学术英语医学Unit3课堂PPT.ppt
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学术英语学术英语 医学医学Academic English for Medicine1 Unit 3Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesDespite the progress in medicine, many diseases are still untreatable and incurable. It has been generally agreed that prevention is more cost-effective than the treatment of diseases. Here come some fundamental questions: Which play a more important role in causing human diseases, genes or environmental factors? Why do people with good interpersonal relationships live healthier and longer? What are the major steps in developing a new drug? In this unit, we will probably find theanswers to these questions.2 Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of DiseasesUnit ContentsLead-inText AText BText CListeningSpeakingWritingGet reading for Unit 93 Lead-in•Issues to be covered•TaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases4 Lead-inIssues to be covered •The common and special means of treatment and prevention of diseases•The different roles of genes and environment in causing diseases •The relationship between interpersonal relationship and health •The major steps in designing and developing new drugsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases5 Lead-inYourexperiencewhenyoufellilllasttime•Time•Visits to doctor•Diagnosis•TreatmentUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases6 Lead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluMyopiaHepatitisUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases7 Lead-inTask: Work in pairs and discuss the causes and treatments you know of the following conditions.DiseaseCausesTreatmentsFluvirusesrest, clear fluids, cool damp washcloth to reduce fever, warm blanket to calm chills,cough medicine, antiviral medications, usually no need of antibioticsMyopiaprolonged close work, excessive reading corrective lenses, refractory surgeryHepatitisviral (HBV, HCV, etc.), bacterial, parasitic, fungal infectionsalcohol, autoimmune, inherited antiviral medicationsUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases8 Text A•Criticalreadingandthinking–Topicsforpresentation–Knowledgeofthesubjectmatter–Usefulexpressions•SuggestedanswersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases9 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation1. How was Terry’s life before she wasdiagnosedwith(Pre.1)•loved practicing Tae Kwon Do•loved the surge of adrenaline that came with the controlled combat of tournaments•competed nationally, even winning a bronze medal in the trials for the Pan American Games•attended medical school, practiced as an internal medicine residency, became an academic general internist•married and got a son and a daughterUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases10 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutMSandautoimmunedisease?(Pre.2)Symptoms as mentioned by the author•loss of stamina and strength•problems with balance•bouts of horrific facial pain•dips in visual acuityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases11 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation2.HowmuchdoyouknowaboutMSandautoimmunedisease?(Pre.2)Cause as mentioned by the author•the assault of immune cells on the brain, with possible origin in genetic make-up or/and combination of environmental factorsTreatment as mentioned by the author•interferon and copolymer-1Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases12 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation3.WhatdidTerrydobeforesheself-experimented?(Pre.3)•Picking up basic science such as cellular physiology, biochemistry and neurophysiology•Reading articles about new MS drugs in animal models and neurodegeneration of all types—dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s diseaseUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases13 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation4.WhatapproachesdidTerrymainlyusetodealwithneurodegeneration?(Pre.4)•self-experimentation with various nutrients to slow neurodegeneration based on literature reports on animal models•self-experimentation with neuromuscular electrical stimulation still based on literature •online search to identify the sources of micronutrients•reduction of food allergy and toxic loadUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases14 Text A Critical reading and thinkingTopics for presentation5.Oneexampletoillustratethecorrelationbetweentoxicloadanddisease(Pre.5)•With 70% to 90% of the risk for diabetes, heart disease, cancer, and autoimmunity being due to environmental factors other than genetics, we can provide the real solution to many health problems and the health care crisis by changing our environment, for example, optimizing our nutrition and reducing our toxic load.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases15 Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter•the surge of adrenaline (P55)•medical school (P55)•an internal medicine residency (P55)•an academic general internist (P55)•to develop a chronic disease (P55)•I had only two options: accommodation and acceptance of deepening disability despite optimal treatment, or increased involvement in my own health care. (P55)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases16 Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter•My doctor said that genetics accounted for only 10 to 30% of the risk of MS; the rest (???) was due to some combination of unknown environmental factors. (P56) •He never told me what I could do to address those unknown factors, only offering interferon and copolymer-1 to reduce the risk of relapse. (P56)•It was increasingly apparent that, with time, becoming bedridden due to my illness was inevitable. (P56)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases17 Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter•I began my own study of the literature, reading article after article on PubMed, knowing that the seeds for today’s clinical care were laid years, sometimes decades earlier in the basic science literature. (P56) •At first, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. (P56)•…articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types—dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s disease. (P56)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases18 Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter•I asked my physical therapist to let me have a test session. (P57) patient autonomy•He told me that e-stim (as he called it) was not an approved treatment for MS... (P57) paternalistic approach•I returned to the literature. (P57)•I turned eventually to Google. (P57) Which is more helpful and to what extent is Google a reliant source of medical information?