描述不变的词描述不变的词 remain / stable / flat / constant / steadyTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-I2.3IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting Practice描描述述变变化化大大的的程度形容词程度形容词substantial / steep / enormous / huge / sharp / dramatic / marked / significant / considerable描描述述变变化化速速度度的形容词的形容词slow / gradual / steady / sudden / swift / quick / rapid描描述述变变化化小小的的程度形容词程度形容词minimal / small / slight / moderateTableBar GraphLine GraphPie Graph3. What does this table or graph mean? Make a judgment about the information contained in the table or graph. For instance, does the information help you determine whether Qingdao is becoming more or less popular as a tourist destination? You can use the following expressions to begin your conclusive paragraph: We can see from the figures/statistics that …It is clear from the figures/statistics that …It is apparent from the figures/statistics that … From this graph, it can be generalized that … Therefore, it can be concluded that …W-A-I3IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E1.1Example 1 Table A table is used to display a lot of significant numbers. Information is arranged in vertical columns and horizontal rows.Income Sources of College StudentsIntroductionTableWriting SkillsWriting PracticeExamineesAmerican StudentsChinese StudentsParents50%90%Part-time Jobs35%5%Scholarships15%5%Bar GraphLine GraphPie Graph This table shows income sources of college students in the United States and China. The figures are in percentage. As you can see from the table, the income of the American and the Chinese students mainly comes from three channels: parents, part-time jobs and scholarships. However, the percentage of each is quite different. Half of the American students’ income is from their parents, thirty-five percent from part-time jobs, and fifteen percent from scholarships. Chinese students, however, get ninety percent of their income from their parents. Only five percent comes from part-time jobs and scholarships respectively.W-A-E1.2IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E1.3 Obviously, American students are more independent than Chinese students as they are taught to be independent at a very early age. Chinese students, on the other hand, are overprotected by their parents. They have been given too much care and love, which prevents them from reaching out for themselves.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E2.1Example 2 Bar Graph A bar graph is used to show relationships between groups. The two items being compared do not need to affect each other. It’s a fast way to show big differences.MPA Student Sources in SPA of Renmin University (2001—2003:GS)IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E2.2 This bar graph shows the number of government-sponsored MPA students in the School of Public Administration of Renmin University over the last three years from 2001 to 2003. As you can see, MPA students sponsored by government are from three regions, namely, Henan, Shandong and Shanxi. Registered students from Henan were 49 in 2001, 50 in 2002 and 47 in 2003. So changes are small with regard to this group over the last three years. Turning to students from Shandong, we find the figure 34 in 2001, and in 2002, the number was almost doubled to settle around 67. In 2003, it fell to 42. The last group isIntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E2.3students from Shanxi. As you can see, the number was cut down by half in 2003 compared with the number in 2001. It is clear that more persuasive work is necessary on Shanxi local government to promote in-house training for public servants.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E3.1Example 3 Line Graph A line graph is used to show continuing data; how one thing is affected by another. It’s clear to see how things are going by the rises and falls a line graph shows.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeSales Review of Product GETTableBar GraphLine GraphPie Graph This line graph shows the sales performance of product GET over the last six years. The product was launched in 1998 and as you can see, it reached its peak in 1999 to reach 440,000. Sales increased by 100,000 during the first year. The following two years, it leveled off at around 410,000. Then in 2002 and 2003 it decreased to a figure of 330,000 by the end of 2003. Finally last year it fell to only 250,000 units. As you can see, sales performance of product GET keeps dropping. Perhaps it is time to launch a special promotion campaign or figure out a new product development plan.W-A-E3.2IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E4.1Example 4 Pie Graph A pie (circle) graph is used to show how a part of something relates to the whole. This kind of graph is needed to show percentages effectively.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeHow People Find JobsTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E4.2 This is a pie graph showing how people in the United States find jobs. Each part of the circle represents the percentage of workers who find jobs using a certain source of information. The largest section is 63%. For every 100 jobs that people find, more than 60 come through information from people they know or by direct contact with employers. Moving to the right, in clockwise order, we find 14% of people find their jobs with the help of agencies. And an equal percentage of people find jobs by answering want ads. The small section below is 9%. Nine percent of people find jobs using other approaches.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-A-E4.3 The information contained in the graph is very useful to people who are looking or thinking about looking for a job. They should consider using personal contacts or contacting employers directly as people who use these two approaches are most successful in getting a job.IntroductionWriting SkillsWriting PracticeTableBar GraphLine GraphPie GraphW-B-1Can you see a relationship between earning and learning? Between the salaries of women and men? Take a look at the median earnings of full-time workers aged 25 and older.Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-2Learning and EarningWriting SkillsWriting PracticeWomenMenHigh school diploma$18,648$26,766Associate degree$24,849$32,349Bachelor’s degree$29,284$40,381Master’s degree$35,018$47,260Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of CensusW-B-3 This table features the relationship between learning and earning as well as salary differences between men and women belonging to the four categories listed in the table. First, for women who have a high school diploma, their average income is $18,648 a year while men with the same learning earn $26,766 a year. Next, women who graduate with an associate degree earn $24,849 a year on average while men with the same degree earn $32,349 a year. Then, women with a bachelor’s degree earn $29,284 a year and men with a bachelor’s degree earn $40,381 a year. Last, Writing SkillsWriting PracticeW-B-4Writing SkillsWriting Practicewomen with a master’s degree earn $35,018 a year while men with the same degree earn more: $47,260 a year on average. As we can see here, the more one learns, the more one earns. And this accounts for the fact that students all over the world are working hard for higher degrees. Another fact that cannot be ignored is sex discrimination in pay. With the same educational background, women are earning 30% less than men on average, which is a discouraging statistic.。