英文文献的引用方法及格式.doc

.英文文献的引用方法与格式-- APA格式所谓APA格式是指美国心理学会 (American Psychological Association) 所出版的出版手册 (Publication Manual) 中，有关投稿该协会旗下所属二十九种期刊时必须遵守的规定而言 学术界通称为APA格式APA引证格式由两局部组成：论文中的文献引用与论文后面的参考文献必须注意的是，参考文献部份与文献引用部份息息相关，引用过的文献必须出现在参考文献中，而且参考文献中的每一项文献都被引用过，两者的作者姓氏以及发表年代也必须完全一致一、文献引用〔Citation in Text〕 文献引用的目的，一方面是帮助读者进一步直接查阅有关文献的容，另一方面是尊重与保障他人的知识产权文献引用的方式主要有两种，一种是在行文当中直接引用作者姓氏，如：Widdowson (1978) has claimed that native speakers can better understand ungrammatical utterances with accurate vocabulary than those with accurate grammar and inaccurate vocabulary. 另一种是直接引用研究的结果或论点，如：municative methods have the mon goals of bringing language learners into closer contact with the target language (Stern, 1981). APA文献引用的格式主要有以下几种，分述如下： (一)作者为一个人时例1：Stahl (1983) has demonstrated that an improvement in reading prehension can be attributed to an increase in vocabulary knowledge. [注：假设行文中提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用]例2：During the period of Grammar Translation methodology, bilingual dictionaries became mon as reference tools (Kelly, 1969). [注：行文中未提到作者姓氏，用此例所示格式引用；句子本身的标点符号位于括号的后面。

]例3：…, the ability to use etymology was respected as “one way of discovering truth〞 (Kelly, 1969, p. 30). [注：假设行文中有直接引语，须标明引语在原文中的页码如果直接引语跨越两页〔或以上〕，需用“pp.〞；如“(Kelly, 1969, pp. 30-31)〞]如果直接引语超过40个词，所引用的材料须单列一段，左右两边缩三到五个字符，不用双引号；用来标注引证的圆括号位于引证材料本身的标点符号后面例4：It follows, then, that vocabulary, as a bearer of meaning, is considered by the Natural Approach to be very important to the language acquisition process:Acquisition depends crucially on the input being prehensible. And prehensibility is dependent directly on the ability to recognize the meaning of key elements in the utterance. Thus, acquisition will not take place without prehension of vocabulary. (Krashen & Terrell, 1983, p.155) [注：此例的前两行是论文作者的表达，其余是直接引语。

因超过40个词，用此格式](二)作者为两人或两人以上时1.作者为两人时，两人的姓氏全列例5：Ulijin and Strother (1990) claim that “while a plete conceptual and lexical analysis may be necessary for reading prehension, a thorough syntactic analysis is not〞 (p. 38). [注：页码标记在直接引语的后面 请比拟此例与例3的不同此次论文写作不采纳：Ulijin and Strother (1990, p. 38) claim that “while …〞的引证格式]例6：Readers tend to disregard information that seems unimportant, add information that ‘should’ be there, and focus their attention on what, in their opinion, is essential (Steffensen & Joag-Dev, 1984). [注：行文中两人的姓氏用“and〞连接〔例5〕，在圆括号用“&〞 连接〔此例〕。

]2.作者为三至五人时，第一次所有作者均列出，第二次以后只写出第一位作者，并加“et al.〞 例7：According to Ostny, Vandecasteele, Deville, and Kelly (1987), indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are understanding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter. [注：行文中提到作者，按此例引证]例8：Indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are understanding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter (Ostny, Vandecasteele, Deville, & Kelly, 1987).[注：行文中没有提到作者，按此例引证]例9：According to Ostny et al. (1987), indispensable conditions for reading in L2 are understanding the text’s words and the knowledge of its subject matter. [注：第二次引证同一著作，按此例格式引证。

]3.作者为六人以上时，仅列第一位作者并加“et al.〞，但在参考文献中要列出所有 (三)作者为组织、团体、或单位时1.易产生混淆的单位、每次均用全名 2.在不产生误会的情况下，第二次以后可用缩写，但在参考文献中一律要写出全名 例10：Proficiency level is based on the ACTEF scale developed by the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages (1980). [注：此例中的“the American Council on the Teaching of Foreign Languages〞为一团体](四)未标明作者〔如法令、报纸社论〕时1.未标明作者的著作，使用著作名的前二、三个词汇〔忽略冠词〕作为引证标注每个词汇都需大写，且用斜体例11： There are certain exceptions in the case of prehension tests, including the Edinburgh Reading Tests (1973).[注：在此例中，书名“Edinburgh Reading Tests〞作为引证标注。

]2、未标明作者的文章，把引用文章的篇名或章名当作作者并加双引号例12：on free care (“Study Finds,〞 1982) [注：在此例中，章名“Study Finds〞作为作者用做引证标注]二、参考文献〔References〕参考文献中的条目先英文后中文；英文局部按作者姓氏的英文字母顺序排列；中文局部按作者姓氏的拼音顺序排列参考文献中不要用“1、2、3 ...〞一类的序号标记下面是学术论文中各种常用的参考文献的撰写格式〔一〕书籍1．未标明作者或编者时Merriam-Webster’s collegiate dictionary(10th ed.). (1993). Springfield, MA: Merriam Webster.[注：书名用斜体，只有第一个词的首字母大写，其它〔专有名词除外〕均为小写；下同Springfield, MA〞为出版地点，Merriam Webster为出版商]2．作者为一人时Baddeley, A. D. (1999). Essentials of human memory. Hove, England: Psychology Press. [注：作者的姓与名须倒置，即：姓在前，名在后。

]3．作者为两人时Beck, C. A. J., & Sales, B. D. (2001). Family mediation: Facts, myths, and future prospects. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.[注：两个作者的姓与名都倒置，二个作者用“&〞连接书名中冒号后的第一个词“Facts〞首字母大写，这是因为副标题的第一个词的首字母须大写如果条目跨行，第一行顶格，第二行缩三至五个字符，如此例所示]4．作者为一团体或组织Australian Bureau of Statistics. (1991). Estimated resident population by age and sex in statistical local areas, New South Wales, June 1990 (No. 3209.1). Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.〔二〕文集Gibbs, J. T., & Huang, L. N. (Eds.). (1991). Children of color: Psychological interventions with minority youth. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.[注：在文集编者后加“(Eds.)〞。

]文集中的文章Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of。