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases19 Text A Critical reading and thinkingKnowledge of the subject matter•I next looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (P57) •Two stood out: food allergies and toxic load. (P57)•I returned to the literature. (P57)•Food allergies can cause a myriad of neurological and psychological symptoms, typically without any abdominal complaints, decades before diagnosis and are very difficult to identify. (P57)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases20 Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions•bouts of horrific facial pain•When I developed the foot drop, the diagnosis was made: multiple sclerosis (MS).•He said that fewer relapses would mean less disability, a greater chance that I’d still be walking, working, and living my life as I once knew it ten years later.•…so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones …•However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases21 Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions•…there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.•…so I translated mouse-sized doses to human ones …•However, although my decline had slowed, I was still declining.•…there was no guarantee that my brain could talk to these new muscles.•It did hurt. A lot.•I felt the best I’d felt in years.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases22 Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions•My therapist implemented a program of e-stim coupled with daily exercise.•As good as the article was, it did not list all of the building blocks needed for optimal brain health.•The medical literature didn’t have that information, nor did the registered dieticians with whom I consulted, nor did I see it in the food science literature.•But he did let me have a test session.•I turned eventually to Google, which did help me, nutrient by nutrient, to understand where various micronutrients I was taking by pill each day were located in the food supply.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases23 Text A Critical reading and thinkingUseful expressions•Physician self-experimentation sometimes does not go as anticipated.•The unthinkable—the unimaginable—happened, stunning me, my family, and my physicians.•As a result, I’ve changed how I practice medicine.•Three years into my healing, I am again experimenting.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases24 Text A Suggested answersTask 1 OverviewCritical reading and thinking1. D 2. literature, nutrients, stimulation, micronutrients, environmental Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases25 Text A Task 1/ Medical terminology Match each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.EnglishChinese Definition1treatment of disease through the use of drugs2the quality of existing in several different forms3of or relating to an immune response by the body against one of its own tissues, cells, ormolecules4epinephrine, a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla5a polymer of two or more different monomerspharmacotherapy 药物疗法多态性polymorphism自体免疫的autoimmunecopolymer共聚物adrenaline肾上腺素Suggested answersLanguage building-up2Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases26 Text A EnglishChinese Definition6a substance that improves the chemical activity of an enzyme7a substance that destroys weeds8a specialist in internal medicine9any of various diseases characterized by thickening or hardening10the act or process of testing, trying, or putting to the proofsclerosis硬化（症）coenzyme辅酶herbicide除草剂internist内科医生trial试验Task1 / Medical terminologyMatch each definition with its corresponding English term and Chinese equivalent.Suggested answers2Language building-upUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases27 Text A Task 2 / Signpost language SequenceLanguage building-upSuggested answers1.next 2.Then, Ultimately 3.At first, Eventually 4.NowUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases28 Text A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersUltimately1 Jogging left me first. ________, standing for any time became difficult. _______, despite my use of the most current pharmacotherapies, walking and even sitting was tiring, so I needed a tilt-recline wheelchair. (Para. 5) 2 _______, I looked for recent articles testing new MS drugs in animal models. _______, realizing I could not access those drugs unless I was in a clinical trial, I turned to articles concerning neurodegeneration of all types — dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s, and Lou Gehrig’s disease. (Para. 8) ThenAt firstEventuallyUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases29 Text A Task 2 / Signpost language The following sentences are taken from Text A. Fill in the blanks with the signpost language and then compare your answers with the original sentences in the text. Language building-upSuggested answersNow3 Determined to optimize everything I could to help my brain heal, I _______ looked more deeply at the environmental factors associated with poorly explained neurological and psychological symptoms. (Para. 15)4 _______ I focus on teaching my patients how to optimize their nutrition,reduce their toxic load, and reduce their risk of food allergies. (Para. 19) nextUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases30 Text A Task 3 / Formal EnglishParaphrase the following sentences from Text A with a less formal style.Language building-upSuggested answers1.Many things have happened since then. I went to a medical school, completed an internal medicine residency, and became a mother of a son and a daughter. 2. When I manifested symptoms of the foot drop, I was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis. 3. He nevertheless allowed me a test session. It did hurt severely as he previously told me. 4. I am again experimenting three years after my healing. The only difference is that this time it is an IRB-approved protocol instead of self-experimentation. Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases31 Text A Additional activity Group presentationAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you: •the definition of Social Neuroscience•the mechanism through which brain-to-brain link works•the application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseases•the prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases32 Text B•Critical reading and thinking•Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases33 Text B Critical Reading and Thinking1. the friend’s relationship with his students (P37) •He was not just inspiring in class but taking a genuine interest in them—in their studies, their progress through life, their fears and hopes. •A wide circle of former students count themselves among his lifelong friends; •He and his wife have always welcomed a steady stream of visitors to their home.Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases34 Text B Critical Reading and Thinking2. the discovery of mirror neurons(P66) •Mirror neurons, a widely dispersed class of brain cells that operate like neural WiFi, track the emotional flow, movement and even intentions of the person we are with, and replicate this sensed state in our own brain by stirring in our brain the same areas active in the other person. •Mirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases35 Text B Critical Reading and Thinking3. Diamond and Aspinwall’s research (PP 66)•Psychologists at the University of Utah•Reviewed research data about coordination of emotions, cardiovascular reactions or brain states between mothers with their infants, marital partners arguing and even among people in meetings in the past few decades. •Offered the infelicitous term “a mutually regulating psychobiological unit” to describe the merging of two discrete physiologies into a connected circuit. •Argue/conclude that emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influence that of the other. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases36 Text B Critical Reading and Thinking4. significance of Cacioppo’s research (PP 66)•Director of the Center for Cognitive and Social Neuroscience at the University of Chicago•Proposed that the emotional status of our main relationships has a significant impact on our overall pattern of cardiovascular and neuroendocrine activity. •This theory radically expands the scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a time. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases37 Text B Critical Reading and Thinking5. the meaning of a “broken heart”(P67)•Social rejection activates the very zones of the brain that generate, among other things, the sting of physical pain.•Therefore, the term “broken heart” may actually refer not only to the psychological pain from rejection or the disappearance of loved ones but also the genuine physical hurt. Write down the information on the following topics. Then compare your answers with your partner.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases38 Text B Useful expressions•A wide circle of former students•a steady stream of visitors to their home•this flow of people who love him•A wide circle of former students•a steady stream of visitors to their home•this flow of people who love him•Mirror neurons offer a neural mechanism that explains emotional contagion…•…the tendency of one person to catch the feelings of another, particularly if strongly expressed.•This brain-to-brain link may also account for feelings of rapport…Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases39 Text B Useful expressions•Reviewing decades of such data, Lisa .., offer•To the degree that this occurs, Dr. Diamond and Dr. Aspinwall argue, emotional closeness allows the biology of one person to influence that of the other.•makes a parallel proposal•expands the scope of biology and neuroscience from focusing on a single body or brain to looking at the interplay between two at a timeCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases40 Text B Useful expressions•In short, my hostility bumps up your blood pressure, your nurturing love lowers mine. Potentially, we are each other’s biological enemies or allies.•all too many people•…that generate, among other things, the sting of physical pain.•exclusion was a death sentence in human prehistory.•They note that in many languages the words that describe a “broken heart” from rejection borrow the lexicon of physical hurt.Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases41 Text B Useful expressions•the team considered halting the surgery•They proposed this to the person the twins had chosen to represent them, but the representative insisted that the sisters would want the separation to proceed no matter what, so the doctors pressed on.•keeping the name confidential•the women's adoptive and biological fathersCritical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases42 Text B Difficult sentences•Through a grinding mix of chemotherapy, radiation and all the other necessary indignities of oncology, he has lived on, despite dire prognoses to the contrary. 经历了种种磨难，如化疗、放疗和其他种种因为身患 肿瘤而必须承受的屈辱等，他还继续活着，尽管预后 很不乐观。
Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases43 Text B Difficult sentences•Even remotely suggesting health benefits from these interconnections will, no doubt, raise hackles in medical circles. 即使十分隐讳地暗示这些互联对健康有裨益，在医界 毫无疑问会引起轩然大波Critical reading and thinkingUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases44 Text B Suggested answersCritical reading and thinkingTask 1 Complete each of the following sentences according to Text B.1 social life2 mechanism3 activating4 reviewing research data5 mutual influence between two at a time6 they are accompanied by someone they love7 physically/neurologically8 the large number of people who want to pay a visitUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases45 Text C•Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases46 Text C Task: Translate the following paragraph into ChineseSuggested answers 通常在第二阶段期间或者第二阶段结束时，需要决定是否开始耗资巨大且耗费大量资源的第二阶段b 期和关键性的第三阶段临床试验，这是药物研发的第三个里程碑。
在这个阶段，显然不仅要进行全面的医学/ 科学分析，这包括对该化合物性能的预判，还要进行全面的财务分析，这些工作是第三个里程碑的一部分Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases47 Listening•Note-taking Forms •Suggested answersUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases48 Listening Note-taking Formsadvantages & disadvantagescause & effectclassification & definitioncomparison & contrastfacts & figuressequence of eventsstages of a processquestion & answertwo-column tablesspidergramtree diagram/spidergramtabletabletimelineflowchartheadings & notesUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases49 Listening Suggested answers Task 11.40,0002.56,3003.Measures taken4.13-645.826.227.African Americans8.Take Charge, Take the Test9.410.Development of a comprehensive HIV prevention plan through the year 2020Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases50 Listening Suggested answers Task 21.expand access to 2.HIV incidence surveillance system3.Targeting pelling reasons6.specific informationUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases51 Speaking• Making an Argument• Task and additional activityUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases52 Speaking Making an argument 1) thesis statement or claim 2) evidence that supports the claim.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases53 Speaking Making an argumentExpress your opinion•It would seem to me that…•As far as I’m able to judge, …•My belief/interpretation is …•From what I understand, …•As I understand it, …Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases54 Speaking Making an argumentProvide evidence•As evidenced in …•A good case in point is … •Consider the case of .., •An example can be seen …Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases55 Speaking TaskWork in pairs to debate with each other on the following topics by practicing the expressions listed above.•Should patients’ self-experimentation for a cure be encouraged?•Should the time required for the development of a new drug be shortened?Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases56 Speaking Additional activityAs an emerging branch of science, Social Neuroscience is unfamiliar and mysterious to many people. Form groups of 4-5 to find relevant information about it and get ready for a presentation in class. The following prompts may be helpful to you:•the definition of Social Neuroscience•the mechanism through which brain-to-brain link works•the application of social neuroscience to treatment of diseases•the prospects of Social NeuroscienceUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases57 Writing• Writing an introduction• TaskUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases58 Writing Research Paper Project CoverageoftheIntroduction•theliteraturereview;•thedefinitionoftheproblem;•thepurposeofthepresentstudy;•thechoiceofmethods;•thestatementofprincipalresultsand•conclusionsWriting an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases59 Writing Research Paper Project Generalguidelines•Nottobetoolong•Nottocontaintoomuchhistoryandtoomanyreferences•Giveapunch•AvoidwritingaverboseIntroductionthatwillmakereviewersmoan:“Whocare?”——DanielW.Byme,1998,p103Writing an introductionUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases60 Writing Suggested answersTask 11.Yes2.Yes3.Yes4.Yes5.Yes6.No7.NoUnit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases61 Writing Suggested answersTask 21.Simple present and present perfectBoth herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and type 2 (HSV-2) can cause primary infection of the genital tract, and HSV-1 infection has become an increasingly frequent cause of genital disease.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases62 Writing Suggested answersTask 22. Simple pastIn two previous efficacy trials of an HSV-2 glycoprotein D–based subunit (gD-2) vaccine in discordant couples in which one partner had recurrent HSV genital disease, the subset of seronegative women (negative for both HSV-1 and HSV-2 antibodies) was significantly protected against HSV-2 disease by the vaccine (73% and 74% efficacy, respectively); efficacy was not shown in either men or HSV-1–seropositive women.63 Writing Suggested answersTask 23. Simple pastTo further evaluate the gD-2 vaccine as a potential public health tool, we evaluated this vaccine in a cohort of women who were screened and found to be antibody-negative for HSV-1 and HSV-2.Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases64 Get ready for Unit 4•PresentationsforUnit4Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases65 Get ready for Unit 4 Presentations for Unit 41.Give a brief explanation of the concepts: complementary medicine，alternative medicine. (Page 88) 2.To what extent do you agree with the author’s opinion on traditional Chinese medicine as being “affordable, low tech, safe, and effective”? (Page 88) 3.Summarize the clinical uses of acupuncture. (Page 88)4.Do you think the author is overoptimistic in predicting a wider future use of acupuncture in the US? (Page 88) 5.Explain how inappropriate uses of herbs may result in complications. (Page 89) 6.Various approaches to herbal study are mentioned in the text. Pick one to discuss the advantages and limitations. (Page 89)Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases66 Get ready for Unit 4 Presentations for Unit 47.What are the difficulties in investigating herbal therapies? (Page 89)8.What are the factors to consider when we integrate eastern and western medicine? (Page 89) Unit 3 Prevention and Treatment of Diseases67 。
